致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

为确定某羊场导致羔羊脑炎的病原,对从3只病死羔羊脑、肝、脾、淋巴结等组织中分离到革兰阳性球菌,采用生化试验、PCR检测、16SrRNA序列分析、进化树分析、药物敏感性及小鼠致病性测定进行鉴定。结果表明,分离菌符合粪肠球菌的生物学特性;对小鼠致病性较强;对庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、万古霉素等有较强的耐药性,对呋喃妥因极敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林、环丙沙星等敏感;应用DNA Man软件对分离株WS1、WS2、WS3、WS4、WS5 16SrRNA基因序列进行同源性比对,结果与GenBank数据库中粪肠球菌(NR-040789.1)的同源性分别为99.2%、99.0%、98.5%、98.5%和98.8%;经MEGA4.0软件分析的分子系统进化树(N-J法)表明5株分离菌与粪肠球菌之间的亲缘性最近。说明该羊场导致羔羊脑炎并死亡的病原为粪肠球菌。     

牛源肠球菌的分离鉴定及毒力因子基因的检测

为探究牛源性肠球菌中6种毒力因子基因(ccf、asa1、ace、esp、cylA、gelE)的分布情况,采集了不同地区382份疑似隐形乳腺炎的奶样,常规分离纯化细菌,采用16SrRNA和16S~23SrRNA方法相结合的方法,共鉴定出了68株肠球菌并检测了其溶血特性和上述6种毒力基因的存在情况。结果显示,40株(58.82%)表现为α-溶血,10株(14.71%)为β-溶血,18株(26.47%)为γ-不溶血。68株(100%)携带asa1基因,49株(72.06%)携带gelE基因,43株(63.24%)携带ccf基因,12株(17.65%)携带ace基因,10株(14.71%)携带esp基因,6株(8.82%)携带cylA基因。54.41%的分离菌株同时携带gelE、ccf、asa1毒力基因,而青海民和分离株的esp与ace,gelE与ccf同时出现,有一定规律性;但溶血性基因cylA与14株溶血性肠球菌没有相关性。研究牛源肠球菌的溶血特性与毒力基因携带情况,对肠球菌性奶牛乳腺炎的防控具有指导意义,同时也为动物与人之间病原互相传播的研究提供试验依据。     

粪肠球菌ace基因缺失突变株的构建

本研究旨在构建粪肠球菌胶原蛋白黏附素基因(ace)缺失突变株,为进一步探讨该基因编码的毒力因子Ace的功能奠定基础。利用pK18mobSacB质粒作为基因敲除载体,构建粪肠球菌ace基因重组自杀质粒pK001,通过体内同源重组筛选成功敲除ace基因的突变株,然后对突变株细菌黏附体外培养猪肠上皮细胞IPEC-J2及其细菌生物被膜形成的情况进行了检测。结果显示,同源重组后,经过卡那霉素抗性筛选、PCR及Southern blot鉴定,成功获得了ace基因缺失突变株肠球菌△ace。细菌生长曲线测定试验表明,ace基因敲除对细菌的生长繁殖并无明显影响,但体外生物被膜测定试验显示基因缺失突变株肠球菌△ace的生物被膜形成能力有所降低。本研究证实了毒力因子Ace对猪源粪肠球菌与宿主黏附的重要作用,该基因缺失突变株的构建为进一步的理论研究和疫苗研发奠定基础。     

江西省猪源粪肠球菌毒力基因及耐药性分析

通过选择性培养基、PCR技术分离鉴定粪肠球菌,采用PCR技术检测agg、clyA、efaA、esp、ace和gelE基因,使用K-B法测定分离株对红霉素、多西环素、环丙沙星和氟苯尼考的敏感性。结果共分离并鉴定出226株粪肠球菌。98.23%的粪肠球菌至少携带1种毒力基因,各基因检出率由高到低依次为efaA、ace、gelE、agg、esp和clyA。有75.22%分离株携带3~5种毒力基因。分离株对红霉素和多西环素耐药率较高,分别为97.35%和92.48%,对环丙沙星和氟苯尼考耐药率相对较低,分别为65.04%和61.95%,但没有统计学上的区别。因此,携带毒力基因数的多少与抗菌药物的耐药性之间不存在统计学上的关联。     

