青海省龙羊峡库区草地资源遥感调查研究

利用1987年和2000年美国陆地卫星TM数据资料，对青海省龙羊峡库区13年来草地的面积、分布、发展和演变情况进行了调查，发现龙羊峡库区天然草地面积13年中减少了6984.09hm^2，平均年递减速率为0.14％，草地盖度、高度、产量等方面均有不同程度的下降，草地盖度平均下降5％-10％，牧草高度下降3-28cm，牧草产量均呈现下降趋势。     

尼勒克县禁牧区温性草甸草原类草地生产力变化研究

通过2012～2019年对尼勒克县禁牧区温性草甸草原类草地8个样地的监测,对其牧草生长高峰期样方内的总鲜草产量、总干草产量、可食牧草鲜草产量、可食牧草干草产量及优势植物的盖度、频度及生殖枝高度进行分析,探讨尼勒克县禁牧区温性草甸草原类草地生产力变化。结果表明:2012～2019年禁牧区温性草甸草原类草地植被总鲜草产量、总干草产量、可食牧草鲜草产量、可食牧草干草产量逐年增加。2012～2019年,老鹳草、早熟禾、赖草、鸭茅的分盖度、生殖枝高度、频度有了显著提高;地榆的分盖度、生殖枝高度、频度虽有提高,但变化不显著。     

青海省共和县天然草地牧草产量结构特征分析

为了研究青海省共和县天然草地牧草产量结构特征,对其经济类群产量进行了分析和相关性计算。结果表明,共和县天然草产量最高的为高寒草甸类天然草地,优势种植物多为莎草科植物;除温性荒漠类、低地草甸类天然草地外,其他天然草地类优良牧草产量占总产量比重较大,这说明共和县天然草地整体退化程度较轻,可以通过生态工程进行修复。     

封山育草是提高单位面积产草量的有效途径之一

通过围栏封育草场,并对监测点内、外牧草的生长状况资料进行了分析,发现监测点内、外牧草的高度和产量有显著的差异,围栏草地较未围栏草地平均高度高出4cm,多度高出80个株丛,投影盖度高出33.7%,频度高出160%,产草量高出180.9g/m2;说明在牧草生长季节内,禁牧有利于提高天然牧草的产量和高度,表明禁牧有利于恢复退化草地并有利于草地生态环境的改善。同时对封育禁牧2年的温性荒漠草原类草地的植被结构、产草量变化以及围栏的投资效益进行了分析。     

基于PCA方法以牧草营养成分评判青海省海南州天然草地类型质量初探

为了科学评价天然草地各草地类型中牧草饲料品质的质量,在常规分析的基础上,采用主成分分析法对青海省海南州天然草地各草地类型中的牧草饲料进行了综合质量评定和量化评估,通过对天然草地各草地类型牧草饲料品质主成分分析的综合得分进行对比,较为全面客观地评价了天然草地各草地类型的优劣。结果表明,天然草地各草地类型中高寒草原类牧草饲料品质最好,其次是低平地草甸类、高寒草甸类、温性荒漠类、温性荒漠草原类、温性草原类。     

基于PCA方法以牧草营养成分评判青海省海南州天然草地类型质量初探

为了科学评价天然草地类型及牧草饲料的质量,应用主成分分析法对青海省海南州天然草地各草地类型牧草饲料,在常规分析的基础上进行了综合质量评定和量化评估,通过对各天然草地类型牧草饲料品质主成分分析的综合得分进行对比,较为全面客观地评价天然草地各草地类型的优劣。结果表明：天然草地各类型中高寒草原类牧草饲料品质最好,其次是低平地草甸类、高寒草甸类、温性荒漠类、温性荒漠草原类、温性草原类。     

青海省龙羊峡库区草地资源遥感调查研究

利用 1987年和 2 0 0 0年美国陆地卫星TM数据资料 ,对青海省龙羊峡库区 13年来草地的面积、分布、发展和演变情况进行了调查 ,发现龙羊峡库区天然草地面积 13年中减少了6 984 .0 9hm2 ,平均年递减速率为 0 .14 % ,草地盖度、高度、产量等方面均有不同程度的下降 ,草地盖度平均下降 5 %～ 10 % ,牧草高度下降 3～ 2 8cm ,牧草产量均呈现下降趋势     

合作市高寒草甸牧草生长期植被盖度、可食牧草产量及养分含量动态分析

为制定合理的高寒草甸保护利用规划,将"3S"技术与地面调查、实验室检测相结合,通过像元二分模型、估产建模和克里金插值等方法,研究摸清甘肃省合作市高寒草甸牧草生长期植被盖度、可食牧草产量及分级,牧草养分含量及动态变化规律。结果表明:2017年6-8月植被盖度及盖度级别,可食牧草平均鲜草产量和总鲜草产量均随生长期延续而增大。6、7、8月植被平均盖度分别为55.79%、72.69%和78.89%,平均鲜草产量分别为1 214.85、4 797.75和5 550.90 kg/hm^2,以7月增幅较大。6月Ⅱ级盖度草地占79.05%,7月Ⅱ级盖度下降52.61%、Ⅰ级盖度占比增加到45.03%,8月Ⅰ级盖度草地占77.34%;鲜草产量从6月的<1 500 kg/hm^2为主,向7月的3 000~4 500 kg/hm2和8月的4 500~6 000 kg/hm^2产量级转变。以8月总鲜草产量为基础的高寒草甸适宜载畜量为20.80万个羊单位。高寒草甸可食牧草CP和P含量随牧草生长期延续而降低,而EE、NDF、ADF和Ca含量增加。单位面积CP、EE、NDF、ADF产量7月最高,分别为165.51、27.77、569.40和246.02 kg/hm^2;Ca产量7-9月变化幅度较小,在0.052~0.059 kg/hm^2之间,P产量8月达最高,为0.024 kg/hm^2。     

新疆兵团九师退化天然草地补播改良效果分析

在新疆兵团九师不同类型退化天然草地典型区域,选择豆科、禾本科牧草混播开展补播试验2年,结果表明：补播当年各播入种出苗率均达85%以上,且都能安全越冬;第2年各牧草返青达80%以上,山地草甸类杂类草＋鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata ）型、温性草原类针茅（Stipa capillata ）＋羊茅（Fes-tuca ovina ）型和温性草原类羊茅＋冷蒿（Artemisia frigida ）型草地干草产量分别比对照（未补播）显著（P 〈0.01）提高了114%,125%和109%;豆、禾牧草比例明显增加,草群结构趋于合理;各草地群落高度、盖度、密度都显著（P 〈0.01）高于对照,山地草甸区补播效果最明显,分别增加了34 cm,40.8%和265株/m2;豆、禾牧草对不同草地类型区域适应性不同,山地草甸区豆科牧草补播改良效果优于禾本科,温性草原区二者表现刚好相反。     

内蒙古天然草场牧草产量的气象估算模型

以内蒙古天然草场为研究区域,利用2004～2008年生长季牧草产量观测资料和能够综合反映光、温、水对牧草生长影响的气象条件指数,分析了内蒙古主要天然草场牧草产量与气象因子之间的关系,并分别建立了适用于不同草地类型(温性草原类、温性草甸草原类、低地草甸类、温性草原化荒漠类、温性荒漠草原类)的牧草产量气象估算模型.经过验证,所建产草量估算模型具有良好的估测能力,准确率较高,可以满足应用需要.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.