固始鸡免疫器官内细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2的动态表达

应用免疫组织化学技术和Leica 显微图像处理系统,对细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2在固始鸡免疫器官内的动态表达进行了研究。结果：Bax蛋白在不同发育阶段固始鸡免疫器官内均有表达,但表达量不同;Bax蛋白表达于固始鸡免疫器官内淋巴细胞细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核;Bax蛋白表达阳性细胞在固始鸡不同免疫器官内分布位置不同,呈散在或簇团状分布：脾脏内不同部位均有分布,主要在动脉周围淋巴鞘、红髓、淋巴小结边缘、边缘区,很少出现在淋巴小结内;胸腺内主要分布于胸腺小叶的皮质与髓质交界处,其次是胸腺小叶髓质,极少出现于皮质;法氏囊内阳性细胞主要分布于黏膜靠近上皮细胞的固有膜层内、淋巴滤泡间的区域,在淋巴滤泡边缘的少量淋巴细胞也有Bax蛋白表达,淋巴滤泡内极少有阳性细胞。Bcl-2蛋白在固始鸡免疫器官内的表达与Bax相似,但表达量与Bax相比较少。以上结果表明,细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2参与了固始鸡免疫器官内淋巴细胞发育分化过程中的凋亡调控,对免疫器官的稳定发挥重要作用。     

热应激对鸡脾脏和法氏囊细胞凋亡的影响及其调节

18只AA肉鸡于22℃饲养。30日龄时，随机分成3组，分别进行0、5和10h的41℃高温应激处理。用流式细胞仪检测应激后不同时间脾脏和法氏囊细胞DNA含量、细胞凋亡率以及Caspase-3和Bcl-2的表达。结果表明，应激处理0、5和10h时，脾脏DNA合成期（S期）细胞比例分别是4．67％、5．11％、4．78％，法氏囊s期细胞分别是30．52％、24．71％、24．04％；脾脏和法氏囊细胞凋亡率分别是0．22％、0．42％、0．32％和0．32％、0．62％、0．41％；脾脏和法氏囊caspase-3表达阳性细胞率分别为5．49％、10．36％、9．80％和8．60％、10．51％、9．41％；Bcl-2表达阳性细胞率脾脏分别是31．32％、24．01％和29．26％，     

固始鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖动态变化

应用流式细胞术研究了固始鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖的动态变化。结果表明:(1)固始鸡不同免疫器官内细胞均以G1期细胞为主,少量细胞为S期和M期,无异倍体细胞。不同免疫器官细胞周期动态变化相似,部分发育阶段之间存在差异。(2)不同发育阶段固始鸡免疫器官细胞增值指数由大到小依次是脾脏、法氏囊和胸腺;在8周龄(胸腺)、或12周龄(脾脏和法氏囊)以前,免疫器官细胞增值指数处于上升阶段,而后逐渐下降,这一结果与固始鸡免疫器官生长发育的测定及其动态变化的分析基本一致。     

杨树皮类脂对热应激SPF鸡免疫器官及红细胞免疫功能的影响

为了考察杨树皮类脂对热应激SPF鸡免疫器官及红细胞免疫功能的影响,试验测定了热应激SPF鸡脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊的脏器指数及红细胞C3b受体花环率和免疫复合物花环率。结果表明:杨树皮类脂对热应激SPF鸡脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊的脏器指数有增加作用,能提高红细胞C3b受体花环率,降低免疫复合物花环率。说明杨树皮类脂有增加热应激SPF鸡免疫器官重量的作用,对红细胞免疫功能有促进作用。     

实验性热应激对肉仔鸡免疫器官的影响

对实验性热应激肉仔鸡的免疫器官的组织学变化、超微组织学变化进行了动态观察，对热应激造成的免疫器官的细胞凋亡及免疫反应能力进行了检测。结果表明，热应激可引起免疫器官胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊的发育分化不良，使法氏囊指数、脾脏指数明显下降，胸腺指数虽有下降，但幅度较小；热应激对免疫器官的组织结构有显著影响，尤其对法氏囊和脾脏的影响更明显，主要表现为实质细胞的萎缩、消失性病变，但无明显的实质细胞崩解坏死、炎性细胞浸润、炎性充血等病理变化，并随热应激时间的延长而逐渐加重，最后以实质细胞几乎完全消失、间质结缔组织增生而纤维化告终。热应激可显著影响试验鸡血清新城疫病毒抗体滴度，与对照相比，其抗体滴度的峰值低，维持时间短，下降速度快；通过电镜观察和细胞凋亡的原位检测，证实热应激时免疫器官的淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞有凋亡现象，这种凋亡现象在早期尤其显著。     