熊源粪肠球菌小鼠感染模型的建立及其毒力基因的检测

建立了熊源粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)感染BALB/c小鼠模型,并对熊源粪肠球菌的毒力基因进行检测,同时观察死亡小鼠内脏器官的组织病理学变化。结果:熊源粪肠球菌可以引起小鼠内脏组织发生不同程度的炎性细胞浸润,其对小鼠的LD_(50)为2.04×10~7 cfu/只;通过PCR可检测出胶原蛋白黏附素(ace)、心内膜炎抗原(efaA)、EF3314和明胶酶E(gelE)等毒力基因。研究表明,本试验成功建立了粪肠球菌小鼠感染模型,为熊源粪肠球菌的发病机制研究奠定了基础。     

感染仔猪粪肠球菌不同分离株的鉴定及毒力基因检测

从近年来河南省各地感染发病猪群的肠球菌分离株中,选取来源不同且具有代表性的5株分离菌进行了包括致病性和毒力基因测定在内的系统鉴定。结果表明,引起本次河南省仔猪感染发病的病原体为粪肠球菌。各地分离菌的形态、培养特性与以及对极端环境的耐受性上表现较为一致,而对各种糖的发酵上存在着的差异;对药物万古霉素、替考拉宁、利福平和氨苄西林敏感,而对临床常用药物红霉素、卡那霉素和四环素完全耐药;经16S rRNA测定,它们与粪肠球菌ATCC29212同源性在99.6%～99.8%之间,与GenBank公布的NC_004668、AJ301831的核苷酸同源性为99.7%～99.9%和99.5%～99.7%;通过对它们2种毒力表型和携带的6种主要毒力基因以及与对小鼠的LD50测定,发现5株粪肠球菌携带毒力基因不尽相同,携带全部6种毒力基因的HE1和HE5的致病力最强,而仅携带4种毒力基因的HE41致病力最小。用HE1和HE5分离菌对20日龄的断奶仔猪分别进行攻毒,2菌株均能引起仔猪的感染发病。     

超市零售鸡肉粪肠球菌耐药性及毒力因子流行分布特征

于2020年从惠州、肇庆、郑州、天津4个城市的超市采集零售鸡肉样品96份,进行粪肠球菌的分离鉴定;采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定肠球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);PCR方法检测肠球菌的耐药基因和毒力基因。结果显示,共分离到41株粪肠球菌(郑州10株,肇庆14株,惠州10株,天津7株),没有分离到屎肠球菌;所有菌株对氨苄西林、万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感,对四环素、多西环素的耐药率均达到75%以上,对利福平、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、HLSR的耐药率为20%～40%。天津分离株的耐药率最低,惠州地区分离株耐药率最高。在郑州的分离株中检测到1株替加环素耐药菌株。惠州的分离株所携带的耐药基因种类、检出率大多高于其他地区。耐药基因tetL最为流行,检出率高于50%。其次是ermB,检出率为48.78%。17株粪肠球菌检测出optrA基因,检出率为41.46%。已检测的毒力基因中efaA的携带率最高,为95.12%(39/41)。其他依次为gelE 73.17%(30/41)、agg 58.54%(24/41)、asal 36.59%(15/41)、ace 34.15%(14/41)、cylA 9.76%(4/41)。...     

