鸡骨髓源树突状细胞体外转化培养

为深入探讨家鸡获得性免疫应答的分子机制,本研究探索了体外定向诱导和分化鸡骨源树突状细胞(Dendritic cell,DC)的方法。通过体外分离雏鸡骨髓源细胞,加入重组的鸡粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白介素4(IL-4)定向诱导培养获得大量未成熟DCs,经过接种新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)而激活,对其进行细胞形态学鉴定。结果表明:诱导4d后,部分细胞由单一的圆形球状逐渐生长呈短梭状;诱导6d后,细胞在40倍镜下可见基本呈短梭状且部分伸出触手;接种NDV后,细胞体积增大,触手伸长,形态趋于成熟,说明已成功建立体外利用细胞因子诱导分化鸡骨髓源DC的方法。     

HD11来源NDV Ex对鸡骨髓源树突状细胞活化和细胞因子水平的影响

利用重组鸡粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(chGM-CSF)和重组鸡白细胞介素4(chIL-4)体外诱导鸡骨髓细胞分化为鸡骨髓源树突状细胞(chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,chBMDCs),对诱导条件进行优化,利用鸡巨噬细胞系HD11来源的NDV Ex刺激未成熟ch...     

鸡骨髓源树突状细胞体外诱导

为了探讨鸡骨髓源树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, BMDCs)的体外诱导培养方法,并分析鸡树突状细胞(DCs)的主要生物学特性,将用淋巴细胞分离液分离的鸡骨髓细胞经差速贴壁纯化后获得单个核细胞,然后经粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白细胞介素4(IL-4)体外诱导分化,细胞培养后第7天再加入脂多糖(LPS)继续培养48 h刺激成熟,分别于倒置显微镜和电子显微镜下进行形态变化观察,同时应用流式细胞仪对鸡骨髓源树突状细胞表面标志进行分析、鉴定。结果显示鸡骨髓细胞培养7 d后,细胞体积增大,细胞表面长出树突状小突起,细胞表面高表达MHCⅡ和CD11c分子,经LPS刺激后,突起伸长变粗,扫描电镜观察呈典型的树突状细胞形态,细胞表面MHCⅡ表达显著升高,依据上述方法成功获得大量而高纯度的鸡骨髓源树突状细胞,为进一步研究禽类DCs的生物学功能及其在某些疾病发生中的作用奠定了基础。     

鸡骨髓源树突状细胞体外诱导

为了探讨鸡骨髓源树突状细胞（bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,BMDCs）的体外诱导培养方法,并分析鸡树突状细胞（DCs）的主要生物学特性,将用淋巴细胞分离液分离的鸡骨髓细胞经差速贴壁纯化后获得单个核细胞,然后经粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）和白细胞介素4（IL-4）体外诱导分化,细胞培养后第7天再加入脂多糖（LPS）继续培养48 h刺激成熟,分别于倒置显微镜和电子显微镜下进行形态变化观察,同时应用流式细胞仪对鸡骨髓源树突状细胞表面标志进行分析、鉴定。结果显示鸡骨髓细胞培养7 d后,细胞体积增大,细胞表面长出树突状小突起,细胞表面高表达MHCⅡ和CD11c分子,经LPS刺激后,突起伸长变粗,扫描电镜观察呈典型的树突状细胞形态,细胞表面MHCⅡ表达显著升高,依据上述方法成功获得大量而高纯度的鸡骨髓源树突状细胞,为进一步研究禽类DCs的生物学功能及其在某些疾病发生中的作用奠定了基础。     

小鼠髓源未成熟树突状细胞的分离与培养

本试验旨在建立一种体外诱导培养小鼠未成熟树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)的方法。应用重组粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rGM-CSF)在体外诱导小鼠骨髓前体细胞分化为未成熟树突状细胞,进行形态学观察、细胞表型分析、刺激T细胞增殖等方法,对小鼠髓源未成熟树突状细胞的体外诱导培养进行鉴定。试验结果显示,小鼠骨髓来源的DC在体外培养8 d后,特异性细胞表面标志CD11c的表达量达到81.09%,中度表达MHCⅡ,低表达CD40、CD80、CD86。本试验成功地建立了体外小鼠髓源DC扩增的方法。     

