不同温度处理对呼伦贝尔天然草地3种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的影响

为研究呼伦贝尔天然草地野生牧草种子萌发特性,在不同温度条件下（15、20、25、30 ℃）对不同地区采集的扁蓿豆、斜茎黄芪和野火球3种野生牧草种子进行发芽试验,测定和分析野生豆科牧草种子各项发芽指标。结果表明：野生豆科牧草种子萌发率普遍较低,不同温度条件下对3种野生豆科牧草种子萌发有显著影响。扁蓿豆种子和野火球种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和发芽速度均随温度升高呈上升趋势,在30 ℃时发芽指标最高;斜茎黄芪种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和发芽速度随温度升高先上升后下降,在25 ℃时发芽指标最高。扁蓿豆种子活力指数在温度为20 ℃时最大,为14.53;斜茎黄芪活力指数在不同温度下为4.89~7.11,活力指数最高温度为25 ℃;野火球种子在30 ℃下活力指数最高,为18.04。综合考查各项指标,3种野生豆科牧草种子萌发最适温度为25~30 ℃。该试验结果为呼伦贝尔天然草地野生牧草种子萌发率提供理论依据。     

水杨酸和脱落酸浸种对低温下扁蓿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为筛选出提高低温下扁蓿豆（Medicago ruthenica）种子发芽能力的处理措施,本研究选取水杨酸（salicylic acid,SA）和脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）分别对扁蓿豆进行了7种不同浓度的浸种处理,测定了2种外源物质对低温下扁蓿豆种子发芽势﹑发芽率﹑发芽指数﹑活力指数、根长和芽长的影响。结果表明,2种外源物质浸种处理下扁蓿豆种子的发芽势﹑发芽率﹑发芽指数﹑活力指数,根长和芽长均呈先升高后降低的趋势,初次发芽天数无变化。供试处理中,低浓度的SA（0.1～10 μmol·L^-1）和ABA（0.001～0.5 μmol·L^-1）对扁蓿豆种子萌发﹑根长和芽长均有促进作用,且对根长和芽长的促进效果较种子萌发好,高浓度的SA（>20 μmol·L^-1）和ABA（>1 μmol·L^-1）显著抑制了种子萌发及根和芽的伸长（P<0.05）。通过模糊数学隶属函数的综合评价,0.05 μmol·L^-1的ABA浸种处理是低温下促进扁蓿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳浓度。     

内蒙古中东部野生扁蓿豆种子硬实性的研究

扁蓿豆是抗逆性极强的优良牧草,但其种子发芽率低,具有65 %～75 %的硬实。在恒温25℃时发芽率较高,在变温20 ～30℃时发芽率最高,若温度超过30℃或低于15℃时发芽被抑制,但短时间高温处理有利于促进发芽。采用机械或浓硫酸处理,发芽率分别比对照高40.6 %和45.6 %。野生种子的硬实率与采集地气温,特别是与7月份温度有着很高的正相关关系,而且不同产地的种子表现出较大的差异,以赤峰市北部采到的居群硬实率最高,比呼和浩特市采集的居群高9 %。随着储藏年限的推移,种子的硬实率不断下降,发芽率增加,储藏3.5年的种子发芽率达到了67.0 %,表明扁蓿豆种子采集后通过室温储藏可以达到提高发芽率的效果。     

草原毒害草—黄花棘豆种子萌发的影响因素探讨

黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala)是我国西部高寒草甸一种危害严重的毒害草,为明确黄花棘豆种子的萌发特征,本文主要探讨发芽前处理和温度对黄花棘豆种子发芽状况的影响。结果表明:温度对黄花棘豆种子萌发的影响最为显著:在10℃~25℃范围内,随着温度的升高种子发芽率增大;并且,恒温条件下其发芽率均高于与之对应的变温条件。其中,25℃恒温条件下其发芽率最高为15.3%;10℃/5℃变温时最低,仅为1.3%。另外,随着温度的上升,种子发芽指数增大、发芽时间缩短、硬实率降低:10℃/5℃时其发芽指数最低仅为0.05,平均发芽开始时间长达22.3d,硬实率高达97.2%。再者,发芽前处理对于黄花棘豆发芽状况的效应亦受到温度条件的影响。温度为变温25℃/5℃时,冷水浸种可明显提高种子的发芽指数,缩短种子萌发的开始时间;温度为恒温10℃时,冷水浸种可提高种子发芽率。然而,其他温度条件下其种子发芽率、发芽指数、发芽开始时间及硬实率与对照均无明显差异。因此,对于高寒草甸年均温较低、昼夜温差大的情况,黄花棘豆依靠种子快速建立种群的机会较小。     

蒙古黄芪种子发芽检验方法研究

对蒙古黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.var.mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao]种子在不同温度、不同发芽床条件下进行发芽试验,选择适宜的发芽温度和发芽床,确定种子检验中蒙古黄芪种子发芽试验的适宜条件和首、末次计数时间.试验结果表明,蒙古黄芪种子存在较高的硬实休眠特性.在种子检验中,破除硬实休眠的适宜方法为精米机打磨4min.蒙古黄芪种子适宜的发芽温度为15℃恒温和15/25℃变温;适宜发芽床为纸上、纸间和海绵床;发芽试验的初次计数时间为第5d,末次计数时间为第12d.     

