口蹄疫O型病毒二温式RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

试验通过对口蹄疫病毒核苷酸序列的比对分析,在O型口蹄疫病毒的P1基因保守区,设计1对特异性引物,应用均匀设计法优化反应参数,建立口蹄疫O型病毒二温式RT-PCR检测方法。对该法进行特异性试验、敏感性试验检测。结果表明,该二温式RT-PCR方法只对口蹄疫O型病毒敏感,对其他血清型的口蹄疫病毒及常见的猪病病毒均不敏感;扩增条带与预期目的片段大小相符,扩增片段经克隆、测序发现与引物所在基因序列的同源性为100%;检测病毒RNA的敏感性为1.665 pg/μL,其敏感性与三步法PCR敏感性检测结果没有差异。运用该法对54头攻毒试验的动物进行检测,阳性鉴定结果与三步法PCR鉴定结果一致,与三步法PCR相比该法节省了20 min,表明所建立的口蹄疫O型病毒二温式RT-PCR方法是一种准确、快速、特异、敏感的检测方法。     

水泡性口炎病毒血清型特异LUX实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

采用LUX荧光核酸扩增技术原理,以水泡性口炎病毒（VSV）NJ、IND型NS基因为模板分别设计并合成单标记LUX荧光引物,建立血清型特异的VSV荧光RT—PCR检测方法。试验表明,两种型特异的LUX荧光RT-PCR能分别特异地鉴定VSV血清型,对口蹄疫、猪水泡病等病毒以及对照细胞、健康动物组织RNA样品的检测结果均为阴性。对比检测试验表明,LUX荧光RT—PCR的检测敏感性比常规RT-PCR提高达10倍以上,对VSV细胞增殖病毒液的检测灵敏度可达1 TCID50。对人工感染豚鼠样品以及临床样品的检测试验证实,该LUX荧光RT—PCR可有效检测到人工感染动物组织以及进口牛临床样品中的水泡性口炎病毒,并能鉴定感染病毒血清型。所报道的检测方法,包括样品核酸提取、LUX荧光RT—PCR以及熔解曲线分析,可在3h内完成。     

VSV的RT—PCR快速检测方法的建立

选取水泡性口炎病毒N基因序列，设计1对引物，建立检测水泡性口炎病毒的RT－PCR方法。对VSV各毒株进行检测，结果均为引性， 而对反刍动物病毒性疾病相关病毒进行检测，结果均为阴性。结果表明所建立的RT－PCR技术可用于水泡性口炎的诊断和流行病学调查。     

禽偏肺病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank中已经发表的B亚型禽偏肺病毒（aMPV）F基因的保守序列设计并合成1对引物,利用RT—PCR可以扩增出1条725bp的片段,进行特异性试验和敏感性试验,建立了禽偏肺病毒病的RT—PCR检测方法。特异性试验表明,建立的RT—PCR检测方法能够从禽偏肺病毒疫苗毒株VIR115-B中扩增到725bp的特异性片段,而对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒的扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性试验表明,该方法最低检出量的cDNA质量浓度为1．45μg／L;对山东省492份病料进行检测,阳性检出率为43．09％（212／492）,随机挑取11份进行克隆测序及序列分析,结果显示所扩增到的阳性产物均为B亚型的禽偏肺病毒。建立的禽偏肺病毒的RT—PCR检测方法具有快速、准确、特异性强、敏感性高的特点。     

口蹄疫病毒检测只需4小时

口蹄疫病毒被世界动物卫生组织列为A类动物传染病之首，是一种严重的可导致人畜共患病的病毒。北京市检验检疫局在成功开展荧光RT—PCR快速检测禽流感病毒的基础上，集中科技力量艰苦攻关，在国际上率先建立了灵敏度极高的口蹄疫病毒亚洲I型荧光RT—PCR快速检测方法。     

禽流感病毒一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为了能快速准确地对禽流感进行病原学诊断，根据流感病毒的M基因序列，在保守区内用Olig04．0软件设计了1对引物，建立了一步法RT—PCR诊断方法，其目的片段大小为229bp。通过对不同稀释倍数的H5亚型禽流感病毒尿囊液和棉拭子浸出液进行检测，结果显示，病毒尿囊液的最低检出稀释度为1：10^4；阳性棉拭子的最低检出稀释度为1：2^3。用病毒分离法和一步法RT—PCR同时检测人工感染鸡不同脏器、口咽及泄殖腔棉拭子样品，二者符合率为100％，但前者的检测灵敏度比后者高10～100倍。用该方法检测H1～H15亚型禽流感病毒和鸡新城疫病毒等其他14种禽病病原，所有禽流感病毒均有229bp的目的条带出现，而其他14种禽病病原均无目的条带出现，表明该方法的特异性好。     

