Effects of high ambient temperature and restricted feed intake on urinary and plasma 3-methylhistidine in lactating Holstein cows

Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of high ambient temperature and feed restrictions on urinary 3‐methylhistidine (3MH) excretion and plasma 3MH concentrations as a marker of myofibrillar proteolysis in lactating Holstein cows. In a crossover design, four cows were maintained during two 14‐day treatment periods with ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate (18°C) or high (28°C) ambient temperature (Experiment 1), with ad libitum or 70% ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate temperature (Experiment 2), and with 70% ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate or high ambient temperature (Experiment 3). The total digestible nutrients intake was decreased (P < 0.01) under high ambient temperature (Experiment 1) or feed restriction (Experiment 2). Across experiments, urinary 3MH excretion during days 10–14 of each treatment period was not different among treatments. However, the plasma 3MH concentrations at day 14 of treatment were increased significantly under high ambient temperature with subsequent reduced feeding (P < 0.01) or moderate temperature with feed restriction (P < 0.05), and were increased slightly (P = 0.11) under high ambient temperature alone. These results show that the plasma marker of myofibrillar proteolysis in lactating dairy cows was increased at day 14 of treatments of high ambient temperature with subsequent reduced feeding, moderate temperature with feed restriction, or high ambient temperature alone.     

Evaluation of feeding spray-dried bovine plasma protein on production performance of laying hens exposed to high ambient temperatures

The purpose of this study was to evaluate feeding 2 levels of spray-dried bovine plasma protein (SDP) on production performance of laying hens subjected to high ambient temperatures. Two groups of 96 Hy-Line W-98 hens (38 wk of age) were housed in each of 2 environmentally controlled chambers. At 40 wk of age, all hens were fed 3 diet treatments consisting of (1) a control diet (0% SDP); (2) the control diet supplemented with 0.75% SDP; and (3) the control diet supplemented with 1.50% SDP. Hens in each chamber (8 cages of 4 hens per cage) were ad libitum fed 1 of each diet for 5 wk. The heat stress (HS) chamber was maintained at 21°C (wk 1), 29°C (wk 2), and 35°C (wk 3 to 5). The thermoneutral chamber was maintained at 21°C during wk 1 to 5. A significant main effect of week was observed for hens maintained in the HS chamber for egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed consumption, which resulted in acute heat stress causing a reduction in these parameters. Hens fed the 1.50% SDP diet in the HS chamber produced greater (P < 0.05) egg mass on average than hens fed the control or 0.75% SDP diet (wk 1 to 5). During the second week of acute HS (wk 4), hens fed the control and 1.50% SDP diets had greater (P < 0.05) egg production than those fed the 0.75% SDP diet. During wk 5, hens in the HS chamber that were fed the 1.50% SDP diet produced more (P < 0.05) eggs than those fed the control diet. Therefore, based on the results of this study, acute HS negatively affected short-term production performance. In addition, feeding hens an SDP-supplemented diet may have a slight positive effect on production performance when maintained in acute HS conditions.     

Effects of high ambient temperature and restricted feed intake on nitrogen utilization for milk production in lactating Holstein cows

Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of high ambient temperature and feed restriction on nitrogen (N) utilization in lactating cows. Experiment 1 investigated N utilization in four cows fed ad libitum in a 2 × 2 crossover design under constant moderate (18°C) or high (28°C) ambient temperatures. The milk N secretion (P < 0.01) and protein concentration (P < 0.05) decreased under high ambient temperature. Experiment 2 investigated N utilization in four cows under constant moderate ambient temperature in a 2 × 2 crossover design with ad libitum or 70% ad libitum feed intake. The milk N secretion and protein concentration both decreased with feed restriction (P < 0.05). Experiment 3 investigated N utilization in four cows fed 70% ad libitum in a 2 × 2 crossover design under constant moderate or high ambient temperatures. The milk protein concentration decreased under high ambient temperature (P < 0.01). The milk N secretion tended to decrease under high ambient temperature (P < 0.10). Therefore, decreased N utilization for milk production at high ambient temperature is mainly caused by a reduced feed intake and the high ambient temperature itself.     