鸡脑神经干细胞体外诱导分化研究

为了研究鸡脑神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)体外的分离、培养及诱导分化等生物学特性,试验采用机械吹打法分离鸡脑神经干细胞,通过免疫荧光对体外培养鸡脑神经干细胞进行表面标记检测,并在适宜的诱导条件下向神经元细胞、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞三个方向进行诱导,检测其多向分化潜能。结果表明:体外分离培养的鸡NSCs为目的细胞,并可向神经元细胞、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞诱导分化。说明鸡脑NSCs具有良好的体外增殖能力和多向分化潜能。     

猪骨髓源树突状细胞体外诱导培养与鉴定

树突状细胞(DC)是机体主要的抗原递呈细胞,在固有免疫及适应性免疫中发挥重要作用。为进一步探究DC功能及诱导其分化的方法,本研究采用硬膜外腔麻醉法麻醉受试猪,以骨髓采集针从髋骨处抽取骨髓,裂解红细胞后,差速贴壁法获得前体细胞后,添加重组猪粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和重组猪白细胞介素4诱导其分化,以形态学方法和流式细胞术鉴定其特征。结果显示,骨髓前体细胞经诱导分化后具有典型的DC形态,其标记分子分化抗原簇1在第6 d和8 d阳性率分别达65.13%(p0.01)和56.5%(p0.01),标记分子二型猪白细胞抗原(SLA-IL-DR)在诱导后第6 d和8 d阳性率分别为86.87%(p0.01)和84.60%(p0.01)。本研究建立了活体猪骨髓源DC的体外分离培养和诱导分化方法,为基于DC的疾病防控研究提供依据。     

一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒鸡胚培养工艺研究

为了探讨H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在鸡胚上最佳培养工艺,试验采用H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株以不同稀释倍数接种不同鸡胚(SPF及普通鸡胚)、不同日龄鸡胚及不同培养时间收获鸡胚尿囊液,比较不同培养条件下制备出的鸡胚尿囊液的产量及病毒效价。结果表明:H9N2亚型禽流感病毒接种无禽流感病毒(H9亚型)HI母源抗体鸡胚的最佳病毒稀释倍数为1×10~(4 )～1×10~5倍,接种带有禽流感病毒(H9亚型)HI母源抗体鸡胚的最佳病毒稀释倍数为1×10~3～1×10~4倍,最佳接种日龄为10日龄,最佳培养时间为96～120 h。说明采用优化的鸡胚培养方法生产H9N2亚型禽流感病毒可以得到高质量、高产量的病毒液。     

不同浓度表皮生长因子(EGF)对鸡胚盲肠上皮细胞生长的影响

为了研究不同浓度表皮生长因子(EGF)对鸡胚盲肠上皮细胞生长的影响,通过体外培养鸡胚盲肠上皮细胞,添加不同浓度表皮生长因子(EGF,0、10、20、30、40 ng/mL)对鸡胚盲肠上皮细胞生长的影响,并对体外培养的鸡胚盲肠上皮细胞进行了碱性磷酸酶鉴定,细胞形态学观察贴壁率,测定生长曲线。结果显示:加入20 ng/mL的EGF,对鸡胚盲肠上皮细胞增殖的促进作用是极显著的(P0.01)。表明EGF作为重要的细胞因子之一,参与调节并促进鸡胚盲肠上皮细胞体外生长。     

致病性鹅源新城疫病毒对鸡胚成纤维细胞的致病变特性

选择4株鹅源新城疫病毒(NDV)接种鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)培养物,研究鹅源NDV对CEF的致病变特性,并与鸡源及鸽源NDV进行比较。结果显示,鹅源NDV接种次代CEF后24h开始有病变产生,表现为少数细胞变圆、皱缩,折光性增强,随后病变缓慢进展,感染细胞形成大量合胞体,到84～144h时,CEF单层彻底破坏;鸡源和鸽源MDV接种CEF后也在24h左右开始有病变产生,最初病变与鹅源毒株导致的病变相似,但病变进展迅速,细胞显著裂解并导致单层的严重破坏,60～84h时细胞单层即彻底破坏。对病毒接种后不同时间段培养物上清血凝(HA)效价的测定结果表明,鹅源NDV接种后84～120h培养物上清HA效价达到高峰,为5～8 log2,鸡源和鸽源NDV接种后60～84h HA效价即可达到高峰,但其最高效价只有4 log2。     

