中药在肉鸽养殖中的应用

1中药在防治肉鸽病毒性疾病中的应用 随着肉鸽饲养规模不断扩大,各种传染性疾病频频暴发,其发病率与死亡率也在逐年增高,其中鸽禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(PA/PMV-Ⅰ)病(鸽新城疫病)是危害肉鸽养殖业最为严重的一种急性烈性病毒性传染病,各龄期鸽均有易感性,发病率可达20％～50％,死淘率达10％～～80％[1].许多鸽场应用鸡新城疫疫苗并未获得满意的效果.一些鸽场研发使用中药佐剂疫苗并取得了很好的临床预防效果.邹永新等[2,3]通过在发病鸽场分离抗原性良好的毒株作为种毒,研制成以蜂胶、黄芪、人参、扶芳藤为主的复合中药佐剂灭活疫苗,经实验室与田间应用证明该疫苗抗原性良好,使用安全,免疫保护效果理想,其多方面功效均高于鸡新城疫疫苗的免疫效果.     

鸽禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒灭活水剂苗对幼鸽的免疫效力试验

鸽的禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒(A/PMV-1)感染对鸽群的致病率和死亡率很高,严重危害我国养鸽业的发展。预防该病的有效方法是给鸽群注射新城疫或鸽A/PMV-1灭活菌。作者用鸽 A/PMV-1野毒株及 La Sota N79型病毒分别制成灭活疫苗,免疫幼鸽,观察其免疫效力。现将结果报告如下。     

鸽新城疫四元材料油乳剂灭活苗的试制

采用鸽新城疫ND-GS 01株毒为种毒.通过种子毒在非免疫健康鸡胚上增殖动态的试验研究表明,ND病毒在羊水、尿囊膜(包含羊膜)、尿囊液中含量较高、增殖动态趋于一致,而在胚体及卵黄中含量较低.因此,在此基础上,研制出四元材料(尿囊液、尿囊膜、羊膜、羊水)混合油乳剂灭活苗.经急性毒性试验,安全性检验,最佳免疫剂量测定,效力试验综合分析,表明该疫苗抗原性良好,对健康鸽都很安全.每鸽皮下注射0.5 mL疫苗后用红细胞凝集抑制试验(HI)检测抗体,免疫后9 d抗体效价开始上升(平均为3.1 log2),21 d达到峰值(平均为9.2 log2).180 d仍可维持较高水平(平均为6.7 log2).免疫后30 d、90 d、180 d用强毒株200ELD50/0.1 mL攻击,其保护指数均为100%.疫苗在11℃～20℃下保存30 d、60 d、90 d,4℃～8℃下保存30 d、60 d、90 d、120d、180 d,疫苗的性状和免疫特性不变.     

鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(S-1株)灭活疫苗免疫剂量研究

为了确定鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(pigeon paramyxovirus-Ⅰ,PPMV-Ⅰ)(S-1株)灭活疫苗的免疫剂量。本试验采用3批PPMV-Ⅰ(S-1株)灭活疫苗实验室制品以不同剂量肌肉注射免疫30日龄低抗体幼龄鸽(HI抗体≤2)和120日龄低抗体青年鸽(HI抗体≤2),分别在免疫后第14,28天对试验鸽进行攻毒,对试验鸽进行临床症状、抗体检测和攻毒保护测定。结果显示,该疫苗对低抗体鸽有保护作用,对30日龄幼龄鸽和120日龄青年鸽的最小免疫剂量分别为0.05,0.2mL/只。因此,为了确保疫苗的免疫效果,在PPMV-Ⅰ(S-1株)灭活疫苗制造及检验规程中疫苗用法用量规定:幼龄鸽肌肉注射,0.2mL/只;青年鸽和种鸽肌肉注射,0.5mL/只。     

