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1.
本文作者在湖南南山牧场通过放牧试验研究了不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶人工草地土壤物理和化学特性的影响。结果表明:放牧强度直接影响着多年生黑麦草/白三叶人工草地土壤的物理结构。随放牧强度增加,奶牛对草地土壤的践踏加剧,导致土壤紧实度增加,容重上升,通气性变差,含水量下降。放牧强度对土壤物理特性的影响随土层深度增加而减轻。土壤中全磷、速效磷、碱解氮和有机质随放牧强度的增加而减少,而全氮、速效钾则随放牧强度的增加而增加。土壤中各养分含量随季节变化波动很大。  相似文献   

2.
草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究   总被引:23,自引:1,他引:22  
对内蒙古锡盟白音锡勒牧场羊草草原放牧退化系列进行研究,测定了不同放牧强度或退化等级下的暗栗钙土物理性质和化学性质。结果表明,(1)0-10cm土层有机质,全氮和全磷含量均随放牧强度的增加呈降低的趋势,有机质和全氮尤为显著。而NH4-N,NO3-N和儿磷含量则随放牧强度的增加降低的并不显著;(2)随着放牧强度的增加,土壤表层机械组成粗化,土壤沙化特征逐渐加强:(3)随着放牧强度的增加,土壤压实作用明  相似文献   

3.
对荒漠草原地区不同放牧强度下优势植物根部土壤含水量进行了研究。结果表明,放牧强度的不同导致植物根部土层中土壤含水量的变化规律有所差异。短花针茅、冷蒿和无芒隐子草根部土层的土壤含水量均随着放牧强度的增加而增加,与之相对应的空斑土壤含水量却随着放牧强度的增加呈下降趋势。  相似文献   

4.
放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
张成霞  南志标 《草业学报》2010,19(4):204-211
 综述了放牧对草地土壤物理特性(容重、渗透率)和化学特性(有机质、全氮、全磷等)的影响。由于草地土壤生态系统本身的复杂性和弹性,放牧对草地土壤特性的影响并没有一致的结论。一般而言,随着放牧强度的增加,牲畜的践踏作用变强,土壤容重逐渐增加,土壤的渗透性降低,导致土壤的含水量下降,随着土壤深度增加其影响减弱。但在有机质含量很低的沙质土壤中,超载过牧造成有机质含量降低,土壤的团粒结构减少,稳定性团聚体减少,土壤结构遭到破坏,使得土壤容重降低。放牧对土壤有机质的影响受多种因素的影响,如温度、降水、植被、土 壤和管理措施(持续放牧、轮牧、围栏等),所以有机质的动态转化过程十分复杂,已有的文献放牧管理对土壤有机质的影响有3类结论:无影响、增加和降低。放牧家畜通过采食、践踏、排泄等行为直接或间接地影响土壤中氮的含量,随放牧强度增加,土壤全氮含量呈现出降低、不变和增加等。土壤磷对放牧的响应也有不同的研究报道,有的认为随放牧强度的增加,土壤全磷下降,而速效磷增加,也有研究认为长期放牧对草地的全磷和速效磷变化不大。不合理的放牧是造成土壤退化的最普遍原因,故认识不合理放牧导致草原土壤退化的过程和机制,对遏止草原退化、实现草地畜牧业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

5.
牦牛放牧是青藏高原重要的人为干扰形式,放牧管理方式以及放牧强度对维持草地健康具有重要作用。为了明晰牦牛短期放牧对高寒草甸土壤真菌群落的影响过程,本研究在川西北典型高寒草甸进行牦牛放牧强度试验,设置了对照(禁牧)、轻度放牧(1头牦牛·hm-2)、中度放牧(2头牦牛·hm-2)和重度放牧(3头牦牛·hm-2)4种放牧强度。结果表明短期(2年)放牧处理通过增加土壤中子囊菌门的相对丰度、降低担子菌门的相对丰度从而改变土壤真菌群落结构;土壤真菌群落多样性与丰富度在各放牧强度间差异不显著,但放牧均有增加土壤真菌群落多样性与丰富度的趋势。通过对真菌群落结构变化进行方差分解,发现放牧强度通过改变土壤养分进而影响真菌群落结构;通过对真菌的共现网络进行模块化分析发现,短期的牦牛放牧对真菌相互作用主要模块的相对丰度影响不显著,而放牧强度通过影响土壤中的养分含量来影响模块相对丰度。  相似文献   

6.
放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在河北省承德鱼儿山牧场研究不同放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响,研究结果表明随放牧强度增加,土壤表层0~10cm容重增大,土壤变得紧实,渗透性降低;土壤全磷和速效磷含量降低,而全氮和速效钾含量增加。  相似文献   

7.
放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响   总被引:71,自引:5,他引:66  
在河北省承德鱼儿山牧场研究不同放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响,研究结果表明:随放牧强度增加,土壤表层0-10cm容重增大,土壤变得紧实,渗透性降低;土壤全磷和速效磷含量降低,而全氮和速效钾含量增加。  相似文献   