Immunophenotype and functional properties of feline dendritic cells derived from blood and bone marrow

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells of fundamental importance in initiating innate as well as specific immune responses. The identity and function of DCs in the cat are unknown, although they are likely pivotal in the response to infection. In this study, feline DCs were derived by 3-10-day culture of adherent blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) in the presence of IL 4 and GM-CSF. BMMC consistently yielded a greater number of DCs than PBMC, and there were fewer macrophages than DC from both compartments. DCs expressed a distinct constellation of surface molecules, which included CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c, CD11b, CD14, and 2-3-fold higher levels of MHC class I and II molecules than co-cultured macrophages or fresh blood monocytes. DCs displayed typical cytoplasmic processes, limited non-specific esterase activity, and acquired antigen by phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and binding to specific receptors. Cytokine-exposed cells induced proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes. Thus, the cells derived by these culture conditions had markers and functions analogous to immature myeloid DCs. Availability of feline DCs will enable investigation of their role in infectious disease and their potential therapeutic application.     

The stimulatory effect of TLRs ligands on maturation of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR ligands combine with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on the DC surface and induce DC maturation. The potential effect of three types of TLR ligands (Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) on chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBM-DCs) maturation was studied. The chBM-DCs cultured in presence of recombinant chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 displayed the typical morphology of DCs after 7 days of culture. These immature chBM-DCs up-regulated the expression of MHC-II and of the putative CD11c, but had yet low to moderate levels of the CD40 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules. After stimulation by the TLR ligands, the chBM-DCs displayed a more mature morphologic phenotype, significantly increased the CD40 and CD86 cell surface expression levels and gained the ability to stimulate proliferation of naive T cells in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, compared to the immature chBM-DCs. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that all three TLR ligands were strong stimuli for driving chBM-DCs maturation in vitro, with B. subtilis spores being the most efficient.     

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cell vaccination of dogs with naturally occurring melanoma by using human gp100 antigen

Canine malignant melanoma (CMM) is a common and aggressive form of cancer in dogs. Established therapeutic approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy (RT) have not proven curative. As a coadjuvant of RT and to enhance the antimelanoma immune response, we characterized dendritic cells (DCs) from the bone marrow (BM) of dogs with CMM, ex vivo, for use in therapeutic vaccines. BM mononuclear cells from 3 dogs with melanoma and from 1 healthy dog were cultured for 12 days in media supplemented with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, stem cell factor, tumor necrosis factor, and Flt-3 ligand. On day 11, DCs were transduced with an adenovirus vector encoding a xenoantigen, human melanoma antigen gp100. Each dog received 3 subcutaneous vaccinations over a 4-month period. Phenotypic analysis of the expanded DC population demonstrated expression of CD11c/CD18 and major histocompatibility complex class II surface markers, and ultrastructural features characteristic of DCs were observed on electron microscopy. On functional analysis, these DCs were able to stimulate allo-reactivity and capture and express gp100. One dog demonstrated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This dog has displayed no clinical signs, either locally or systemically, of recurrent melanoma 48 months after initial DC injection. However, another dog, which was CTL negative, relapsed 22 months after vaccination. Ex vivo DC expansion is feasible for immunotherapy of spontaneous cancers in outbred dogs.     

Bovine dendritic cells generated from monocytes and bone marrow progenitors regulate immunoglobulin production in peripheral blood B cells

We examined whether bovine monocyte-derived and bone marrow (BM) dendritic cells (DCs) regulate antibody production in activated peripheral blood B cells. DCs were generated from monocytes and BM progenitors in the presence of bovine recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). Monocyte-derived DCs promoted B cells activated by the anti-CD3 triggered CD4(+) T cells or through immunoglobulin M (IgM) receptor to increase the level of IgG secretion. Furthermore, the addition of DCs triggered B cells activated through IgM receptors to produce IgG2 and IgA, thus inducing an isotype switch. BM-derived DCs increased the production of IgG in B cells activated by the anti-CD3 triggered CD4(+) T cells, but unlike monocyte-derived DCs did not have any effect on B cells activated through surface IgM. These data suggest that the regulation of humoral immune responses in cattle depends on the origin of DCs and the mode of B cell activation.     

