布氏乳杆菌对青贮发酵及其效果的研究进展

布氏乳杆菌属于异型发酵乳酸菌,其对青贮饲料的作用方式和作用效果与同型发酵乳酸菌不同,它的应用改变了接种剂原有的定义和标准,目前人们对布氏乳杆菌的作用效果仍然存在较大争议,但是因其能够显著提高饲料的有氧稳定性,也已基本被人们接受。笔者就布氏乳杆菌对青贮发酵、青贮质量、动物生产性能特别是其对青贮饲料的有氧稳定性方面的影响进行详细阐述,并对近年来的研究和应用现状进行总结,提出了今后布氏乳杆菌的应用发展方向。     

普通与发酵全混合日粮的好气安定性比较

本试验旨在比较普通与发酵全混合日粮(TMR)的好气安定性的优劣。选用3～6种不同材料与啤酒糟调制成的4种TMR、含50%的啤酒糟和豆腐渣与其他材料调制的2种TMR、啤酒糟和豆腐渣的单独贮存及与其他材料调制的TMR等进行了3个试验,对普通TMR(贮存0 d)与发酵TMR(贮存14和56 d)的好气安定性进行了比较。结果显示:发酵TMR的好气安定性高于普通TMR,而且贮存时间长(56 d)的发酵TMR的好气安定性高于贮存时间短(14 d)的发酵TMR。提示发酵TMR的好气安定性较好,尤其发酵56 d以上的发酵TMR,开封后不易变坏,为实际生产中解决TMR变败问题提供了依据。     

添加物对水稻青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

为提高水稻(Oryza sativa)青贮发酵品质与有氧稳定性,本试验对培杂泰丰添加乳酸菌（青贮宝和LD8）和富糖物质（蔗糖和菠萝皮）进行了研究。结果表明,所有添加物处理的pH值都较低,除蔗糖外均显著低于对照(P<0.05),添加菠萝皮、青贮宝和LD8的青贮料之间pH值没有显著差异(P>0.05);所有添加物处理的丁酸含量显著低于对照(P<0.05),特别是菠萝皮、青贮宝和LD8改善水稻的发酵品质效果显著。青贮开封后,添加菠萝皮和LD8的青贮料有氧稳定性较好。综合考虑, LD8和菠萝皮改善水稻青贮品质的效果最佳。     

Fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mulberry silage prepared with lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid

The objective of this study was to examine the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mulberry (Morus alba L.) silage prepared with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and propionic acid (PA). The selected LAB strains Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum LC365281 (L1) and L. brevis LC365282 (L2), and commercial inoculant strains L. plantarum Gaofuji (GF) and L. buchneri Fresh (FR), and PA were used as additives for silage preparation. Silage treatments were designed as control, L1, L2, GF, FR, PA, PA + L1, PA + L2, PA + GF, or PA + FR. After 30 days of ensiling, the fermentation quality of silages treated with PA + L1 was improved, with a lower (p < 0.05) pH and NH₃‐N content than those of other treatments. During the aerobic exposure, the PA + LAB‐treated silages displayed an aerobic stability with stable pH value and lactic acid content. The results confirm that L. plantarum L1 and PA were the best additive combination for ensiling mulberry.     

Effect of grape pomace on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP) with different adding levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, fresh matter basis), alone (GP‐LAB) or in combine with an inoculant LAB (GP+LAB), on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage. After 90 days of ensiling in vacuumized mini‐silos, silages were subject to a 7‐day aerobic stability test, in which chemical, microbial and polyphenol composition were measured. In the GP‐LAB group, adding GP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and butyric acid in silage. In the GP+LAB group, adding GP increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid, WSC and crude protein, decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, NH₃‐N ratio and butyric acid concentration in silage. Polyphenol level was reduced (P < 0.05) after silage fermentation. During aerobic exposure, the fungi count, pH value and silage temperature increased (P < 0.05), the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid and polyphenols (quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside and quercetin 3‐O‐glucuronid) decreased (P < 0.05) in silage. GP+LAB treated silage had a lag phase for aerobic spoilage. When the fermentation products, microbial counts, chemical and polyphenol composition were considered, the use of 10% GP+LAB at ensiling could provide a valuable source for improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage.     