致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌 XJ05 LuxS 基因的克隆与原核表达

采用 PCR 技术从致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌 XJ05基因组中扩增得到 LuxS 基因的全序列,对其进行分析,同时与其他细菌相应基因序列及编码的氨基酸进行同源性分析;构建该基因的原核表达载体,对表达蛋白进行鉴定。结果显示,该粪肠球菌 XJ05的 LuxS 基因全长459 bp,编码152个氨基酸,具有功能序列HXXEH,核苷酸同源性与 GenBank 上的枯草芽胞杆菌和粪肠球菌 V583同源性最高,分别为61．2％和100％;构建的重组质粒经诱导后表达分子质量为20 ku 的蛋白质,Western blot 检测显示特异性条带。说明 XJ05的 luxS 基因与肠球菌 V583和枯草芽胞杆菌亲缘关系较近,表达的重组蛋白具有良好的反应原性。     

肠球菌主要毒力基因多重PCR方法的建立与应用

根据GenBank公布的基因序列,分别针对肠球菌属及其毒力基因cylA、esp和AS设计合成了4对引物。通过改进模板DNA提取方法和优化反应条件,建立了可以同时测定肠球菌和其携带的3种主要毒力基因的多重PCR方法。经过对不同来源的疑似肠球菌分离株进行检测,该多重PCR方法具有快速、可靠的特点。在不同来源的疑似肠球菌菌株中,临床感染分离株携带上述3种毒力基因的比例均高于鲜肉分离株和粪便分离株（分别为84．2％、55．7％和27．1％）;而且在各种来源肠球茵菌株中这3种毒力基因的携带率以cylA最高。     

致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌生物被膜形成能力及相关基因检测研究

为观察致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌XJ05株生物被膜（BF）的形成能力并检测致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌BF形成相关基因的携带情况,本研究以XJ05为研究对象,运用96孔板建立不同时间BF模型,染色后酶标仪测定D_{595 nm}值,并用倒置显微镜观察BF形态。同时检测11株菌中与BF形成相关基因（gelE、esp、ace、asa1、asa373、efaA、ef0591、ef3314、ahrc、eep）的携带情况,并对相关基因片段做同源性分析。结果显示,在不同时间段XJ05株BF的生成量与空白对照组相比差异显著（P<0.05）,24 h时D_{595 nm}值最高且与其他各个时间段相比均差异显著（P<0.05）。显微镜下观察6 h时BF初具规模,可见散落的网状结构,12~24 h矩阵网格结构明显,24 h时形成高度有序的网格结构,24 h后网状结构逐渐脱落,BF开始降解。11株菌中10种相关基因的携带情况不同,有6株携带8种基因,1株携带7种基因,1株携带6种基因,1株携带2种基因,有2株未检测到10种基因的任何一种。检出的基因片段同源性均在93.3%~100.0%之间。结果表明,XJ05株能形成完整的BF,11株分离的致羔羊脑炎粪肠球菌中有9株携带部分与BF形成相关的基因。     

Isolation and Identification of Enterococcus faecalis from Fur-bearing Animals

In order to obtain Enterococcus faecalis from fur animals and evaluate its prebiotic properties,in this study,Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from the feces of healthy adult fur-bearing animals (mink,fox,raccoon dog),identified by morphological observation,biochemical test and 16S rRNA sequence analysis.The growth curve,acid production capacity and antibiotic sensitivity of the Enterococcus faecalis isolates were measured to evaluate their probiotic properties.Some strains were selected to determine their tolerance to temperature,artificial gastric juice and artificial bile salt.The results showed that five strains were Gram-positive,and their biochemical characteristics were basically consistent with the standard strains of Enterococcus faecalis,and they were identified as Enterococcus faecalis by 16S rRNA sequence analysis.The five strains all entered the logarithmic phase at 2 h after culture,and entered the stable phase at 8-10 h,and had weak acid production capacity.The resistance rate of the isolates to tetracycline and levofloxacin was 100%,followed by penicillin (80%),erythromycin (80%),gentamicin (80%) and chloramphenicol (40%).All the isolates were sensitive to ampicillin and vancomycin.Enterococcus faecalis from mink,fox and raccoon dog had strong tolerance to temperature below 60 ℃,artificial gastric juice with pH>3.0 and 0.3%-0.5% concentration of bile salt,but poor tolerance to temperature above 70 ℃,and artificial gastric juice with pH<3.0.In conclusion,five strains of Enterococcus faecalis from fur animals (mink,fox,raccoon dog) were obtained in this study.The isolated strains propagated rapidly,which were suitable for colonization and played a prebiotic role in fur animals' intestines,and had good prebiotic characteristics and stress resistance.They could be used as candidate strains for animal microbiological agents for further study.     