Liver metabolomic analysis in broiler chicks: Profiling the metabolites after oral administration of l-citrulline

Hypothermia is directly linked to metabolism; however, it is still unknown how the overall metabolism is altered by oral administration of hypothermic agent, l -citrulline (l -Cit). The present study aimed to determine the characteristics of liver metabolites of chicks orally administered l -Cit to provide a greater understanding of its metabolism. Capillary electrophoresis–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) and liquid chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) were conducted on liver samples after oral administration of l -Cit. A total of 361 liver metabolites were identified. Although a small number of samples were used for each group, a principal component analysis and heatmap patterns confirmed that the composition of metabolites could be segregated from each other. Of the 361 compounds detected in the liver, 41 compounds, including amino acids related to the Cit-arginine (Arg) cycle, argininosuccinic acid, Arg, ornithine, and Cit, as well as gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, histidine, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were abundant in l -Cit-treated livers. In contrast, 24 compounds containing fatty acids, amino acids, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were lower in the l -Cit group. These data imply that the active Cit-Arg cycle, TCA cycle metabolism, and a low activity in fatty acid metabolism occur in l -Cit-treated broiler chicks.     

高温对荷斯坦种公牛精液品质及精清生化指标的影响研究

以荷斯坦种公牛为试验牛研究了高温对其精液品质和精清生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)高温可造成种公牛精液品质显著下降。使原精活力、精子密度、活精子百分数和顶体完整率分别比春季下降3·13%(P<0·05)、34·8%(P<0·01)、15·0%(P<0·01)和17·8%(P<0·01),精子畸形率比春季上升25·5%(P<0·01)。(2)夏季荷斯坦种公牛精清睾酮含量仅为4·31pg/mL,极显著低于非高温季节(P<0·01)。(3)高温环境使得荷斯坦种公牛精清钾、钙、镁处于最低水平(P<0·01),精清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)处于最高水平(P<0·01),使精清钠由春季至夏季呈显著下降趋势。     

Oral administration of a medium containing both D-aspartate-producing live bacteria and D-aspartate reduces rectal temperature in chicks

1. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on the rectal temperature of young chicks of the oral administration of a medium that contained both live bacteria that produce D-aspartate (D-Asp) and D-Asp.

2. In Experiment 1, chicks were subjected to chronic oral administration of either the medium (containing live bacteria and 2.46 μmol D-Asp) or water from 7 to 14 d of age. Plasma-free amino acids as well as mitochondrial biogenic gene expression in the breast muscle were analysed. In Experiment 2, 7-d-old chicks were subjected to acute oral administration of the above medium or of an equimolar amount of D-Asp to examine their effect on changes in rectal temperature. In Experiment 3, after 1 week of chronic oral administration of the medium, 14-d-old chicks were exposed to either high ambient temperature (HT; 40 ± 1°C, 3 h) or control thermoneutral temperature (CT; 30 ± 1°C, 3 h) to monitor the changes in rectal temperature.

3. Chronic, but not acute, oral administration of the medium significantly reduced rectal temperature in chicks, and a chronic effect also appeared under HT conditions.

4. Chronic oral administration of the medium significantly reduced the mRNA abundance of the avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) in the breast muscle, but led to a significant increase in avian adenine nucleotide translocator (avANT) mRNA in the same muscle.

5. (a) These results indicate that the medium can reduce body temperature through the decline in avUCP mRNA expression in the breast muscle that may be involved in reduced mitochondrial proton leaks and heat production. (b) The increase in avANT further suggests a possible enhancement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis.     

不同环境温度条件下双峰驼血浆蛋白质组学差异

根据不同环境温度条件下双峰驼血浆中蛋白表达的差异,探讨环境高温对双峰驼的差异蛋白在环境适应性中的作用机制。采用二维凝胶电泳（2-DE）结合MADIL-TOF-TOF串联质谱的方法对环境高温双峰驼的血浆进行蛋白质组分析鉴定。结果显示,4种蛋白的表达上调,分别是免疫球蛋白重链的恒定区,结合珠蛋白,载脂蛋白AIV,纤维蛋白原β链前体。1种蛋白的表达下调即血清白蛋白。结果表明,环境高温引起内分泌系统变化,从而使一些蛋白的表达发生变化。这些蛋白主要与机体急性期应答、免疫反应、物质运输及物质代谢等相关。     