广东部分地区鸽禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒分子流行病学研究

为了解广东近年来鸽禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒(PA/PMV-Ⅰ)基因变异情况,为新型疫苗毒株的筛选以及PA/PMV-Ⅰ的免疫防制提供依据,我们对广东不同地区在1999年～2007年发生PA/PMV-Ⅰ鸽群开展流行病学调查、病原分离鉴定,从中筛选出8株病毒进行F基因RT-PCR扩增、测序和相似性分析.结果表明,8株PA/PMV-Ⅰ之间核苷酸与推导的氨基酸同源性分别为83.7%～99.9%和87.9%～99.6%,其中P199902-1株和P200201-1株之间的氨基酸相似性最高达99.6%,与其他6株的氨基酸相似性则相对较远.遗传进化树分析结果表明,P199902-1、P200201-1、P200301-5、P200401-3株和P200705-1株属于基因Ⅵ型;P200001-2株属于基因Ⅱ型,与疫苗株LaSota-46株亲缘关系较近;P200103-5与P200603-5株属于基因Ⅶ型与国内广西等地的鸡源NDV流行株Chicken/Gx/14/2005和NDV0210149株亲缘关系最近.     

鸽痘疫苗的研究

本研究采用鸡胚连续传代的方法,使自然鸽痘强毒致弱,从而获得一株免疫原性好、安全且使用简便的鸽痘弱毒疫苗株。结果表明弱毒株所制疫苗接种鸽体后10～14天,便产生最少达9个月的坚强免疫力,现场试验的保护指数在88以上,使用于出壳当天的雏鸽也未见有任何不良的接种反应。置零下28～30℃冰箱中疫苗及其种毒分别经12、24个月效果均未受影响。     

鸽Ⅰ型融粘病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚，从病死鸽的脑组织中分离到一株病毒。该病毒能使鸡红细胞发生凝集，而且这种凝集能被鸡新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制。通过进一步对该病毒进行回归试验。MDT，ICPI，IVPI及其他生物学特性试验，证实该分离株为鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒（PMV-Ⅰ）中等毒力毒株。     

鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒蜂胶佐剂灭活疫苗的研制(初报)

目前,鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒（Ａ／ＰＭＶ－Ｉ）病是我国养鸽业中危害最大的一种疾病,为了更好地预防本病,我们用从广东的深圳、东莞、肇庆、茂名、广州市郊等地的发病鸽场分离鉴定的鸽Ａ/ＰＭＶ－Ｉ毒株中,选出３株作为种毒,研制了一种安全、有效的蜂胶佐剂混合毒株灭活疫苗。一、材料和方法１．抗原的制备ＭＩＭＶ－Ｉ毒株,由本所分离鉴定保存。按常规方法从其中７株中筛选出３株抗原性良好的毒株作为种毒,分别进行鸡胚繁殖,收集尿囊液,用０．３％福尔马林经３７℃灭活２４小时后,按一定比例混合,置４℃冰箱保存备用。２．佐剂蜂胶液…     

鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚,从病死鸽的脑组织中分离到一株病毒.该病毒能使鸡红细胞发生凝集,而且这种凝集能被鸡新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制.通过进一步对该病毒进行回归试验、MDT、ICPI、IVPI及其他生物学特性试验,证实该分离株为鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒(PMV-Ⅰ)中等毒力毒株.     

不同厂家的猪O型口蹄疫疫苗对口蹄疫流行毒株保护性的研究

为了探索不同厂家疫苗对猪O型口蹄疫流行毒株的保护情况,选用当前政府采购的A、B灭活疫苗厂家和C合成肽疫苗厂家生产的猪O型口蹄疫疫苗,按照农业部推荐免疫程序对试验猪分别进行二次免疫后90天,用OZK/93和O/(XJ/10-11/MYA/98)进行攻毒,观察其各自保护率。结果显示,A、B两个厂家的灭活疫苗对OZK/93株的攻毒保护率分别为60%、80%,对O/(XJ/10-11/MYA/98)株的攻毒保护率分别为100%、100%;合成肽疫苗对OZK/93株的保护率为100%,对O/(XJ/10-11/MYA/98)株保护率为60%。说明试验用的3个厂家的猪O型口蹄疫疫苗对毒株的保护有差异。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.