重组鸡β-防御素6基因的表达和生物学特性的研究

从鸡骨髓细胞中分离提取总RNA,经过RT-PCR扩增出鸡β-防御素-6(AvBD6)基因.经克隆测序表明扩增出的cDNA碱基数为204 bp,编码68个氨基酸残基.根据已发现的禽β-防御素和鼠β-防御素-6的氨基酸序列构建系统进化树.发现鸡AvBD6氨基酸序列与鸡AvBD7氨基酸序列同源性最高,为62.7%.将该基因克隆到大肠杆菌原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1上,进行原核表达.SDS-PAGE电泳表明,表达的重组鸡AvBD6融合蛋白分子量约为32 ku.对该重组蛋白进行纯化与体外抗菌活性的测定.结果表明,重组鸡AvBD6融合蛋白对多杀性巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌有较高抗菌活性,对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性较弱,对猪霍乱沙门氏菌无抗菌活性.重组鸡AvBD6蛋白对上述细菌的最小抑菌浓度范围为31.25μg/mL～250 μg/mL.此外,重组鸡AvBD6蛋白对温度和酸碱度有较高的稳定性.     

赤腹松鼠肠道细菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析

采用松鼠源肠道样品进行细菌分离培养和细菌16SrRNA基因PCR扩增、测序分析,并进行纸片扩散法药敏试验。结果显示,在33只赤腹松鼠肠道中分离出117株细菌,赤腹松鼠肠道内细菌类群主要有葡萄球菌属(金色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、松鼠葡萄球菌)、埃希菌属(大肠埃希菌)、芽胞杆菌属(蜡样芽胞杆菌、Weihenstephanensis芽胞杆菌、苏云金芽胞杆菌、Samanii芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌)、肠球菌属(粪肠球菌)、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌)、假单胞菌属(荧光假单胞菌)、明串珠菌属(肠膜样明串珠菌);粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对大部分试验药物高度敏感,其他细菌对部分受试药物耐药。赤腹松鼠肠道细菌种群具有多样性,且存在天然耐药现象。本研究为进一步研究野生动物体内细菌携带天然耐药基因提供了素材,也为森林旅游开发的安全性评估及环境保护提供了参考。     

CTA1-DD蛋白在枯草芽胞杆菌中的分泌表达

有研究证实,霍乱毒素(CT)A1亚基与葡萄球菌G蛋白的D肽偶联构建的融合蛋白CTA1-DD具有良好的佐剂效果。为了获得重组CTA1-DD蛋白在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达,将CTA1-DD基因连接到表达载体pHT43中,构建重组枯草杆菌表达载体pHT43-CTA1-DD。将重组载体转化到枯草芽胞杆菌WB600中,用IPTG诱导重组菌表达,发酵液离心后取上清液,通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot方法分析蛋白表达情况。发酵上清液经Ni-IDA琼脂糖树脂纯化,与流感病毒HA抗原混合后共同滴鼻免疫小鼠后采集小鼠血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液检测IgG和IgA的抗体水平。结果显示：重组CTA1-DD蛋白在枯草芽胞杆菌中能够分泌表达,在发酵罐中发酵36 h情况下蛋白表达量最高,目的蛋白大小在42 kDa左右,蛋白产量最高能到700μg/mL,Western blot检测目的蛋白正确表达。重组蛋白经过Ni-IDA琼脂亲和层析纯化后与HA抗原混和滴鼻免疫小鼠,ELISA结果显示CTA1-DD蛋白组针对HA抗原能够诱导更高的血清IgG和黏膜IgA抗体水平,说明枯草芽胞杆菌表达的CTA1-DD蛋白具有佐剂活性...     

