小熊猫等四种动物犬瘟热病毒的分离与鉴定

对犬,貂,貉,狐,熊,小熊猫,大熊猫,狼,狮,虎,金猫和猞狮共６５只动物的病料进行了犬瘟热病毒分离,结果从小熊猫,犬膜梭菌抗毒素对小熊猫,犬,貉和狐四种动物的病料中分离出９株ＣＤＶ,其中小熊猫ＣＤＶ具有较强诱导产生中和抗体的能力。该毒株有可能成为疫苗后备株。     

犬瘟热病毒感染病例的诊断与病毒分离鉴定

<正>犬瘟热(Canine distemper,CD)是由犬瘟热病毒(Canine distemper virus,CDV)引起的一种传染性极强的急性、病毒性传染病,宿主范围较广泛,能够使犬、貂、貉、狐、熊、小熊猫、大熊猫、狼、狮、虎、金猫、猞猁等多种动物发生自然感染和发病。CDV在我国犬中的发病率和致死率都很高,     

犬瘟热病毒的研究进展

犬瘟热病毒 (ＣａｎｉｎｅＤｉｓｔｅｍｐｅｒＶｉｒｕｓＣＤＶ )在分类学上与麻疹病毒 (ＭＶ)、牛瘟 (ＲＰＶ)、小反刍兽瘟疫 (ＰＰＲＶ)、海豹瘟热病毒 (ＰＤＶ)、海豚瘟热病毒 (ＤＤＶ)、鼠海豚瘟热病毒 (ＰＭＶ)同属于副粘病毒科麻疹病毒属[1 ] 。研究发现 ,ＣＤＶ可感染犬科 (如犬、狐、狼等 )、鼬科、浣熊科、猫科 (如狮、虎、豹 )等多种动物。近年来其感染范围不断扩大 ,已经延伸至西湍、日本猕猴和人[2 - 4 ] 。Ｍｅｅ等还从患Ｐａｇｒｔｓ疾病的病人组织中检测出ＣＤＶ核酸[5] 。因此 ,犬瘟热有可能成为犬传播给人的第二种疫病 ,引…     

动物细胞系的染色体组型分析和致癌／致瘤性

为确定供生物制品和生物工程产品生产所用动物传代细胞系有无致癌／致瘤性,对研制生产犬、貉、狐用五联病毒,即犬狂犬病病毒（ＲＶ）、犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）、犬细小病毒（ＣＤＶ）、犬腺病毒２型（ＣＡＶ２）和犬副流感病毒（ＣＰＩＶ）的活疫苗以及猫、狮、虎、豹用三联病毒,即泛白细胞减少症病毒（ＦＰＬＶ）、猫疱疹病毒１型（ＦＨＶ１）和猫杯状病毒（ＦＣＶ）的活疫苗,所用猫肾细胞系（Ｆ８１,ＣＲＦＫ）、犬肾细胞系（ＭＤＣＫ）、非洲绿猴肾细胞系（Ｖｅｒｏ,Ｖｅｒｏ２）、恒河猴肾细胞系（ＭＡ１０４）和叙利亚金…     

犬瘟热

犬瘟热(Dog distemper,Caninc distemper)是由病毒引起的高度接触性传染病,除犬患本病外,肉食动物几乎都可感染。犬瘟热其病原体为犬瘟热病毒,属于副粘病毒科,麻疹病毒属。因此和麻疹病毒,牛瘟病毒有密切抗原关系。流行特点犬瘟热病毒的自然宿主为犬科动物(狗、狼、狐、豺等)和鼬科动物(貂、雪貂、臭鼬、黄鼠狼、水獭等)。浣熊科中曾在浣熊、蜜熊、自鼻熊及小熊猫中也有发现。猫,狮、虎等动物不易感染。本病主要通过直接接触,或近距离飞沫传橎,侵入门户是上呼吸道、消化道粘     

犬瘟热弱毒疫苗对野生动物免疫效果观察

自８０年代犬瘟热病首先于熊猫中发生流行以来,该病已先后发生于猫科动物狮、虎、豹等野生动物,严重影响动物园野生动物的健康。为此,作者从１９８１年某动物园暴发熊猫犬瘟热流行时开始,首先试用犬瘟热弱毒疫苗对珍贵动物大熊猫和小熊猫进行免疫接种观察,９０年代又在云南小熊猫产区进行扩大试验,并逐渐试用于猫科动物狮、虎、豹,至今已扩大到７家动物园。应用该疫苗防治熊猫、东北虎、非洲狮、金钱豹、云豹、华南虎等动物的犬瘟热,均收到良好的效果。现报告如下。１　材料与方法１－１　试验动物先后接种动物有大熊猫１２只,接种…     