检测实验动物弓形虫感染的两种PCR方法的建立和比较

为了建立敏感、稳定、特异的PCR检测体系，用于实验动物弓形虫感染的检测。采用B1基因设计引物，建立常规PCR，用P30基因设计引物，建立巢式PCR；用两种PCR方法检测实验感染弓形虫小鼠血液和腹腔波中的DNA动态变化；用巢式PCR检测自然状态下的普通级豚鼠、教学和科研用兔的弓形虫感染率，并和常规PCR检到结果比较。结果，巢式PCR可检测到1fgDNA含量，比常规PCR敏感lOO倍；对其他微生物DNA无交叉现象，特异性强；对同一样品重复检测3次，阴、阳性结果一致，稳定性好。小鼠感染弓形虫2d后，巢式PCR对小民腹腔液的阳性检出率为83．3％，对血液的阳性检出率为33．3％；感染3d后，腹腔液阳性检出率为100％；而常规PCR在小鼠感染3d和4d后才能在腹腔液和血液中检测到，检出率各为16．7％。受检普通级豚鼠没有感染弓形虫，教学和科研用兔的弓形虫总感染率为14．3％。结论认为，巢式PCR方法可用于实验动物弓形虫早期感染的检测，具有敏感性高、特务性强、稳定性好的特点。     

鸡痘病毒弱毒疫苗株在鸡组织内的分布、消长规律及毒性试验

通过两侧翅内侧皮肤无血管处刺种和滴鼻、点眼等途径给10日龄商品蛋公鸡接种鸡痘病毒（FPV）弱毒疫苗株，利用PCR的方法检测其在鸡体内的分布与消长规律并对其毒性进行了研究。刺种组：接种后6h在刺种部位皮肤即可检测到病毒DNA；接种后1d，皮肤、肺、脑PCR检测阳性；7d，在皮肤、肺、脑，心、脾、肾、法氏囊均可检测到病毒DNA，肝为疑似；10、15d，肝为阳性；21d，脾、法氏囊PCR检测为阴性，肝为疑似；28d，除刺种部位皮肤外所有内脏器官中均未检测到病毒DNA，但刺种部位皮肤一直到接种后35d仍可检测到病毒DNA。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测均为阴性。滴鼻点眼组：基本规律与刺种组相同。接种后3h，在肺部即可检测到病毒DNA；6h，在肺和脑部PCR检测成阳性，法氏囊为疑似；1d，在肺、脑、心、脾、肾、法氏囊均可检测到病毒DNA，肝为疑似；21d，肺、肾、法氏囊、脑均为阳性。其中脑一直持续到接种后28d。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测均为阴性。毒性试验表明，FPV弱毒疫苗株虽使用安全但通过翅内侧皮肤无血管处大量刺种存在导致全身皮肤感染出痘的危险。     

奶牛口蹄疫病毒隐性感染状况调查及RT-PCR检测

采用口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3ABC-ELISA试验对1 786份奶牛血清样本进行口蹄疫病毒隐性感染状况调查,并对疑似阳性牛只进一步采集食道-咽部分泌物(OP液)样本,通过已建立的RT-PCR进行口蹄疫病毒核酸检测,核酸阳性样本进一步进行O型、亚洲Ⅰ型和A型口蹄疫病毒血清型鉴别。结果:被检样本中26份奶牛血清显示口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白抗体阳性,9份奶牛OP液样本显示口蹄疫病毒核酸阳性,经血清型鉴别均为O型口蹄疫病毒。试验结果表明:通过3ABC-ELISA初筛和RT-PCR检测方法确诊是控制口蹄疫疫情发生和流行的有效手段。     

F一Ⅶ型鹅源禽副黏病毒的分离及其特性研究

从辽宁省某鹅场雏鹅体内分离到1株副黏病毒，该分离毒株具有血凝活性且血凝活性能被NDV标准阳性血清和鹅副黏病毒阳性血清所抑制，能使SPF鸡胚、非免疫鸭胚和鹅胚100％死亡；电镜观察见病毒颗粒呈多形性，多为圆形，有囊膜，直径200nm左右；ELD500为10^8.6／mL，MDT为56h，ICPI为1．94。通过RT—PCR扩增出F基因，鉴定为基因Ⅶ型强毒株，测序结果为HBS209，与CH2000的同源率为91．8％，从而确定分离毒株属于禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV—Ⅰ)的基因变异强毒株。动物接种试验表明，该毒株对鸭无致病性，对鹅、鸡、鸽的致病率和致死率均达100％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.