优良枯草芽胞杆菌的筛选及对小鼠安全性评价

为进一步鉴定、分析和评价分离于鸡粪便的13株芽胞杆菌,根据枯草芽胞杆菌16 S rRNA 序列设计特异性引物,PCR 扩增13株分离于鸡粪便的芽胞杆菌,将扩增片段测序并分析同源性;将鉴定的枯草芽胞杆菌进行耐酸、耐胆盐、耐高温等试验,同时用不同剂量菌液分别以不同方式感染小鼠,定期称重、观察各脏器病理变化和计算主要脏器系数。结果显示,Q04、Q05、Q09与 GenBank 公布的枯草芽胞杆菌16 S rRNA 序列同源性为99％,且 Q04在 pH2．5,胆盐浓度2 g／L 以及100℃时生长良好;感染小鼠全部健康存活,体重均有增加;小鼠脏器无病变,脏器系数无显著差异（P ＞0．05）。由结果可知,分离鉴定菌株 Q04、Q05、Q09为枯草芽胞杆菌,其中 Q04具有更好的生物学特性,并且对小鼠安全无毒,可作为微生态制剂的候选菌株。     

枯草芽胞杆菌DarA蛋白的鉴定及其原核表达

目前,我国全面禁止饲料中添加抗生素,寻找新型的抗生素替代物是当前研究的热点之一。本研究旨在分离枯草芽胞杆菌SXAU18所产具有抗菌活性的蛋白物质,并通过原核表达系统获得其具有抗菌活性的重组蛋白。试验选用硫酸铵沉淀、氯仿抽提、分子截留等蛋白提取技术,对枯草芽胞杆菌SXAU18产生的抗菌蛋白进行分离纯化;通过SDS-PAGE技术和牛津杯扩散法检测分离到的蛋白物质的抑菌活性;通过质谱、生物信息学技术分析预测目的蛋白的基因序列;利用大肠杆菌表达系统和AKTA蛋白纯化系统对目的蛋白进行表达和纯化;借助牛津杯扩散法鉴定重组蛋白的抑菌活性。结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌SXAU18所产的抗菌物质为相对分子质量15 ku左右的蛋白质,含有共同的特定氨基酸序列—GSSIFGLAPGK,对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌和单增李斯特菌有较好的抑菌活性;通过质谱分析和生物信息学推测SXAU18所产的（主要）抑菌蛋白为DarA;经诱导表达的重组蛋白DarA主要以可溶性上清蛋白形式存在,纯化后的DarA蛋白为单一条带,并具有良好的抑菌活性。结果提示,分离自枯草芽胞杆菌SXAU18的抗菌蛋白DarA具有抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌和单增李斯特菌生长的活性,且可以通过体外表达获取该蛋白。     

重组鸡β-防御素1O蛋白的原核表达及其抗菌活性的测定

鸡抗菌肽属β-防御素类，在鸡的先天性免疫中发挥重要作用。本研究将克隆得到的鸡β-防御素-10基因（AvBD10）亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1中构建了重组表达质粒pGEX-AvBD10。将重组质粒转化至BL21，于37℃用IPTG诱导培养不同时间，SDS-PAGE电泳与灰度扫描显示该重组蛋白表达量占菌体总蛋白的34．3％。表达的AvBD10融合蛋白以包涵体的形式存在，分子量约为31ku。重组蛋白经纯化后，以对数生长中期的大肠杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和猪霍乱沙门氏菌为检测菌，利用薄层平皿琼脂糖孔穴扩散法测定了重组鸡AvBD10蛋白的抗菌活性。结果显示，重组鸡AvBD10蛋白对大肠杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌有抗菌活性。此外，重组鸡AvBD10蛋白在-70℃～100℃及在pH4-pH10条件下仍具有抗茵活性。     