毛皮动物源粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

为获得毛皮动物源粪肠球菌,并评价其益生特性,本研究从健康成年毛皮动物（水貂、狐狸、貉）粪便中分离粪肠球菌,通过形态学观察、生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析等方法进行种属鉴定。测定分离菌株生长曲线、产酸能力、抗菌药敏感性,并挑取部分菌株测定其对于温度、人工胃液、人工胆盐的耐受能力。结果表明,分离菌株中共5株为革兰氏阳性菌,生化特性与粪肠球菌标准株基本相符,且经16S rRNA序列分析鉴定为粪肠球菌。5株菌均于培养后2 h进入对数期,8~10 h进入稳定期,且具有弱产酸能力。分离菌株对四环素、左氟沙星耐药性强,耐药率为100%,其次为青霉素（80%）、红霉素（80%）、庆大霉素（80%）、氯霉素（40%）,对氨苄西林和万古霉素敏感。水貂、狐狸和貉源的粪肠球菌对于60 ℃以下温度处理、pH>3.0的人工胃液、0.3%~0.5%浓度的胆盐耐受能力较强,对70 ℃以上高温和pH<3.0的人工胃液耐受性差。综上所述,本研究共获得5株毛皮动物源（水貂、狐狸、貉）粪肠球菌,分离菌株繁殖较快,适合在毛皮动物肠道中定植并发挥益生作用,且具有较好的益生特性和抗逆性,可作为动物用微生态制剂的候选菌种进一步研究。     

麻鸡源性粪肠球菌的分离及初步鉴定

用常规方法对病死麻鸡进行了病原菌的分离、培养及初步鉴定,利用PCR方法对细菌基因组的16S rDNA基因进行了扩增,确定其病原菌为粪肠球菌。     

Enterococcus faecalis of human and poultry origin share virulence genes supporting the zoonotic potential of E. faecalis

Enterococcus faecalis is a major cause of nosocomial infections in humans and has been linked to severe extra‐intestinal infections in poultry. A zoonotic potential has been suggested and the aim of the present study was to investigate similarities in virulence gene profiles of E. faecalis originating from infections in humans and poultry respectively. A total of 106 isolates of E. faecalis [26 human clinical isolates, 60 poultry clinical isolates (including two small‐colony variants (SCVs) and 20 poultry cloacal isolates] were investigated for presence of seven virulence‐associated genes: ace, asa1, cylA, efaA, EF0591, esp and gelE. For each gene, the PCR‐amplification product was sequenced from one isolate in each group to explore intragenic variations between genes of human and poultry origin. Haemolytic and protease activities were assessed and isolates were assigned a sequence type (ST). Three of the seven genes investigated (ace, efaA and gelE) were present in all isolates. The asa1 was detected in 63/80 and 13/26 isolates of poultry and human origin respectively. For cylA, the numbers were 46/80 and 14/26 respectively. Among poultry isolates, esp and EF0591 were the least frequently observed genes (1/80 and 20/80 respectively); the prevalences among human isolates were 1/26 and 18/26 respectively. A high degree of similarity between genes in human and poultry isolates were confirmed by sequencing of amplification products. None of the cylA‐positive isolates demonstrated haemolytic activity, while the phenotypic expression of gelatinase varied. The ST16 was the only ST shared by human and poultry isolates. The SCV isolates did not show a unique virulence profile or phylogeny. In conclusion, regardless of the distinct phylogenetic background of most E. faecalis isolates of human and poultry origin, we found major similarities in virulence gene profile and gene sequences in isolates from the two sources, supporting the zoonotic risk associated with this organism.     