Effects of dietary substitution of zinc‐methionine for inorganic zinc sources on growth performance,tissue zinc accumulation and some blood parameters in broiler chicks

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of zinc‐methionine (ZnMet) as a replacement for conventional inorganic zinc sources on performance, tissue zinc accumulation and some plasma indices in broiler chicks. A total of 450‐day‐old Ross male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five pen replicates of nine experimental diets. Dietary treatments consisted of two basal diets supplemented with 40 mg/kg added Zn as feed‐grade Zn sulphate or Zn oxide in which, Zn was replaced with that supplied from ZnMet complex by 25, 50, 75 or 100%. At 42 days of age, three randomly selected birds from each pen were bled to measure plasma metabolites; then, the chicks were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics. Results showed that dietary treatments affected (p < 0.05) feed intake during the starter period, and chicks on Zn oxide diets consumed more feed than sulphate counterparts. Furthermore, dietary substitution of inorganic Zn sources by ZnMet caused improvements (p < 0.01) in body weight gain during all experimental periods. Dietary supplementation of ZnMet improved feed conversion efficiency during 1–21 and 1–42, but not in 21–42 days of age. Complete replacement of inorganic Zn by that supplied from ZnMet caused an increase (p < 0.05) in relative liver weight. Similarly, dietary inclusion of ZnMet increased breast meat and carcass yields and reduced abdominal fat percentage (p < 0.05). Incremental levels of ZnMet increased (p < 0.05) zinc concentrations in liver and thymus, and the highest zinc accumulations were seen in 100% ZnMet‐supplemented birds. Interestingly, introduction of ZnMet into the diets partially in place of inorganic sources resulted in decreases (p < 0.01) in plasma uric acid and triglycerides concentrations. The present findings indicated that dietary ZnMet inclusion in replacement of inorganic sources in addition to improving growth performance, reduced plasma uric acid and triglycerides concentrations, consequently decreased abdominal fat pad and increased carcass meat yield.     

高温胁迫对5种牧草生理生化特性的影响

利用生化培养箱模拟了高温胁迫(38℃/30℃)对高羊茅(Festuca elata)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)、一年生黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wetsfeteini)和百喜草(Paspalum notatum)等5种牧草生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:高温胁迫下,5种牧草的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量(SP)和谷胱甘肽含量(GSH)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,丙二醛含量(MDA)持续上升,叶绿素含量(SPAD)呈现明显下降趋势。百喜草和宽叶雀稗对高温胁迫适应能力明显强于一年生黑麦草、鸭茅和高羊茅。     

Effect of oral administration of L-pipecolic acid on food intake in chicks and mice

It has been demonstrated that L-pipecolic acid (L-PA), a major metabolic intermediate of L-lysine (L-Lys) in the brain, is involved in the functioning of the γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic system. Previous study has shown that intracerebroventricular injection of L-PA suppressed feeding and induced sleep-like behavior in neonatal chicks. The present study examines whether the action of L-PA was induced by gavage in both chicks and mice. Oral administration of L-PA significantly inhibited food intake at 2 h after treatment in neonatal chicks, although no significant effect of L-Lys was detected. In mice, oral L-PA suppressed food intake compared to the control after 2 h of treatment. It was concluded that L-PA was effective for suppression of food intake after oral administration in both avian and mammalian species.     

高温对温州蜜柑叶片光合作用的影响

通过测定高温条件下温州蜜柑叶片的光合作用参数,研究高温对叶片光合作用相关参数的影响。结果表明：高温胁迫（38℃）显著影响了温州蜜柑叶片光合作用,主要表现为光合作用及气体交换参数的变化。如最大净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、表观量子效率（AQY）、蒸腾速率（Tr）降低,细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）上升,高温对温州蜜柑叶片光合作用的影响还表现出主要由气孔限制和非气孔限制共同作用的“光合午休”现象。     