不同阻氧能力青贮袋对玉米青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为研究青贮袋阻氧能力对玉米青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响,试验将青贮饲料分别装在氧气透过量为2962.41、70.25、64.36、6.03cm^3/(m^2·24h·0.1MPa)4种青贮袋内(PE-50、SSOB-50、PAOB-50、EVOHOB-50),在30d和60d后进行取样检测,对其发酵品质、主要微生物和有氧稳定性进行分析。结果表明:发酵时间与青贮袋阻氧能力的交互作用对pH、水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、干物质损失、乳酸、乙酸、NH3-N含量及酵母菌数量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。增加青贮袋的阻氧能力可有效提高青贮玉米品质,延长有氧稳定时间。在发酵60d时,EVOH青贮袋内酵母菌数量最少,降至1.81lgcfu/gFW,pH最低,为3.74,有氧稳定时间显著高于尼龙和聚乙烯青贮袋,达到297h。综上,选用EVOH青贮袋贮存的青贮玉米效果最好。     

添加乙酸对西藏燕麦和紫花苜蓿混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为探讨不同水平乙酸对燕麦和紫花苜蓿(7∶3)混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响,试验设对照组和3个乙酸添加组(0.3%,0.4%,0.5%),青贮后第30,45和60天开窖取样,测定青贮饲料的发酵品质,同时60 d后打开剩余的所有实验室青贮窖,将青贮饲料暴露于空气中,测定青贮饲料有氧稳定性。结果表明,添加乙酸显著(P<0.05)降低了混合青贮饲料的pH,其中0.4%与0.5%乙酸处理组pH显著(P<0.05)低于0.3%乙酸处理组。青贮60 d后乙酸添加组乳酸含量显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,但处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加乙酸显著(P<0.05)降低了青贮过程中氨态氮/总氮,且氨态氮/总氮随着乙酸添加量的增加呈下降趋势(P>0.05)。各乙酸添加组水溶性碳水化合物均显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,其中0.4%乙酸添加组最高。在有氧暴露前10 d,各组pH和氨态氮/总氮基本保持稳定,其中乙酸添加组低于对照组。暴露10 d后各组pH均有上升,其中对照组显著(P<0.05)上升。在整个有氧暴露阶段,乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量逐渐下降,但各乙酸添加组均显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,其中0.4%乙酸添加组乳酸含量始终保持最高。综合考虑发酵品质和有氧稳定性,0.4%乙酸添加量最适宜。     

添加单宁酸对青贮葛藤有氧稳定性和霉菌毒素含量的影响

为探讨添加单宁酸(TA)在青贮葛藤茎叶中的利用前景,分析了0、1.0％、1.5％ 和2.0％单宁酸处理对青贮葛藤茎叶的发酵品质和霉菌毒素含量以及暴露于有氧条件下的青贮葛藤茎叶稳定性的影响.结果表明,青贮70 d后,添加2.0％单宁酸的青贮葛藤可溶性碳水化合物含量较对照组提高16％(P<0.05).经单宁酸处理的青贮葛藤...     

整株玉米不同成熟阶段对其青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响

随着整株玉米不断成熟,其干物质(DM)、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量不断增加,而可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、水分含量不断降低。成熟早期高含量的WSC为乳酸菌提供了大量的发酵底物,可促进青贮发酵,但高水分会降低青贮料的有氧稳定性;成熟后期,低水分和低含量的WSC使青贮达不到理想的发酵效果,此外,高木质化也导致青贮料消化率降低。综合各方面因素,在1/3乳腺期到2/3乳腺期阶段青贮的整株玉米无论是发酵效果还是有氧稳定性方面均可达到较好效果。     

The effects of wilting and storage temperatures on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of stylo silage

In order to clarify the ensiling characteristics of stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis Swartz), the effects of wilting (no wilting, light wilting and heavy wilting) and storage temperatures (10°C, 20°C, 30°C and 40°C) on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of stylo silage were investigated. Wilting had no significant influence on the contents of crude protein, ether extract and acid detergent fiber, and numbers of lactic acid bacteria, aerobic bacteria, yeasts and mold (P > 0.05). Heavy wilted material, wilted for 12 h, had higher neutral detergent fiber content and lower water‐soluble carbohydrate content than unwilted and light wilted materials (P < 0.05). Wilting and storage temperatures had significant effects on pH value, acetic acid, butyric acid and NH₃‐N contents of stylo silage (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Wilting tended to reduce acetic acid and NH₃‐N contents and improve the fermentation quality of stylo silage. In all the silages, no wilting silage ensiled at 30°C had the highest butyric acid content (P < 0.05). High temperature of 40°C markedly restricted the growth of lactic acid bacteria and aerobic bacteria in silage, irrespective of wilting. The wilted silage or silage stored at low temperature had poor aerobic stability.     