产肠毒素大肠杆菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

为快速检测和鉴定产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)菌毛(K88和K99)和毒素(STa)基因,本研究设计合成了针对K88、K99和STa基因的3对特异性引物,对K88、K99和STa基因扩增条件进行优化,建立了检测K88、K99和STa的多重PCR方法.该方法对Kss、K99和STa基因的扩增产物分别为237 bp,314 bp和166 bp;此外,该方法具有良好的灵敏性和特异性.本实验建立的多重PCR方法为致幼畜腹泻ETEC的检测提供了快速准确方法.用所建立的多重PCR方法对实验室分离的23株大肠杆菌进行检测,结果2株为K99/STa阳性,1株为STa阳性.     

Detection of Enterococcus faecalis Resistant to Tetracycline by a Two-Step PCR with Nested Primers

Veterinary Research Communications -     

Identification and detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by PCR based on the gene apxIVA

The apxIVA gene, a recently discovered RTX determinant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, was shown to be species-specific. DNA hybridization experiments using probes for various regions of apxIVA revealed that the 3'-terminus of this gene was present in all 14 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae but absent from phylogenetically related species. A primer pair spanning this region specifically amplified a 422bp fragment in PCR experiments with DNA from the reference strains of the 14 serotypes and 194 field strains isolated from various geographic locations worldwide. DNA sequence analysis of PCR products derived from all serotypes were identical except in serotypes 3, 8, and 10, which showed minor differences. The PCR did not amplify any product when DNA from 17 different bacterial species closely related to A. pleuropneumoniae was used as template. In addition, the PCR was negative with DNA of several Actinobacillus sp. which were initially characterized as A. pleuropneumoniae using routine phenotypic and serological analyses but which were subsequently shown by 16S rRNA sequence analysis to belong to yet undefined Actinobacillus species. The sensitivity of the PCR was determined to be 10pg of A. pleuropneumoniae DNA. A set of nested primers amplified a 377bp fragment specifically with A. pleuropneumoniae DNA. DNA titration experiments using the flanking and nested primer pairs showed an improved level of sensitivity to approximately 10fg of genomic DNA. The nested PCR was used to monitor the spread of A. pleuropneumoniae in pigs experimentally infected with a virulent serotype 1 strain and housed in a controlled environment facility. A. pleuropneumoniae DNA could be detected by nested PCR in nasal swab samples of infected pigs receiving either a high dose (5x10(5)) or a low dose (1x10(4)) challenge and in unchallenged cohorts that were contact-infected by the inoculated animals. Furthermore, PCR confirmed the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae in 16/17 homogenates from necrotic lung lesions, while the bacterium was successfully recovered from 13 of these lesions by culture.     

共培养沙门菌对粪肠球菌N41株生长特性及毒力基因的影响

为探讨共培养条件下沙门菌对粪肠球菌N41分离株生长特性及其不同生长时期26种毒力基因转录的影响,将N41菌株、沙门菌菌株单独/混合培养后,分别进行菌落计数并绘制生长曲线,观察其生长状况及影响,同时提取其对数中期、对数后期、稳定前期和稳定期的总RNA,SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法分析N41菌株26种毒力基因的转录情况。结果显示,共培养后沙门菌和N41生长均受到影响,其中,在N41菌体浓度降低约3.9倍,而沙门菌菌体浓度降低约110倍。在N41菌株26种毒力基因中,沙门菌促进了ebpA、ebpC、rnjB、ace、ebpR、psr等12种毒力基因在4个不同生长时期的转录,但同时也降低了毒力基因SlyA和sprE在4个生长期中转录水平;另外,除了CylL-S、CylL-L、efaA和AS在4个生长时期变化不明显外,其余的大部分毒力基因都在对数后期转录水平有明显上升,但在其他生长时期则表现不同。这说明,两菌共培养后,N41菌株明显抑制了沙门菌的生长,同时沙门菌也整体促进了N41菌株毒力基因的转录。本试验为研究细菌间相互作用机制以及肠球菌的致病机制奠定基础。