日粮ω-6／ω-3PUFA比例对生长鹅免疫器官指数的影响

本研究以扬州鹅为试验对象,初步探讨不同比例ω-6／ω-3PUFA日粮对鹅免疫器官（胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏）生长发育的影响。选择160羽同一批出雏、体质健壮、体重接近的3周龄扬州鹅苗,随机分成四组,分别饲喂ω-6／ω-3PuFA比例为3：1、6：1、9：1、12：1的日粮,在42、56、70日龄分别进行屠宰和免疫器官的分离、称重。试验结果表明：不同比例的ω-6／ω-3PUFA日粮对扬州鹅各生长阶段免疫器官的重量和指数有不同影响,其中ω-0／ω-3PUFA比例为6：1组42目龄的胸腺指数高于其他比例组（P〈0．05）,法氏囊指数也高于其他组;56、70日龄的胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏等指数以3：1组较高;而各阶段扬州鹅的胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏等指数在9：1和12;1组间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：日粮ω-6／ω-3PUFA比例在6：1时可显著促进可显著促进42日龄前扬州鹅免疫器官的发育,而3：1的比例对42日龄后免疫器官的影响较为明显。     

鸭坦布苏病毒对雏鸭免疫系统的影响

为研究鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)对雏鸭免疫系统的影响,本试验对5日龄雏鸭静脉接种DTMUV,并于接种后不同时间取雏鸭脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊进行组织病理学、抗原和凋亡检测。结果显示,DTMUV感染雏鸭的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊均严重受损。接种DTMUV后4d,脾脏淋巴细胞减少,胸腺可见严重细胞崩解和大面积坏死区域,法氏囊滤泡轻度萎缩;接种后6d免疫器官病变最为严重,其中胸腺静脉严重栓塞,淋巴细胞变性坏死,空泡化也更加严重;接种后8d免疫器官病变均有所减轻,至16d,免疫器官结构基本恢复正常。通过免疫组织化学方法在感染雏鸭的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊中均检测到DTMUV抗原;细胞凋亡试验显示DTMUV能够显著引起脾淋巴细胞凋亡。综上所述,DTMUV可严重损伤雏鸭免疫器官,且这种损伤常发生于感染早期,并于感染后8d出现好转。     

中药制剂抗肉鸡热应激作用机理研究

将50只1日龄AA肉仔鸡饲养（高温条件下饲养）于MFD-233型人工气候室内,随机分成对照组和试验组,试验组肉仔鸡7日龄时在日粮中添加0．1％的中药,连用7d;然后分别于14,21日龄取法氏囊,用流式细胞仪检测应激状态下法氏囊细胞凋亡率和细胞周期时相变化,用Western—blot方法检测法氏囊中Bcl-2和caspase-3基因蛋白表达水平。试验结果表明：试验组肉仔鸡14,21日龄法氏囊细胞凋亡率明显低于对照组,差异显著（P〈0．05）;细胞周期时相发生变化,G1期细胞数量明显减少（P〈0．05）,G2期细胞数量明显增加（P〈0．05）,S期细胞数量变化不大（P〉0．05）;试验组肉仔鸡法氏囊中Bcl-2蛋白表达量高于对照组且差异显著（P〈0．05）,而caspase-3基因蛋白表达水平与Bcl-2相反,对照组表达量明显高于试验组且差异显著（P〈0．05）。这表明中药制剂对缓解热应激造成的法氏囊细胞凋亡作用可能是通过上调Bcl-2和下调caspase-3基因蛋白表达水平来完成的。     

断喙应激对雏鸡胸腺细胞凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白表达的影响

为研究断喙应激对雏鸡胸腺细胞凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白表达的影响,采用电子显微镜技术、流式细胞术和免疫组织化学技术分析断喙对鸡胸腺淋巴细胞的细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2和Bax)表达的影响.结果表明:采用电子显微镜技术观察到断喙对胸腺淋巴细胞产生明显的影响,断喙组胸腺细胞内可看到细胞核明显的应激反应,细胞核凝集,较致密,部分细胞核即将溶解,并出现一定数量的凋亡和坏死细胞;流式细胞仪检测表明对照组和断喙组的胸腺内淋巴细胞都是以G1期为主,但断喙组G1期淋巴细胞数量比试验组高;对照组和断喙组胸腺淋巴细胞凋亡率在断喙后5d时差异显著(P＜0.05);免疫组化结果表明断喙应激没有影响Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在免疫器官内的表达部位;但有降低Bcl 2在胸腺细胞内表达量的趋势;有提高Bax在胸腺细胞内表达量的趋势.结果表明断喙应激促进了雏鸡胸腺淋巴细胞凋亡.     

0～42日龄肉杂鸡免疫器官重与活重的相关分析

100只1日龄肉杂鸡(科宝1500♂×海赛克斯♀),公母各半,饲喂基础日粮,常规饲养。在7、14、21、28、35、42日龄随机抽取8只,称取免疫器官(脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊)重量,计算其器官指数,进行0～42日龄肉杂鸡免疫器官重与活重的相关分析。结果表明,脾脏器官指数的最大值出现在28日龄,胸腺器官指数的最大值在42日龄,法氏囊器官指数在21日龄时最大。脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊与活重的相关系数分别为0.8712、0.8947、0.2357,其中脾脏和胸腺与活重均为显著的强正相关,法氏囊与活重为显著的弱正相关。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。