乳酸菌添加剂对王草青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

为提高王草青贮发酵品质与有氧稳定性,对材料水分含量(高、中、低)和添加剂(无添加:CK;乳酸菌A:LA;乳酸菌B:LB;乳酸菌A与B混合添加:LA+LB)的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明,所有处理的王草发酵品质都良好,中水分含量王草的发酵品质优于高水分和低水分。LA对王草发酵品质无显著影响,但使高、中水分含量王草发酵品质达到最佳。LB与LA+LB显著增加了高、中水分含量王草的pH值(P<0.05),极显著降低了乳酸/乙酸、乳酸/总酸和乳酸含量 (P<0.01),明显增加了乙酸含量。青贮开封后,LB与LA+LB处理的王草青贮料有氧稳定性较好。     

Screening of antifreeze-thawed lactic acid bacteria and their effects on oat silage fermentation quality and aerobic stability北大核心CSCD

The effects of freeze-thaw conditions on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of oat silage were investigated. Four strains of freeze-thaw-resistant lactic acid bacteria（LAB）with rapid growth and efficient acid production were screened from 437 strains,which had been isolated from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Based on physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence alignment,the four strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum 157（LP157）,L. plantarum 160（LP160）,Lactobacillus brevis 248（LB248）,and Lactobacillus pentosus 260（LPE260）. In order to investigate their effects on the fermentation quality,nutrient composition,microbial counts and aerobic stability of oat silage under freeze-thaw conditions,seven treatments were tested as follows：1）LP157;2）LP160;3）LB248;4）LPE260;5）LP160+Lactobacillus rhamnosus 753 mixture （MIX）;6）A commercial bacterial silage additive（COM）;7）The same amount of sterilized distilled water（CK）. All treatments were ensiled for 60 days at a constant temperature of 20 ℃ and under a 20 ℃/-5 ℃ regime alternating every 12 h（freeze-thaw）. LP inoculation improved silage quality：The pH and dry matter loss in silages inoculated with LP157,LP160,LB248 and LPE260 were significantly lower than CK（P<0. 05）and lactic acid and acetic acid contents were significantly higher than CK（P<0. 05）,and the growth of spoilage micro-organisms such as coliform bacteria,yeast and mold were inhibited,both with fermentation at constant 20 ℃ and under freeze-thaw conditions. After aerobic exposure for 5 days,the pH and NH3-N of silages treated with LP157,LP160,LB248 and LPE260 were significantly（P<0. 05） lower than CK,MIX and COM. The aerobic stability of oat silage was improved,especially when inoculated with LP160（70 h vs. CK 11 h）. The results show that the four screened strains can be used as effective LAB inoculants for silage preparation in the freeze-thaw environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

添加微生物菌剂对“张杂谷”全株青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响

本试验以抽穗期的"张杂谷"全株作为青贮原料,研究枯草芽孢杆菌F-1和Y-1d复合菌剂对其发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验设对照组、复合菌剂和市售菌剂添加组3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复50 kg。青贮45 d后全部开封取样,测定pH、有机酸及常规物质含量,并连续15 d室温暴露放置,测定温度和pH。结果表明:与对照组比较,添加复合菌剂组乳酸含量显著提高(P <0.05),添加复合菌剂组和市售菌剂组乳酸含量分别提高了100%和70.74%,乙酸含量稍有降低,丁酸含量显著降低(P <0.05),分别降低了28.79%和33.33%,与添加市售菌剂组比较乳酸和乙酸含量都显著提高(P <0.05),乳酸提高了32.23%,乙酸提高了51.77%。添加复合菌剂影响"张杂谷"的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)的含量,与对照组和添加市售菌剂组比较含量都较低。在整个有氧暴露过程中,对照组在12 d时开始出现"二次发酵",添加市售菌剂组在第13天也呈现不稳定状态,而添加复合菌剂组到第15天始终处于稳定状态。综合考虑,添加枯草芽孢杆菌F-1和Y-1d复合菌剂,能够改善青贮"张杂谷"发酵品质,提高其有氧稳定性。     