Generation of dendritic cells from rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cell cultures supplemented with hGM-CSF and hIL-4

The in vitro generation of dendritic cells (DCs) from either blood or bone marrow has been accomplished for humans and a number of other species. This ability has facilitated the opportunity to test the efficacy of DC vaccines in various tumor models. The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) model is the most clinically relevant animal model for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinogenesis. The CRPV model has been used to test various preventative and therapeutic vaccination strategies, and the availability of rabbit DCs would further expand its utility. However, to date, rabbit DCs have not been phenotypically and/or functionally characterized. Here we show that DCs can be generated in vitro from rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) cultured in the presence of the human cytokines GM-CSF and IL-4 and matured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These cells show upregulation of MHC class II and CD86, as well as downregulation of CD14, do not have non-specific esterase activity, are able to perform receptor-mediated endocytosis, and are potent stimulators of allogeneic T cell proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The ability to generate rabbit DCs makes it possible to test the efficacy of DC vaccination in the prevention and treatment of CRPV-induced lesions, which may provide useful preclinical data regarding the use of DC vaccines for HPV-associated lesions, including cervical cancer.     

Epidermal tissue-derived T-cell growth factor, colony stimulating factor and nerve growth factor in chickens.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of the local cytokine-mediated immune response in the skin of chickens. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine into spleen T lymphocytes from 9-to 10-week-old chickens was augmented by the addition of epidermal tissue culture supernatant (ESN) from 11-day-old embryos. The colony formation of neonatal chicken bone marrow cells in the methylcellulose medium was also significantly increased by addition of ESN. When axonal outgrowth in matrigel was investigated, the embryonal sympathetic ganglion was found to grow axons outwards towards the epidermal tissue specimens. The above results suggest that chicken epidermal cells (probably keratinocytes) produce T-cell growth factor (corresponding to IL-1), colony-stimulating factor for macrophages (M-CSF) and granulocytes (G-CSF), and nerve growth factor (NGF).     

Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with chicken CD83

This study was carried out to develop and characterize mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against chicken CD83 (chCD83), a membrane-bound glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that is primarily expressed on mature dendritic cells (DCs). A recombinant chCD83/IgG4 fusion protein containing the extracellular region of chCD83 was expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and isolated from the spent cell culture medium by protein G affinity chromatography. The extracellular region of the chCD83 protein was purified and used to immunize mice. A cell fusion was performed, from which 342 hybridomas were screened for mAbs to chCD83. Two mAbs, chCD83-159 and chCD83-227, stained the greatest percentage of chCD83-transfected CHO cells and were selected for further characterization. By flow cytometry, both mAbs reacted with a chicken macrophage cell line, HD11. Both mAbs also recognized a single 53 kDa protein on Western blots of lysates from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen mononuclear cells or unstimulated HD11 cells. Immunostaining of chicken secondary lymphoid organs identified chCD83(+) cells with morphologic and subtissue localization properties comparable to mammalian DCs. In vitro stimulation of spleen mononuclear cells with concanavalin A (Con A) decreased the percentage of chCD83(+) cells compared with cells treated with medium alone. Interestingly, spleen cells treated with Con A in the presence of chCD83-227 mAb exhibited decreased percentage of MHCII(+) cells compared with cells treated with an isotype-matched negative control mAb. These chCD83 mAbs may be useful for future investigations of chicken immune cell maturation and mechanisms of action.     

Identification of bovine dendritic cell phenotype from bovine peripheral blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells, which initiate primary immune responses and also play an important role in the generation of peripheral tolerance. There is no reliable method established for the isolation of bovine peripheral blood DCs, and furthermore, the phenotypes and the functions of bovine DCs are still not fully clear. In the present study, we have attempted to identify bovine peripheral blood DCs by negative-selection. In bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we have newly characterized the phenotype of DCs, which is CD11c+/CD172a+. These cells display features of myeloid type DCs. In the thymic medulla, CD11c+/CD172a+ cells were also present and CD1+/CD172a+ cells were additionally detected as a population of DCs. The data suggest that one of the bovine DCs phenotypes from PBMC is derived from myeloid lineages lacking a CD1 molecule, which then drift to several tissues, and that they then may express a CD1 molecule upon their functional differentiation.