猪圆环病毒2型CC株ORF3基因的克隆与原核表达

为原核表达猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)的ORF3编码蛋白,本研究采用PCR方法以PCV2的CC株的基因组DNA为模板扩增ORF3基因,将其克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3),经IPTG诱导表达.SDS-PAGE结果显示,表达的重组蛋白约为31ku,并且以包涵体形式存在;western blot分析表明,ORF3重组蛋白能够与鼠抗His标签单克隆抗体发生特异性反应,表明原核表达的ORF3重组蛋白具有良好的反应原性.     

原核高效表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒核衣壳蛋白的特性及应用

从已构建的PRRSV ORF7重组质粒pUCm-T-ORF7中用PCR扩增ORF7基因亚克隆至表达载体pGEX-4T-3,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-3-ORF7并转化大肠杆菌.经SDS-PAGE及Western blotting鉴定,成功表达了谷胱苷肽转移酶(GST)融合的核衣壳蛋白(N),重组N蛋白表达量约为菌体总蛋白的35%,主要以可溶的形式存在,且能形成同源二聚体.重组N蛋白经谷胱苷肽凝胶(glutathione sepharose 4B)亲和层析后得到高度纯化,并将该蛋白作为抗原建立了间接ELISA检测方法.利用该方法对某猪场76份猪血清进行检测并将结果与IDEXX公司ELISA试剂盒检测结果作比较,2种方法的总符合率达93.4%,检测结果之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果表明大肠杆菌表达的重组GST融合N蛋白具有良好的抗原性,因而有望利用该重组蛋白开发为试剂盒应用于临床PRRSV抗体的检测.     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF2可溶性表达条件的优化

为探索猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)ORF2基因在大肠杆菌中高效可溶性表达的条件,扩增ORF2基因构建重组表达质粒p ET30a-ORF2,转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态获得重组表达菌;通过改变菌体培养温度和时间、诱导温度和时间、溶解氧量、IPTG及CaCl_2浓度,实现目的蛋白高效可溶性表达。结果表明:重组表达质粒p ET30a-ORF2经酶切及测序证明构建正确,重组表达质粒在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中实现可溶性表达,其最佳表达条件为:在500 mL培养瓶中加入200 mL LB卡那霉素阳性培养基,菌体于37℃培养4 h后,分别加入IPTG及Ca Cl2至终浓度为0.6 mmol/L及0.06 mol/L,30℃诱导表达4 h;重组Cap蛋白的最高表达量占总蛋白的55.9%。说明优化后可实现猪圆环病毒Cap蛋白的可溶性表达,这为进一步研究该蛋白的结构及其生物学特性奠定了基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒各结构蛋白的融合表达

本研究以测序质粒为模板,扩增出结构蛋白基因ORF2a-ORF7,将此基因片段插入真核表达栽体pEGFP-N3中构建重组质粒pEGFP-N3-(ORF2a～ORF7),然后将重组表达质粒转染293T细胞.通过荧光显微镜观察显示,重组质粒pEGFP-N3-(ORF2a～ORF7)和载体pEGFP-N3均有绿色荧光出现.SDS-PAGE电泳和western blot分析结果表明重组质粒pEGFP-N3-(ORF2a～ORF7)和载体pEGFP-N3均有EGFP表达;仅ORF7有43 ku的融合蛋白EGFP出现,与预期大小相符;其他重组质粒pEGFP-N3-(ORF2a～ORF6)均没有融合蛋白出现.本实验为进一步研究这些蛋白的结构和生物学功能奠定了基础.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒BJ-4株ORF3基因的原核表达

通过 PCR方法从重组质粒 p GEM- ORF3扩增得到缺失 N端疏水序列的基因片段 d ORF3(deleting ORF3)。将d ORF3克隆至原核高效表达载体 p GEX- 4 T- 2 ,在 E.coli BL 2 1细胞中成功表达了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒 (PRRSV)重组蛋白GST- d ORF3,表达产物以包涵体的形式存在 ,表达量为 30 .6 % ,Western- Blot结果表明重组蛋白可被 PRRSV阳性血清所识别。表达的重组蛋白为进一步研究 PRRS病毒次要结构蛋白 GP3的免疫特性和功能奠定了基础     