布氏乳杆菌对青玉米秸青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

本试验以不带穗青玉米秸为原料研究布氏乳杆菌对青贮质量的影响。给不同处理接种的布氏乳杆菌剂量分别为(cfu/g):0,3.05×10⁴,3.05×10⁵,3.05×10⁶,分别记为CS、CSL、CSS和CSH。在青贮发酵第1,16,34和60天开罐取样进行检测分析。结果表明,接种布氏乳杆菌提高了玉米秸秆青贮饲料pH值和乙酸含量,降低了乳酸含量和乳酸乙酸比例,提高了青贮饲料的有氧稳定性。     

The effects of temperature on the silage microbiology and aerobic stability of corn and vetch-grain silages

Abstract

The purpose of the current work was to extend the study of the effect of temperature on silage microbiology, with or without formic acid, and on the aerobic stability of corn and vetch-grain silages.

The silage samples were ensiled in 1.0-l anaerobic jars, with and without formic acid, at room (20°C) or elevated temperatures (30–37°C). After 45 days of ensiling, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test at room (20°C) and elevated (30–37°C) temperatures. The most intensive deterioration occurred at 30–37°C. Samples incubated at 30–37°C had the highest yeast and mould count, most prolific CO₂ production.

The finding of the current study suggests that formic acid may decrease mould growth in silage samples. Unfortunately, formic acid does not reduce aerobic deterioration rate of silages. Applying a 5 g/kg formic acid on corn and vetch-grain silages was not very effective at high temperatures.     

不同水分吸附材料对象草青贮发酵品质及好氧稳定性的影响

象草收获时往往具有较高水分,单独青贮发酵品质不佳。为提高象草青贮品质,研究了不同水分吸附材料对象草青贮发酵品质和好氧稳定性的影响。处理设为对照、分别添加象草鲜重10%的米糠、小麦粉、干豆腐渣和麦麸。青贮60 d后分析发酵品质和好氧稳定性。结果表明:所有添加处理均比对照显著增加了青贮原材料的干物质(DM,P<0.01),降低了缓冲能(P<0.05);青贮后,所有添加处理均显著提高了乳酸含量(P<0.01)。添加小麦粉显著增加了丁酸(0.81%DM)和氨态氮(NH₃-N,14.40%TN)含量(P<0.05),而其他添加处理无显著影响(P>0.05),添加干豆腐渣的处理丁酸和氨态氮含量最低,分别只有0.04%DM和9.75%TN。添加小麦粉和干豆腐渣对青贮饲料好氧稳定性改善效果最佳。综合比较分析营养特性、青贮发酵品质和好氧稳定性,添加干豆腐渣的处理青贮效果最优。     

植物乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌对甘蔗尾青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响

为了研究植物乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌对甘蔗尾青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验共分为10组,A组为对照组,添加生理盐水;B、C、D组为植物乳杆菌添加组,分别在新鲜甘蔗尾中添加10、20和30 mL/kg植物乳杆菌液;E、F、G组为布氏乳杆菌添加组,在新鲜甘蔗尾中分别添加10、20和30 mL/kg布氏乳杆菌液;H、I、J组为植物乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌联合添加组,在新鲜甘蔗尾中分别添加10、20和30 mL/kg布氏乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌等体积混合的菌液。每组3个重复。室温青贮40 d,结束后采样测定青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性。结果显示：与对照组相比,添加植物乳杆菌组降低了甘蔗尾青贮pH,显著增加乳酸含量（P<0.05）,且随着植物乳杆菌添加量的升高而升高。与添加植物乳杆菌相比,添加布氏乳杆菌组甘蔗尾青贮中乳酸含量显著降低（P<0.05）,乙酸含量显著升高（P<0.05）,且均随着布氏乳杆菌添加量的提高效果更显著;添加布氏乳杆菌组甘蔗尾青贮有氧稳定性较对照组提高48 h。布氏乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌联合组甘蔗尾青贮中乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,且干物质损失较单独添加布氏乳杆菌组有所降低,且能够提高青贮可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）利用效率。综上所述,植物乳杆菌与布氏乳杆菌联合处理（添加量达到2×10⁶ CFU/g鲜重,I组）青贮甘蔗尾能够有效提高青贮品质和有氧稳定性。     

