黄瑞香种子生活力测定技术研究

根据种子生活力的2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑（TTC）染色机理,探讨了染色温度、时间、种子处理方式对黄瑞香（Daphne giraldii Nitsche）种子胚染色效果的影响,并对不同采种时间的黄瑞香种子生活力进行了测定与比较,以筛选鉴别种子生活力的最佳反应条件。结果表明：黄瑞香种子生活力检测可用如下方法：黄瑞香去除种皮,加入磷酸缓冲液配制成0.5%的TTC溶液,在45℃恒温条件下保持反应6 h,观察胚部染色状态,呈红色者为具有活力的种子,反之为失活种子。采用以上方法对不同采种时间的黄瑞香种子生活力变化情况进行初步研究,确定了当年采收的种子生活力可达到94.5%,贮藏1年和2年后,生活力分别下降了54%和72%。     

TTC法测定猪屎豆种子生活力的研究

本试验研究TTC浓度、染色温度和染色时间对猪屎豆种子生活力的影响,找寻TTC法测定猪屎豆种子生活力的最佳条件.结果表明:TTC法能够很好地检测猪屎豆种子生活力,可用来估测种子的潜在发芽能力.试验得出30C水浸种40 mir后,置于45℃黑暗条件下、TTC浓度1.0％、染色时间60 min为测定猪屎豆种子生活力的最佳条件.     

四唑染色法快速测定菊芋种子生活力的研究

为了研究不同四唑（TTC）溶液浓度、不同染色温度对菊芋种子生活力测定的影响。根据四唑染色法测定种子生活力的原理，对菊芋种子生活力的最佳条件进行了测定。结果表明，当菊芋种子在25℃蒸馏水中浸种，待种子完全吸胀后，于35℃黑暗条件下、TTC浓度0．5％，染色7h，染色效果最好，可以很好地检测菊芋种子活力水平，估计种子潜在发芽能力，为菊芋种子生活力的快速测定提供参考。     

窄叶蓝盆花种子生活力检验方法比较

利用纸上荧光法、红墨水法、溴麝香草酚蓝(BTB)法、氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法四4种方法对窄叶蓝盆花种子生活力进行测定.结果表明:测定窄叶蓝盆花种子生活力最适方法为TTC法,在35℃下浸种90 min,用浓度为0.1％的TTC在35℃温箱中避光染色90 min,染色效果最佳.     

四唑法测定四种牧草种子生活力标准的研究

四唑法是目前测定种子生活力最广泛采用方法，也是《国际种子检验规程》和我国《牧草种子检验规程》中测定种子生活力统一采用的方法。本文用该方法测定四种牧草种子生活力的种子预处理，四唑浓度和染色时间进行了试验。确定了测定小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla LaM.)、草木樨状黄芪（Astragalus melilotoidcs pall.)、披碱草（Elymus dahuricus Turcz.）、羊草（Aneurolepidium chicnse(Trin)Kitag)种子生活力的标准。     

TTC法测定4种针茅种子生活力染色技术的研究

采用TTC法测定4种针茅种子生活力,结果表明TTC法能够较好的反映4种针茅种子的生活力。试验针对影响TTC染色效果的5个因子进行了全面的梯度试验与数学分析,即浸种温度、浸种时间、TTC浓度、染色温度和染色时间,其中浸种温度、浸种时间和TTC浓度对染色效果起主要作用,并得到了测定4种针茅种子最佳染色技术条件,分别为(浸种温度-浸种时间-TTC浓度-染色温度-染色时间):短花针茅种子30℃-6 h-0.3%-40℃-3 h;大针茅种子30℃-3 h-0.1%-40℃-6 h;克氏针茅种子30℃-6 h-0.3%-35℃-18 h;贝加尔针茅种子35℃-12 h-0.3%-30℃-18 h。     

贮藏年限对不同居群白羊草种胚线粒体抗氧化性能的影响

为探讨贮藏年限对不同居群白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)种胚线粒体抗氧化功能的影响，试验以贮藏1～4年的代县、平鲁、平定、柳林及太谷居群白羊草种子为材料，分析其种胚线粒体丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase, APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(Glutathione reductase, GR)活性的变化规律。结果表明：各居群白羊草种胚线粒体的抗氧化能力与其贮藏年限关系密切。随着贮藏年限的延长，白羊草种胚线粒体SOD,CAT,APX及GR活性逐渐降低，而其MDA含量逐渐升高。不同居群白羊草种子的耐贮藏性存在差异，太谷居群白羊草种子的贮藏年限可为3年，而代县、平鲁、平定及柳林居群白羊草种子的贮藏年限最好为1年。     

几种牧草种子生活力测定技术

牧草种子生活力测定可反映出休眠种子是否具有发芽潜力,本文主要是按胚的主要解剖构造的染色图形快速判断几种牧草种子的生活力状况。     

几种牧草种子生活力四唑测定方法

牧草种子生活力四唑测定系通过一定浓度的四唑溶液对牧草种子进行染色,按胚的主要解剖构造的染色图形来判断种子活力的强弱,可准确和快速地反映出休眠种子是否具有潜在发芽力,便于企业急需调种和种子样品中休眠种子较多的情况下,采用种子生活力四唑测定方法迅速地确定种子批的质量优劣。     

几种苔草种子生活力测定方法及测定结果研究报告

通过四唑法测定苔草属几种种子生活力的试验研究，确定了测定苔草种子生活力的方法是：取净种子，磨擦除去小坚果的外壳，将种子预湿后纵切胚和３／４胚乳，在３５℃下用０．１％的四唑染色４￣２４小时或用０．５％的四唑染色体３￣２４小时，冲掉溶液后在保持种子湿润的条件下鉴定其有无生活力。采用以上方法对不同产地和不同收获、贮藏期的几种苔草种子生活力变化情况进行了初步研究，确定了产于呼市、锡盟、承德地区的苔草种子，     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.