羊痘病毒3个结构蛋白的克隆与抗原性分析

为研究羊痘病毒结构蛋白的功能,本研究将羊痘病毒的ORF57、ORF95和ORF117分别克隆至pGEX4T-1原核表达载体后转染到大肠杆菌中。重组表达菌经1 mmol/L的IPTG诱导后进行SDS-PAGE电泳,结果显示3个重组蛋白均在原核细胞中获得有效表达。表达产物经western blot分析,羊痘病毒特异性血清只能识别融合蛋白ORF57和ORF95,不能识别ORF117。本研究为重组诊断抗原的筛选和亚单位疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF7基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中表达

用RT-PCR扩增猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重庆分离株C14-2的ORF7基因(384 bp),构建克隆质粒pMD19-T-ORF7,经EcoR Ⅰ /Not Ⅰ双酶切回收ORF7基因插入酵母表达载体pPIC9K,构建了重组表达质粒pPIC9K-ORF7,进行PCR鉴定和双酶切鉴定.鉴定的pPIC9K-ORF7经Sac Ⅰ线性化后电转化毕赤酵母宿主菌GS115,筛选获得阳性重组菌GS115(pPIC9K-ORF7),再经G-418/YPD筛选获得高拷贝重组菌,重组子经表型鉴定为Mut.重组菌GS115(pPIC9K-ORF7)经甲醇诱导表达,在96 h表达的N蛋白量最大,N蛋白经SDS-PAGE鉴定大小约为15 000;Western blot表明N蛋白能与美洲型PRRSV阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的反应活性.本研究为开展PRRSV ORF7基因在毕赤酵母中表达及应用奠定基础.     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF3基因的原核表达

用原核表达系统表达猪圆环病毒2型ORF3基因,分析ORF3蛋白的抗原性。根据GenBank上公布的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)核苷酸序列进行分析,针对ORF3基因设计并合成1对特异性引物,PCR扩增该基因,并将此片段克隆入原核表达载体pET-32a(+)上,命名为pET32a-ORF3,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta-blue(DE3)pLacⅠ感受态细胞,1.0mmol/L IPTG37℃诱导表达。结果表明,PCR扩增得到315bp的片段,重组蛋白大小约为29ku,与预期大小相符。Western blotting分析结果表明,重组蛋白能与抗His-tag的单克隆抗体反应,不与PCV-2阳性血清发生反应。猪圆环病毒2型ORF3基因能在大肠杆菌中成功表达,但与阳性血清之间没有反应原性,为进一步研究PCV-2ORF3蛋白的功能及特性奠定基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF3基因的原核表达

用原核表达系统表达猪圆环病毒2型ORF3基因,分析ORF3蛋白的抗原性。根据GenBank上公布的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)核苷酸序列进行分析,针对ORF3基因设计并合成1对特异性引物,PCR扩增该基因,并将此片段克隆入原核表达载体pET-32a(+)上,命名为pET32a-ORF3,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta-blue(DE3) pLacⅠ感受态细胞,1.0 mmol/L IPTG 37 ℃诱导表达。结果表明,PCR扩增得到315 bp的片段,重组蛋白大小约为29 ku,与预期大小相符。Western blotting分析结果表明,重组蛋白能与抗His-tag的单克隆抗体反应,不与PCV-2阳性血清发生反应。猪圆环病毒2型ORF3基因能在大肠杆菌中成功表达,但与阳性血清之间没有反应原性,为进一步研究PCV-2 ORF3蛋白的功能及特性奠定基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF2基因在Sf9细胞中表达及免疫原性研究

利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统表达猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)核衣壳(Cap)蛋白。将优化合成的PCV2 ORF2基因克隆到杆状病毒转移载体p Fast HTA中,并将鉴定正确的重组质粒p Fast HTA-Cap2转化至大肠杆菌感受态细胞,经蓝白斑筛选得到含有目的基因的重组杆状病毒质粒(r Bac-Cap2),转染至Sf9细胞,获得重组杆状病毒,对感染重组杆状病毒的细胞培养物进行重组蛋白的表达,进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析,并对表达的重组蛋白进行小鼠免疫试验及其病毒血清中和试验。SDS-PAGE分析表明,优化合成的PCV2 ORF2基因得到表达,蛋白分子质量大小为33 ku;Western blot证实重组蛋白能够识别抗PCV2阳性血清,表明重组蛋白具有反应原性;小鼠免疫试验结果显示,该蛋白能刺激机体产生特异性抗体,具有较好的免疫原性;病毒血清中和试验证实,抗PCV2 Cap血清抗体具有中和病毒的活性,中和效价为1∶42。该蛋白在杆状病毒系统中的成功表达,为PCV2感染的诊断及亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.