中草药复方添加剂对高温环境下肉牛体温和腹泻率的影响

为研究中草药复方添加剂对夏季高温高湿条件下肉牛体温和腹泻率的影响。试验选择8月龄,210 kg左右的锦江黄牛27头,分为高温对照组(对照组)、中草药复方添加剂1组(中草药1组)和中草药复方添加剂2组(中草药2组)三个处理,每组3个重复,每个重复3头牛。试验期为60 d,分三个阶段,每个阶段20 d。试验期间在每天早、中、晚观察记录温湿度表所测得的肉牛栏舍内温度和湿度,观测实验牛的体温变化及健康状况。结果表明:(1)随着热应激时间的延长,试验牛体温呈现下降趋势,在第60天时趋于正常;与对照组相比,中草药1组肉牛的体温有下降趋势,但无显著差异;中草药2组试验牛的体温在第21天和第41天显著低于对照组。(2)与对照组相比,试验1~20 d,中草药1组的腹泻指数无显著影响,中草药2组显著降低;试验21~40 d和41~60 d,中草药1组的腹泻指数分别较对照组降低63.6%和74.8%;中草药2组分别较对照组下降81.0%和87.7%。由此可见,添加两种中草药复方后可有效缓解夏季肉牛热应激反应,中草药复方2效果优于中草药复方1。     

高温和干旱条件下马唐对早熟禾生长的影响

本研究的目的是确立在高温和干旱环境中草坪除草的策略。结果表明 :草坪草早熟禾生长至(10± 1)cm时遭遇高温干旱 ,马唐生长高度无论低于或高于或相近于早熟禾 ,7d内生长高度增长继续 ,而植株的生长量 7d后下降。马唐高度高于早熟禾时 ,在马唐密度 10 0～ 2 0 0株 /m2 范围内 ,早熟禾生长高度增长的幅度大于其它密度范围 ,生长量降低的幅度低于其它密度范围 ,在马唐 15 0株 /m2 密度中的早熟禾降幅最低。总之 ,马唐在特定条件下对早熟禾抵抗恶劣环境有协助作用     

环境低温对肉鸡肺小动脉壁c-mycmRNA表达的影响

对环境低温诱发肉鸡肺动脉高压综合征(Pulmonary hypertension syndrome,PHS)过程中肺小动脉壁c-mycmRNA的表达变化进行了研究,从而初步确定原癌基因c-myc在环境低温诱发肉鸡PHS过程中的参与作用,为肉鸡PHS发生机制的研究提供基础。120只雄性AA商品代肉鸡15日龄时随机分为对照组((22±1.5)℃)和低温组((11±2)℃)。15～50日龄,每周每组随机取6只,肺组织做石蜡切片,应用原位杂交染色法进行c-myc mRNA杂交,并结合图像分析法,测定环境低温诱发肉鸡PHS过程中肺小动脉壁原癌基因c-myc mRNA的表达情况。结果显示,低温组肉鸡PHS发生率(15.00%)极显著高于对照组(1.67%)(P<0.01);低温组肉鸡肺小动脉壁c-mycmRNA的表达从22日龄开始较对照组明显增加(P<0.05),从29～50日龄较对照组极显著升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,环境低温明显诱发了肉鸡肺小动脉壁c-myc mRNA的表达,且c-myc mRNA的表达参与了环境低温诱发的肉鸡PHS的发生发展。     

香味剂对高温应激条件下母猪泌乳性能的影响

试验旨在研究高温应激条件下,日粮添加香味剂对母猪泌乳和产仔性能及仔猪生长性能的影响。选择平均胎次为2.5、妊娠110 d的母猪300头,随机分为3组,每组100头猪。采用单因素试验设计,共3种日粮,处理1组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,处理2组在基础日粮中添加250 g/kg香味剂,处理3组在基础日粮中添加500 g/kg香味剂,试验由分娩当天开始,到断奶再发情结束。各组对母猪的采食量有显著影响,其中处理3组较处理1组和处理2组显著提高了母猪采食量(P <0.05),处理2组显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。与处理2组相比,处理3组使母猪的采食量提高了9.6%(P <0.05)。处理3组较处理2组及处理2组较处理1组显著提高了断奶后仔猪头数(P <0.05)。与处理2和处理1组相比,处理3组显著提高了泌乳期间仔猪的平均日增重(P <0.05),同时也显著提高了仔猪的断奶重(P <0.05)。处理1组呼吸频率最低(P <0.05),香味剂对直肠温度也有显著影响,处理2组和处理3组直肠温度显著高于处理1组(P <0.05)。综上所述,高温应激条件下,日粮添加香味剂可以提高母猪的采食量和泌乳性能,同时采食量的提高可以促进仔猪生长性能,降低热应激对母猪的负面影响。     