优良抑菌活性乳酸菌对玉米青贮及有氧暴露期微生物数量和pH的影响

为了探讨乳酸菌对全株玉米青贮及有氧暴露后青贮饲料中乳酸菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量及其pH的影响,进一步筛选出可提高青贮饲料品质和有氧稳定性的乳酸菌接种剂,将实验室前期从甘肃各地玉米秸秆青贮饲料中分离筛选获得的5株产酸快、多且具有抑菌活性的优良乳酸菌分别添加全株玉米进行青贮,分析青贮过程和有氧暴露后青贮饲料中乳酸菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量的动态变化及pH。结果显示,在青贮过程和有氧暴露后,分别添加肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种B1-7、戊糖片球菌B2-3、植物乳杆菌B3-1、屎肠球菌B5-2和发酵乳杆菌E2-3的各处理组乳酸菌总数均显著高于对照组,而好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量均显著低于对照组,pH亦低于对照组。其中B1-7和B5-2处理组在青贮初期乳酸菌总数最多,从青贮第7天开始到有氧暴露的30 d内,始终是B3-1处理组乳酸菌总数最多,好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量最少、pH最低。以上结果表明这5株乳酸菌具有提高青贮饲料品质和有氧稳定性的潜力,其中植物乳杆菌B3-1的效果最好。     

植物乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌对甘蔗尾青贮品质的影响

试验旨在研究植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum,LAP）和布氏乳杆菌（Lactobacillus buchneri,LAB）对甘蔗尾青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响。以新鲜甘蔗尾为原料于聚乙烯薄膜袋中真空青贮,共设3个组,每组3个重复,每个重复取新鲜甘蔗尾500 g,避光室温青贮发酵。试验组Ⅰ在甘蔗尾中添加20 mL LAP菌剂（6.00×10¹⁰ CFU/mL）及30 mL生理盐水;试验组Ⅱ添加20 mL LAB菌剂（8.80×10⁹ CFU/mL）及30 mL生理盐水;对照组只添加50 mL的生理盐水。45 d后测定各组青贮常规营养成分含量、pH、挥发性脂肪酸含量和有氧稳定性。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加LAP的试验组Ⅰ或添加LAB的试验组Ⅱ甘蔗尾青贮pH显著降低（P<0.05）;试验组Ⅰ乳酸含量和试验组Ⅱ乙酸含量显著升高（P<0.05）。对照组丁酸含量较高,而在两个试验组中均未检测到丁酸（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,试验组Ⅰ氨态氮含量显著降低（P<0.05）,粗蛋白质（CP）含量也有一定程度升高（P=0.071）;两个试验组中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均显著降低（P<0.05）,且试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ的有氧稳定性分别提高了34.29%和42.86%（P<0.05）。综合以上结果,添加LAP 或LAB 均能有效提高甘蔗尾青贮的品质和有氧稳定性,其中LAP对提高甘蔗尾青贮品质和有氧稳定性效果更优。     

Effect of microbial and chemical additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage ensiled at 2 dry matters and subjected to air stress during storage

We evaluated the effects of different types of additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) ensiled at 2 dry matters (DM). Alfalfa was untreated (CTRL) or treated with sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite (SFE), or microbial inoculants (Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 [LP] or L. buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentocaseus 12455 [LBPP]) at a moderate (38%) and high (46%) DM using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. High DM silage was higher (P < 0.01) in pH, had less lactic and acetic acid (P < 0.01) and had more yeasts (P < 0.05) and molds (P < 0.01) than moderate DM silage. Recovery of DM declined (P < 0.01) for CTRL and LP treated silages with increasing DM but was not different between LBPP and SFE treatments. Compared to CTRL, LBPP had a lower (P < 0.01) DM recovery at the moderate DM, but SFE had the greatest (P < 0.01) recovery of all treatments at the high DM. Treatment with LBPP increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of acetic acid and 1,2 propanediol (PD) compared with other treatments (P < 0.01). Numerically, fewer yeasts were found in additive treated silages compared with CTRL, but they were statistically (P < 0.01) lower only when treated with SFE. Treatment with LP resulted in a small improvement in aerobic stability at the moderate but not high DM. In contrast, treatment with SFE and LBPP markedly improved (P < 0.01) the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage at both DM. Whereas SFE and LBPP were similar in their improvements in aerobic stability at the DM, LBPP was better (P < 0.01) than SFE at the high DM. A higher (P < 0.01) concentration of acetic acid in LBPP compared with other treatments was most likely responsible for better stability. This study showed that LBPP and SFE resulted in increases in the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage and it is the first study showing SFE, can markedly improve the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage.