哺乳动物骨骼标本制作过程中漂白方法的改良——以家兔骨骼为例

为了寻找一种有效的漂白试剂在不影响骨骼标本效果的情况下代替过氧化氢,试验采用次氯酸、5%草酸、84消毒液、过氧化氢作为漂白试剂对家兔骨骼标本进行漂白,观察不同漂白试剂及漂白时间对骨骼的漂白效果。结果表明:在不影响骨骼标本效果前提下,以骨骼硬度、完整度、洁白度作为首要考虑时,5%草酸为最佳替代品。     

帕米尔地区野兔头骨标本制作方法

为了筛选出制作帕米尔地区野兔头骨标本的最佳方法,试验采用虫蚀法、氧化法和碱腐蚀法分别制作帕米尔野兔头骨标本。结果表明:经高压灭菌锅在110℃、0.05 mPa条件下蒸煮20 min初步去肉后,以1.8%氢氧化钠(NaOH)浸泡14 h去肉、去脂,3.0%过氧化氢(H2O2)浸泡3 h漂白的碱腐蚀法为最佳方法。采用此方法制作标本省时、省力,头骨标本较为完整、美观。     

犬全身骨骼标本的制作

为探究适合教学应用的犬全身骨骼标本的制作方法,在传统制作方法的基础上,进行了冷泡法腐蚀、天然皂粉脱脂、过氧化氢梯度漂白等改进,并对整个制作过程进行了介绍。结果表明,该方法操作简单、安全环保,制作的标本结构完整,骨骼齐全,立体感强。     

犬全身骨骼标本的制作

为探究适合教学应用的犬全身骨骼标本的制作方法,在传统制作方法的基础上,进行了冷泡法腐蚀、天然皂粉脱脂、过氧化氢梯度漂白等改进,并对整个制作过程进行了介绍。结果表明,该方法操作简单、安全环保,制作的标本结构完整,骨骼齐全,立体感强。     

动物骨骼标本的制作

以兔为材料,采用耳缘静脉空气注射法将其处死,用煮制、二甲苯脱脂、双氧水漂白的方法制作了兔的整体骨骼标本。对整个骨骼标本的制作过程进行了介绍,以期为制作动物骨骼标本提供参考。     

动物骨骼标本的制作

以免为材料,采用耳缘静脉空气注射法将其处死,用煮制、二甲苯脱脂、双氧水漂白的方法制作了兔的整体骨骼标本.对整个骨骼标本的制作过程进行了介绍,以期为制作动物骨骼标本提供参考.     

一种宠物骨骼标本制作的新工艺

传统的宠物骨骼标本制作耗时长、成本高,骨骼质量也不高.笔者通过改进腐蚀、脱脂、漂白等几步关键步骤,比如用天然皂粉代替NaOH、汽油等有机溶剂等进行脱脂,采用双氧水梯度漂白代替漂白粉漂白等,通过这些工艺的改进,极大地缩短了制作时间、降低了成本、提高了宠物骨骼质量.     

雏鸡透明骨骼标本的制作及染色对比试验

为了进一步改进动物透明骨骼标本的制作技术,制作完整清晰的骨骼标本,采用3种方法制作雏鸡透明骨骼标本。3种试验方法对动物的处死、固定、脱水、透明方法一致,分别用茜素红和阿利新蓝染液双重染色方法、茜素红和甲苯胺蓝染液双重染色方法、茜素红和阿利新蓝染液混合复染法进行染色。结果发现,用茜素红和阿利新蓝染液双重染色方法制作的透明骨骼标本效果最好,阿利新蓝比甲苯胺蓝染色效果好。     

犬骨骼标本制作中脱脂工艺的试验

犬骨骼标本制作过程中,脱脂是至关重要的环节。本文通过对3只5.5岁至6.5岁犬的骨骼煮制脱脂后,继续采用3种不同的化学脱脂剂0.02%十二烷基苯磺酸钠(C_(18)H_(29)NaO_3S,简称LAS)溶液、3%NaOH溶液和95%酒精进行脱脂,并将结果进行对比。结果表明:LAS所用的脱脂时间最短,脱脂效果相对最好,且不损伤骨质,其他两种化学脱脂剂对骨质有不同程度的损伤。在标本保存过程中继续观察60 d,LAS脱脂后保存的骨骼硬度较好,色白,无油脂渗出。即LAS在犬的骨骼标本制作中脱脂效果好,廉价高效,低毒环保,不易氧化,能代替传统的有机溶剂或氢氧化钠进行脱脂。     

小脊椎动物骨骼透明标本制作条件的探讨

为探讨制作小脊椎动物骨骼透明标本的适宜环境温度和碱液浓度,缩短骨骼透明标本的制作时间,更好地观察动物体整体骨骼的形态以及骨骼与肌肉的位置关系,本试验分别在三种不同的自然气温条件下选择四种小脊椎动物(蛙、鲫鱼、仔鼠和金鱼)致死后除去内脏,经过固定、脱水脱脂、软化透明、染色、脱色、固定保存等步骤制作骨骼透明标本;另选择在中等温度和室温条件下采用不同碱液浓度对标本进行软化透明。试验结果显示:不同的室温条件对标本制作的影响明显,气温越高完成标本的制作周期越短,染色效果也能达到预期的效果;碱液浓度越高对标本软组织的软化透明越快,但碱液浓度要逐步升高,而且不同体积的标本要选用不同的碱液浓度。     

A Comparison of Methods for Proximal Palmar Metacarpal Analgesia in Horses

Three techniques for inducing analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region were evaluated for the frequency of inadvertent injection into the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints. Using methylene blue solution as a marker dye and 30 fresh cadaver specimens each, three clinicians performed either 30 infiltrations at the origin of the suspensory ligament (method A), 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the proximal end of the metacarpus (method B), or 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the distal aspect of the accessory carpal bone (method C). The frequency of inadvertent injection into the distal carpal joints was 37, 17, and 0% for methods A, B, and C, respectively. The association between method and injection into the joints was significant (p less than 0.01). Infiltration of the distal carpal joints occurred with injection distances from the carpometacarpal joint of 1.5 to 4.5 cm. Although there was no joint injection with method C, the carpal synovial sheath was inadvertently infiltrated in 68% of the specimens. Injection into the distal carpal joints can occur when deep injections are made into the proximal palmar aspect of the metacarpus because of the distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint between the axial surfaces of the second and fourth metacarpal bones and the abaxial surface of the suspensory ligament.     

THE DORSOPROXIMAL-DORSODISTAL PROJECTION OF THE DISTAL CARPAL BONES IN HORSES: AN EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT BEAM-CASSETTE ANGLES

To estimate the extent of the third carpal bone (C3) visible for evaluation in the dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique projection of the distal row of carpal bones, 13 forelimbs collected at post mortem from 7 horses were examined radiographically. The limbs were frozen with the carpal joints flexed then radiographed using fixed beam-cassette angles of 15 degrees to 45 degrees, at 5 degree intervals. The influence of beam-cassette angle on; the depth of the proximal articular surface examined, the radiographic appearance of C3 and the assessment of subchondral sclerosis was evaluated. Beam-cassette angles of 25 degrees to 40 degrees produced subjectively acceptable radiographs and did not appear to influence assessments of sclerosis. The mean depth of the examined proximal articular surface of the C3 increased significantly with each 5 degree increase in beam-cassette angle up to 40 degrees. The use of beam-cassette angles >35 degrees is recommended for the DPr-DDiO projection.     