黄曲霉毒素分解酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达与应用

本试验旨在研究黄曲霉毒素分解酶(ADTZ)基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达与应用。试验通过构建枯草芽孢杆菌ADTZ基因的整合表达载体,将ADTZ基因整合到野生型枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis LN)中,通过十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)初步检测ADTZ蛋白的表达情况。将重组枯草芽孢杆菌作为发酵菌种接种到发霉玉米中进行发酵试验,检测发霉玉米样品中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)含量的变化,验证ADTZ基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达效果。结果表明,通过构建整合表达载体成功将ADTZ基因整合到枯草芽孢杆菌基因组中,在SDS-PAGE上检测到重组枯草芽孢杆菌能够分泌表达特异性蛋白条带。经过重组菌发酵的发霉玉米AFB1的含量较未接种和接种野生型枯草芽孢杆菌发酵的发霉玉米AFB1的含量差异显著(P0.05)。由此可见,ADTZ基因可成功整合到野生型枯草芽孢杆菌中,并进行了胞外分泌表达,表达产物具有生物活性,能有效地降解AFB1。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株核衣壳基因克隆、序列分析和真核表达

根据GenBank公开序列自行设计一对引物，采用RT—PCR扩增出鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus，IBV）W和C9001分离株完整的核衣壳（N）基因，并将其克隆至pMD18-T载体进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果表明，扩增的2个IBV分离株核衣壳基因片段长度均为1230bp，编码409个氨基酸，彼此间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为88．0％和89．5％，与GenBank中有代表性的参考毒株相应基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列比较显示，w株核苷酸序列与GenBank中的广东分离株（AY646283）同源性最高，为94．1％，氨基酸序列同源性为94．6％；与国内部分毒株核苷酸序列同源性在86．1％～88．0％之间，氨基酸序列同源性在88．0％～90．7％之间；C9001株与国内部分毒株核苷酸序列同源性在86．4％～99．8％之间，氨基酸序列同源性在88．0％～99．8％之间。从核衣壳基因编码的氨基酸序列的系统进化树可见，W株与C9001株处于不同的进化分枝，亲缘关系较远。同时将核衣壳基因构建于真核表达质粒pVAX1中，用脂质体法将重组质粒转染入COS-7细胞中，间接免疫荧光检测出核衣壳蛋白的体外表达。研究结果为进一步研究IBV核衣壳蛋白的结构与功能以及基因工程疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

瘤胃枯草芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定及其木聚糖酶基因的克隆和在乳酸球菌中表达的研究

通过形态学和16S rDNA序列分析方法,从绵羊瘤胃内容物中分离得到的细菌中鉴定出枯草芽胞杆菌。根据GenBank中已知Bacillus subtilis木聚糖酶基因序列设计带有酶切位点的引物,克隆到2条不同的木聚糖基因序列。通过酶切和连接等相关分子方法成功构建出以pMG36e为载体的表达木聚糖酶的重组质粒,转化到乳酸球菌粒MG1363后,均能高效表达,酶活性分别为28.29 U/mL和7.11 U/mL,比原枯草芽胞杆菌酶活2.17 U/mL高出13.04倍和3.28倍。     

狂犬病病毒核蛋白基因的克隆序列分析及其在E.coli中的高效表达

对狂犬病病毒（RV）ERA株核蛋白（N）基因进行了克隆和序列分析。根据GenBank中已发表的RVN基因序列，设计合成了1对特异性引物，对RV ERA株N基因进行了RT-PCR扩增。将PCR产物纯化后与pMD18T连接得到重组质粒pMD-N，并进行核苷酸序列测定。结果该基因全长1353bp，编码450个氨基酸。RV ERA株与CVS-11、PV-11、SRV9和SAD—B19株相比，核苷酸的同源性分别为98％、98．3％、99％、99.6％，推导的氨基酸的同源性分别为98％、99％、99％、99.6％。将pMD-N双酶切，回收目的基因片段并克隆到原核表达载体pET28a（＋）中，构建了重组质粒pETN；将其转化表达菌BL21（DE3）并用IPTG进行诱导表达。结果重组菌裂解物经SDS-PAGE电泳可检测到相对分子量为53kDa的重组蛋白。经凝胶薄层扫描分析，重组蛋白表达量占菌体蛋白的56．8％，Western-blot结果显示该重组蛋白能与RV多克隆抗体发生特异性反应。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.