高温对牛生殖内分泌及繁殖性能的影响

高温对牛的生殖内分泌和繁殖性能有很大的影响。高温情况下,牛的生殖内分泌模式发生改变,性成熟推迟,精子的生成受阻,精液质量下降.高温还影响母牛的发情和胚胎发育,使受胎率大大降低,妊娠期缩短.最后,提出了缓解高温对牛繁殖性能影响的措施     

Effects of storage time and freezing temperature on clinical chemical parameters from canine serum and heparinized plasma

To assess changes in 24 blood constituents in frozen serum and heparinized plasma, blood samples were drawn from 10 clinically normal German Shepherd army dogs. The storage characteristics of nine enzymes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, lipase), and 15 metabolites and minerals (albumin, bile acids, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, glucose, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, protein, sodium, triglycerides, urea) were studied. Parallel samples of serum and heparinized plasma were stored for 90 and 240 days at two different storage temperatures, -200 degrees C and -700 degrees C. Sixteen of the 24 analytes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, bile acids, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, magnesium, phosphate, urea) showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) changes during the storage period related to storage time, storage temperature, and sample type. Seven of the analytes (amylase, GGT, GLDH, LDH, bile acids, fructosamine, magnesium) showed changes of possible clinical importance with mean differences from baseline larger than 20% for the enzymes and 10% for the metabolites and minerals during the storage periods.     

高温胁迫下苜蓿抗氧化系统及叶绿素含量对草酸的响应

在40℃高温胁迫条件下,对经5 mmol/L草酸处理后的苜蓿叶片细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量和抗氧化系统进行研究.与对照相比,处理组苜蓿Medicago sativa叶片的细胞膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化系统的活性增强,表明草酸提高了苜蓿的耐热性.     

NDV对雏鸵鸟HPA轴的影响

以45日龄雏鸵鸟为试验动物,分正常组和攻毒组,利用RIA技术和TUNEL技术,探讨新城疫病毒（NDV）对雏鸵鸟HPA轴的影响。结果表明,雏鸵鸟感染NDV,HPA轴内细胞凋亡数量在病毒感染期间明显高于对照组,提示NDV能诱导雏鸵鸟HPA轴系统发生细胞凋亡;在病毒接种后1d,肾上腺内可检测到大量凋亡细胞,接种5d后凋亡数量显著增加（P〈0.05）,之后凋亡呈下降趋势,肾上腺内细胞凋亡的动态变化反映了雏鸵鸟HPA轴对ND病变的适应和调节。雏鸵鸟感染NDV,血清ACTH水平于NDV接种后1d开始上升,至5d达到峰值（P〈0.01）,之后有所下降,渐趋于正常;血清Cor水平于病毒接种后1d开始下降,至7d有所回升,9d渐趋于正常水平,表明NDV接种后雏鸵鸟血清ACTH和Cor水平的变化与其HPA轴功能的损伤及恢复密切相关。     

高温对金荞麦光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以8个野生金荞麦(Fagopyrum dibotrys)种质为试材,在室内模拟35和45℃高温胁迫,测定了各种质气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨金荞麦对高温胁迫的光合适应机制,并在利用主成分分析和隶属函数法综合考虑各综合指标权重的基础上,评价种质间耐热性强弱。随着高温胁迫强度的增加,各金荞麦种质的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光量子产量(Yield)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)等参数均逐渐降低;叶片非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)则先增加后降低(JQ4、JQ5和JQ7)或一直增加(JQ1、JQ2、JQ3、JQ6和JQ8)。利用主成分分析将9个单项指标转换为相互独立的两个综合指标(第一、二主成分),其权重分别为0.816和0.184。隶属函数法综合评价出8个金荞麦种质耐热性顺序分别为JQ6JQ2JQ3JQ1JQ8JQ4JQ5JQ7。为抵御高温,耐热性强的金荞麦种质通过调节气孔导度,减小蒸腾速率,提高水分利用率,并将过剩的激发能以热的形式耗散掉,以保护光合机构。