Age-related changes in bone mineral density, cross-sectional area and strength at different skeletal sites in male rats

Age-related changes in bone mineral density (BMD), cross-sectional area and strength strain index (SSI) of the long bones in the limbs and first lumbar vertebra of male Wistar rats were measured by a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) method. One hundred and ten rats aged 2-30 months were used. The results indicate that the total (cortical + trabecular), cortical and trabecular BMD values of the metaphysis and cortical BMD values of the diaphysis in the long bones varied for each bone and differed from those of the first lumbar vertebra. The total BMD of long bones showed high values at 6-21 months and then decreased, but these did not always coincide with cortical and trabecular BMD. The values of SSI in the long bones varied. The values of total and cortical BMD and SSI of lumbar vertebra increased for 6-12 months and then decreased, but the trabecular BMD increased after 12 months. The total area in both the long bones and the first lumbar vertebra increased with the decrease in cortical area and the increase in the trabecular area with increasing age. It was concluded that age-related changes in bones, similar to those observed in humans, could be observed in some bones and parameters, although the age in rats when the so-called peak bone mass appears in the whole skeleton could not be clearly determined.     

EX VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE DISTAL ROW OF EQUINE CARPAL BONES: ASSESSMENT OF BONE SCLEROSIS AND CARTILAGE DAMAGE

The distal row of carpal bones (C2, C3, and C4) from eight left intercarpal joints--four from Standardbred Trotters and four from Swedish Warmblood horses--were used to assess the potential of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect cartilage and bone lesions. The joints used in the study were classified by macroscopic and radiographic examinations as having normal, mild, moderate, or severe articular cartilage lesions and bone sclerosis. Those classifications correlated well with the appearance of the MR images. Bone sclerosis in the MR images was observed as regions of decreased signal intensity. Upon quantitative analysis of the MR images there was a significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the MR signal intensity from areas where radiographic bone sclerosis was observed compared to areas of radiographic nonsclerotic bone. In addition, the MR images were used to pilot the location of histology slices through areas of interest that were then examined microscopically; hence, the lesions found from the MR imaging examination were verified microscopically. It was concluded that cartilage lesions and cartilage loss are related to the sclerotic state of the underlying bone. The MR protocols developed in this study were applied on five intact cadaveric carpal joints, and it was concluded that MR imaging could successfully be used in the intact joint to detect minor cartilage and bone lesions not visualized by either radiography or macroscopic examination. Hence, MR imaging can be used to delineate interactions between articular cartilage and subchondral bone over time and in vivo.     

Quantities of ash,Ca, and P in metacarpals,metatarsals, and tibia are better correlated with total body bone ash in growing pigs than ash,Ca, and P in other bones

The objective was to determine correlations between individual bones and total body bone ash to identify the bone that is most representative of total body bone ash in growing pigs. Twenty growing pigs were allotted to 1 of 2 diets that were formulated to contain 60% or 100% of the requirement for standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P. Both diets had an STTD Ca to STTD P ratio of 1.90:1. Growth performance and carcass weights were determined. Metacarpals, metatarsals, femur, tibia, fibula, 3rd and 4th ribs, and 10th and 11th ribs, and all other bones from the left half of the carcass were collected separately. Each bone was defatted and ashed. Pigs fed the diet containing 100% of required Ca and P had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain, gain to feed, and ash concentration (%) in total and all individual bones except femur and fibula compared with pigs fed the diet containing 60% of required Ca and P. Calcium and P concentrations in bone ash were not affected by dietary treatments. Weights (g) of bone ash, bone Ca, and bone P were greater (P < 0.05) or tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for pigs fed the diet containing 100% of required Ca and P. Correlation coefficients between the weight of ashed metacarpals, metatarsals, and tibia and the weight of total bone ash were >0.95. In conclusion, metacarpals, metatarsals, and tibia were more representative of total body bone ash compared with other bones.     

Postnatal Osteological Development of the Hyoid Bone in the New Zealand White Rabbit

This study augments knowledge of bone growth by observing the development of the hyoid bone in the New Zealand White rabbit. Preserved hyoid bones representing five different age periods, each period including five individuals and the total number of animals being 25, were fixed in 3.5% formaldehyde solution and 95% ethanol, followed by a pure acetone bath. They were then stained with an alcian blue–alizarin red combination. The mode of bone formation was intracartilaginous type ossification. While the basihyoideum and thyrohyoideum were observed to start ossifying first at prenatal stage, indicating that they are the main skeletal structures of the hyoid apparatus, the ceratohyoideum and lingual process began to ossify in the second and third periods. The separately occurring primary ossification centres fused completely among themselves in the fifth period. Because no further ossification centers were observed and the ossified parts continued the development and growth, the research was terminated after 10 weeks of age.     

Histoplasma capsulatum Osteomyelitis in the Cat

Seven cats with osseous lesions as the primary manifestation of disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum infection were evaluated. The major clinical signs in these cats were related to the bony lesions and included lameness, bone pain, and soft tissue swelling of limbs and joints. Other clinical and pathologic findings were similar to previously reported forms of disseminated histoplasmosis in the cat. The radiographic appearance of the lesions was predominantly osteolytic; periosteal and endosteal new bone production was present in some cases. Infection occurred primarily in bones of the appendicular skeleton with a predilection for sites below the elbow and stifle joints.     

THE ACCURACY OF THE DORSOPROXIMAL-DORSODISTAL PROJECTION IN ASSESSING THIRD CARPAL BONE SCLEROSIS IN STANDARDBRED TROTTERS

Thirty-five carpal joints from 20 standardbred trotters, age 1 to 7 years, all euthanized for nonorthopedic reasons, were examined to investigate the correlation between assessments of subchondral bone sclerosis in the third carpal bone from radiographs in the dorsoproximal-dorsodistal (DPr-DDi) projection and histomorphometric bone volume density measurements. The agreement between assessments of sclerosis from antemortem versus postmortem radiographs was also evaluated. Bones graded as sclerotic in the DPr-DDi projection had significantly higher bone volume density values for all areas of measurement than nonsclerotic bones. For sclerotic bones, grading of sclerosis was significantly associated with volume density measurements in the central cancellous bone only. There was a good agreement ( k _w =0.71) between assessments of radiographic bone sclerosis from antemortem versus postmortem radiographs.     

Gross anatomy,computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging and bone mineral densitometry of the ovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint

This study was aimed to provide anatomical atlas of the ovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints using computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as to investigate bone mineral density (BMD) and morphometric features of this joint. The limbs of twenty adult Sanjabi sheep were examined. Imaging was performed using a 16-slice multi-detector CT scanner and a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. The obtained images were correlated with corresponding anatomical sections. BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method. Also morphometric features included distance between metacarpal and metatarsal heads, width of metacarpal and metatarsal head, length, width and the height of the proximal sesamoid bones were measured. In MRI images, compact bones, ligaments and tendons showed less signal intensity (hypointense). The fatty tissue and bone marrow had more signal intensity (hyperintense), but articular cartilage and synovial fluid showed moderate signal intensity. BMD in the left hind limb was significantly higher than other three limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The length of proximal sesamoid bones in left forelimb was higher than right forelimb (p ≤ 0.05). The thickness of proximal sesamoid bones in left limbs was higher than those in their counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). The width of the medial head in the forelimbs was significantly greater than the hind limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The present results might be useful in managing the clinical techniques on this joint. Larger volume of the proximal sesamoid bones and wider medial head in the forelimbs compared to the hindlimbs impel this speculation that the centre of gravity is closer to the forelimbs.     

Effects of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate on bone healing

An in vivo evaluation of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive was performed to determine its effect on bone healing. Oblique cortical fractures were induced at the tibial-fibular junctions of adult rabbits. Forty-eight fractures were repaired by the use of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate and a full cerclage wire. The opposite control fracture was repaired with a full cerclage wire only. One hundred percent of the glued fractures were not united through the glue interface, although normal periosteal new bone formation (secondary bone healing) took place around the glue. One hundred percent of the nonglued fractures healed by secondary bone union. Reactions were not seen in the bone or soft tissue adjacent to the adhesive material.