种子处理对扁蓿豆种子在1/2 MS培养基上发芽率的影响

以1/2 MS培养基为种子发芽床,用摩擦、划破种皮、H2SO4溶液、NaOH溶液等物理和化学方法对扁蓿豆种子处理后进行萌发试验,结果表明:划破种皮发芽率86%,发芽指数15.97;摩擦处理发芽率71%,发芽指数12.94;摩擦后放置30 d发芽率65%,发芽指数11.54;98%用H2SO4溶液处理15 min降低扁蓿豆种子硬实率的效果较好,其发芽率可达84%,比对照提高59%,发芽指数13.45,比对照提高了78.7%,均达到了极显著差异水平;饱和NaOH溶液处理15 min的效果次之:发芽率达77%,发芽指数12.14;均比对照高,且差异显著。     

扁穗雀麦种子萌发吸水特性与萌发温度的研究

对扁穗雀麦种子萌发吸水特性与不同温度处理下的萌发进行研究,结果表明:扁穗雀麦种子萌发吸水过程大致可分为三个阶段,吸水速度呈先快后慢的趋势,在2h时达最大值0.1363g/h,种子萌发最低吸水量为种子原重量的83.66%.在不同温度处理下,扁穗雀麦种子在25～30℃恒温条件下萌发相对较好,发芽率达97%,发芽指数较高.25℃萌发条件下活力指数最大,为679.41,其次为30℃.胚根的适宜生长温度为20～30℃,胚芽为25℃.综合发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,最后确定扁穗雀麦的最适发芽温度为25～30℃.当温度降低到10℃或升高到40℃时,种子发芽受阻,发芽率均为0.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下扁蓿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探寻调控扁蓿豆种子萌发期耐盐能力的途径,采用NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理扁蓿豆种子,研究了盐胁迫下外源NO对扁蓿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,150mmol/L的NaCl溶液显著抑制了扁蓿豆种子的萌发,显著降低了发芽率、发芽指数和幼苗长度。外源NO在一定程度上缓解了盐胁迫对扁蓿豆幼苗的发芽率、发芽指数、芽长和根长的影响,但也存在浓度效应,以0.05%处理为最佳。0.05%SNP+150mmol/L NaCl处理下的扁蓿豆种子发芽率为86%,显著高于单盐处理的(0%SNP+150mmol/L NaCl)(P0.05)。0.05%SNP+150mmol/L NaCl处理下的发芽率、芽长和根长与0mmol/L NaCl溶液处理差异不显著(P0.05),发芽指数显著高于后者(P0.05)。     

扁穗雀麦种子萌发条件的研究

通过发芽试验探讨温度、发芽床及光照等因素对扁穗雀麦Bromus cartharticus种子萌发的影响。试验设7种恒温(10、15、20、25、30、35和40 ℃)和2种变温（15/25 ℃,20/30 ℃）共9个处理;光照设黑暗（0）和光照(2 000 lx)2个处理;发芽床设纸上（TP）、纸间(BP)、砂上(TS)和砂间(BS)4个处理。综合发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,最后确定扁穗雀麦的最适发芽温度为25～30 ℃,发芽床选纸上发芽为好,对光照不敏感。     

马棘种子发芽及人工加速老化测定标准化研究

以水土保持植物马棘Indigofera pseudotinctoria种子为研究对象,针对其质量检测存在的问题,确定适宜的发芽和加速老化条件。在发芽试验中,设置15~25、15~30、15~35、20~30、20~35、25~35、20、25、30、35℃共10种温度处理,光照设8 h光照和24 h黑暗2个处理;在加速老化试验中,设置39、41、43、45℃共4个温度水平和24~96 h之间的7个时间处理。研究结果表明:不同光照和温度条件下马棘种子发芽率不同,在8 h光照和24 h黑暗适宜发芽的条件均为恒温25℃或变温20~30℃,种子发芽对光照不敏感,但黑暗条件会导致种苗黄化,温度和光照间存在互作效应。初次发芽计数时间为7 d,末次发芽计数时间为14d。加速老化最适条件为43℃、72 h,且老化温度和时间存在互作效应。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.