8.
放牧强度对土壤物理性状和速效养分的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在东北三江平原放牧季6月中旬~9月中旬,设置3个放牧强度即轻度(0.87头牛/hm2),中度(1.42头牛/hm2)和重度(1.94头牛/hm2),以不放牧作为对照,观测不同放牧强度对小叶章草地土壤物理性状和速效养分变化的影响。2010年放牧结果表明:放牧对土壤浅层物理性状产生影响,对土壤深层性状影响微弱。重度放牧强度下土壤含水量0~10cm最低,为42.84%,并与其他放牧处理产生差异(P<0.05);放牧对土壤容重的影响主要体现在0~5cm的土层,与对照相比放牧处理对土壤容重略有增加趋势,放牧对土壤深层容重不能产生显著影响(P>0.05);家畜对土壤有夯实作用,土壤孔隙度随放牧强度增加而降低,重度放牧土壤孔隙度最低,与对照相比降10.8%并与其产生显著差异(P<0.05)。放牧对土壤速效养分的影响表现在,重度放牧降低0~10cm的土层速效氮含量,其他放牧强度对小叶章草地土壤速效氮的影响微弱,各放牧处理间差异不显著(P>0.05);不同放牧强度与对照相比对速效磷含量影响微弱;土壤速效钾含量随放牧强度增加而降低,轻度、中度、重度分别较对照下降1.72%,3.8%和8.2%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),表明放牧对小叶章草地土壤速效养分含量影响微弱。  相似文献   

9.
放牧干扰对荒漠草原土壤性状的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
安慧  徐坤 《草业学报》2013,22(4):35
在宁夏荒漠草原选取围封禁牧(NG)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG)4个放牧强度,研究不同放牧强度对土壤物理和化学性状的影响.结果表明,放牧干扰对荒漠草原土壤物理和化学性状影响显著.土壤含水量和孔隙度随着放牧强度的增加呈显著降低趋势,而土壤容重和pH值呈线性增加趋势.重度、中度、轻度放牧0~30 cm土壤含水量和孔隙度比围封禁牧分别降低了21.1%,12.0%,4.7%和3.2%,2.5%,2.1%.不同放牧强度土壤含水量随着土壤深度的增加均呈显著增加趋势.随着放牧强度的增加,土壤有机碳和C/N降低.重度放牧0~10和10~20 cm土壤有机碳比围封禁牧分别降低了20.6%和14.1%,土壤C/N分别降低了43.4%和34.1%.土壤全磷、速效磷和全钾含量随着放牧强度增加呈增加趋势,而土壤电导率和全氮含量呈先增加后降低趋势.合理放牧可以改善荒漠草原土壤结构和养分性状,有利于遏制荒漠草原土壤的退化.  相似文献   

10.
羊草草地不同放牧强度下土壤动物的研究   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
对羊草草地的轻度放牧、适度放牧、重度放牧、过度放牧和未放牧生境的土壤动物对比研究结果表明,轻度放牧和适度放牧对土壤运动的生存有利。随着放牧强度的增加,土壤动物类群数和个体数均呈递减趋势。土壤动物在土层中的垂直分布,以适度放牧的表聚性为最明显,而过度放牧则相反。  相似文献   

11.
本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。  相似文献   

12.
用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10~0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。  相似文献   

13.
乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和 Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。  相似文献   

14.
以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。  相似文献   

15.
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。  相似文献   

16.
Reasons for performing study: Clinical experiences indicate that centesis of the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint is often unsuccessful. Objective: To determine the accuracy of 2 published and 2 unpublished techniques of centesis of the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint. Hypothesis: It was hypothesised that a drug can be administered into the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint via a diverticulum of this joint that surrounds the medial aspect of the long digital extensor tendon and that this technique is more accurate than described techniques of centesis of this compartment. Methods: Twenty‐four stifles of 12 horses were divided equally into 4 groups and a radiocontrast medium injected into the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint of each group using a hypodermic needle inserted: 1) caudal to the lateral patellar ligament and proximal to the tibial plateau, 2) caudal to the long digital extensor tendon and proximal to the tibial plateau, 3) between the long digital extensor tendon and bone of the extensor groove of the tibia or 4) directly through the long digital extensor tendon until it contacted bone. Twelve veterinary students who had no experience using any of these techniques performed the injections. Accuracy of each technique was determined by examining radiographs obtained after injecting the contrast medium. Results: The most successful technique for arthrocentesis was by inserting a needle through the long digital extensor tendon. This approach was successful in all attempted cases, whilst other techniques had lower rates of success. Conclusions: The lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint can be accessed accurately by inserting a needle through the long digital extensor tendon as it lies within the extensor groove. Other techniques may not be as accurate for clinicians inexperienced in arthrocentesis of the lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint.  相似文献   

17.
This experiment was aimed to study the nutritional content and value of the muscles of two mallards (White feather mallard and mallard),and provide basic data and theoretical basis for the development and utilization of mallard meat products.60 White feathered mallards and mallards (30 for each breed,half of male and female) were chosen,and the composition and content of pectoral muscle crude protein,crude fat,cholesterol,amino acids,fatty acids,trace elements and vitamins were determined according to national standards and the nutritional values of muscle were evaluated.The results showed that the content of crude protein in muscle of White feather mallard was significantly lower than that of mallard (P<0.05).17 kinds of amino acids with contents higher than 0.01% were detected in the muscles of the two kinds of mallards,among which the contents of threonine,histidine,serine and proline in the muscles of the White feather mallard were significantly higher than those of mallard (P<0.05).The contents of lysine,glutamate and arginine were significantly lower than those of mallard (P<0.05).13 kinds of fatty acids with contents higher than 0.01% were detected,and the contents of stearic acid and oleic acid were significantly lower than those of the mallard.9 mineral elements (sodium,magnesium,potassium,calcium,manganese,iron,copper,zinc and selenium) in two kinds of mallards were detected,and there was no significant difference between the two kinds of mallards (P>0.05).8 kinds of vitamins were detected,and the content of vitamin B1 in muscle of White feather mallard was significantly higher than that of mallard (P<0.05),but the contents of vitamin D and vitamin E were significantly lower than that of mallard (P<0.05).The ratio of amino acids in muscle of two kinds of mallards was close to the ideal model recommended by WHO,which was rich in mineral elements and vitamins for human body,and had a broad prospect of development and utilization.  相似文献   

18.
本试验旨在研究两种绿头鸭(白羽绿头鸭和绿头鸭)肌肉营养组成和价值,为绿头鸭肉产品的开发利用提供基础数据和理论依据。选择白羽绿头鸭和绿头鸭60只(每个品种各30只,公母各半),依照国家标准测定胸肌粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、胆固醇含量及氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素和维生素的组成和含量,并对胸肌进行氨基酸评价及脂肪酸营养价值评价。结果显示,白羽绿头鸭肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著低于绿头鸭(P<0.05);两种绿头鸭肌肉中均检测到17种含量大于0.01%的氨基酸,其中白羽绿头鸭肌肉苏氨酸、组氨酸、丝氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著高于绿头鸭(P<0.05),赖氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸含量显著低于绿头鸭(P<0.05);检测到13种含量均大于0.01%的脂肪酸,其中白羽绿头鸭硬脂酸和油酸含量显著低于绿头鸭(P<0.05);检测到9种矿物质元素(钠、镁、钾、钙、锰、铁、铜、锌和硒),两种绿头鸭差异不显著(P>0.05);检测到8种维生素,白羽绿头鸭肌肉维生素B1含量显著高于绿头鸭(P<0.05),维生素D和维生素E含量显著低于绿头鸭(P<0.05)。两种绿头鸭肌肉氨基酸比例接近世卫组织推荐的理想模式,富含人体所需的矿物质元素和维生素,具有广阔的开发利用前景。  相似文献   

19.
应用光镜和透射电镜技术,观察了3~6月龄比格犬甲状腺的显微和超微结构。结果表明,比格犬甲状腺实质由滤泡和滤泡旁细胞构成。滤泡呈圆形或椭圆形,直径20.22~220.00μm,平均90.80μm;由单层立方上皮细胞围成,细胞高度3.04~7.11μm,平均5.18μm,电镜下可见功能状态不同的两型滤泡上皮细胞;滤泡旁细胞很多,直径4.40~8.82μm,平均6.23μm,位于滤泡之间或镶嵌于滤泡上皮细胞之间,也可聚集在一起形成滤泡样结构,胞质内含有大量的分泌颗粒,电镜下也可见两种类型的滤泡旁细胞。  相似文献   

20.
A retrospective review of records of 205 cats with histologically confirmed disease of the spinal cord was performed to identify the prevalence of disease in this nonrandomly selected population of cats. Clinical records were reviewed, and age, duration of neurologic illness, and clinical and histopathologic findings in cats with spinal cord disease were abstracted. Disease processes were classified into 7 categories and 23 groups. The most common diseases affecting the spinal cord of cats were feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), lymphosarcoma (LSA), and neoplasia of the vertebral column secondarily affecting the spinal cord. Information on age, onset and duration of clinical signs, and lesion localization at the postmortem examination in cats belonging to the 7 categories of disease were analyzed to create a practical list of differential diagnoses. Cats were also subcategorized into 3 groups based on their age at death. FIP was the most common disease of cats younger than 2 years of age. LSA and vertebral column neoplasia were the most common diseases affecting cats between 2 and 8 years of age. Vertebral column neoplasia was the most common disease affecting cats older than 8 years of age. Results of this histopathologic study showed that FIP and LSA were the most common disease processes affecting the spinal cord of cats. However, at least 21 other groups of diseases and their relative prevalence were identified.  相似文献   

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