犬瘟热病毒小熊猫株(LP)的动物感染试验

将从死亡小熊猫肝脏病料中分离到ＣＤＶ ＬＰ株第９代ＭＤＣＫ细胞培养毒,按不同剂量各接种７只２～３月龄的健康幼犬,接种犬全部发病。于接种后７天时各捕杀２只犬进行检测,电镜检查、ＣＤＶ ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ、ＣＤＶ的分离及中和试验结果均为阳性,说明接种犬发生了ＣＤＶ感染。结合接种犬出现的临床症状及病理解剖学变化结果进行的分析表明,ＣＤＶ ＬＰ株是一株强毒,并且具有很强的免疫原性。人工感染犬试验结果表明某动物园     

孔雀细小病毒和大肠杆菌混合感染的诊治

<正>细小病毒犬猫易感,家禽中鹅、番鸭等水禽易感;野生动物中狼、狐、虎、狮、貉、豹等易感,长吻浣熊、蜜熊、小熊猫也可感染;野生鸟类特别是林鸟细小病毒感染病例几乎不见报道。现介绍1例孔雀细小病毒与大肠杆菌混合感染的诊治。1病例介绍2013年7月下旬,湖北某养殖场2月龄孔雀出现下痢。最初有零星黄绿色和黑色稀便,全群投服抗生素和电解多维治疗,无明显效果。1 d后     

犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定、致病特点和单克隆抗体的研究

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒（ Ｃａｎｉｎｅ Ｄｉｓｔｅｍ ｐｅｒ Ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ）引起的犬的一种高度接触传染性疾病。近年来,随着我国军、警犬、实验用犬和宠物犬饲养量的大幅度增加,以及异地交流的增多,犬瘟热在我国犬群中的发病率和致死率均有升高的趋势,而且临床表现也与以往有所不同。分析原因,除母源抗体干扰、疫苗效价低及使用不当外,犬群中是否出现了 Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ 新毒株亟待研究证实。本研究在从国内病犬分离到 Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ 的基础上,进行了 Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ 理化特性、致病特点、回归动物试验以及研制成功分泌抗 Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ 单克隆抗体,并进行了初步应用,取得了较为满意的研究结果。在研究中应用免疫组化方法进行病原检查,证实可很好地解决以往病理观察中无法进行病毒性疾病的特异性诊断的问题。１）采用免疫组化间接 Ｂ Ａ 法,对临诊疑似犬瘟热病犬脏器组织进行了 Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ 抗原定位检查及系统病理学观察。结果表明：发病犬大脑、小脑、心、肺、肝、脾、肠、肾、肾上腺、淋巴结、膀胱等组织细胞及血管内皮、支气管上皮细胞胞浆内均可见抗原阳性反应。同时,抗原阳性反应组织、器官均可见不同程度的病理变化。２）从病死犬肺、肝和淋巴结分离到 ２株 Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ,即 Ｃ Ｄ Ｖ９３０３９ 和      

关注野生动物疫病研究与人类健康

夏咸柱，男，1939年1月生，原藉江苏省建湖县，军需大学军事兽医研究所研究员，博士生导师，中共党员，校专家组成员。1965年毕业于南京农业大学兽医专业，同年人伍，长期从事家畜传染病学教学与科研工作。侧重从事军用动物、野生动物重要疫病与人畜共患病的防冶研究工作。先后从犬、狐、熊猫、狮、虎等动物中分离得到犬细小病毒、轮状病毒、冠状病毒、犬瘟热病毒、犬传染性肝炎病毒与猫瘟热、虎流感和猫传染性鼻结膜炎病毒等多种动物病毒，确定了所致疫病在我国的存在；其中虎流感病毒、熊猫冠状病毒与犬瘟热病毒为国内外首次发现；     

Adjuvant effects of recombinant giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) IL-18 on the canine distemper disease vaccine in mice

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus known to cause morbidity and mortality in a broad range of animals. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), especially captive ones, are susceptible to natural infection with CDV. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a powerful adjuvant molecule that can enhance the development of antigen-specific immunity and vaccine efficacy. In this study, a giant panda IL-18 gene eukaryotic expression plasmid (pcAmIL-18) was constructed. Female BALB/c mice were muscularly inoculated with the plasmids pcAmIL-18, pcDNA3.1 and PBS, respectively. They were subsequently injected with an attenuated CDV vaccine for dogs, and the induced humoral and cellular responses were evaluated. The results showed that pcAmIL-18 remarkably improved the level of specific antibody, IFN-γ and IL-2 in mice sera, the T lymphocyte proliferation index and the percentage of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells. These data indicated that pcAmIL-18 is a potential adjuvant that promotes specific immunity.     

圈养大熊猫麻疹病毒易感性流行病学调查

成都大熊猫繁育研究基地对圈养的7只8～21岁的大熊猫血清犬瘟热病毒(CDV)中和抗体滴度进行了测定.结果显示,尽管这些大熊猫自2003年起每年接受2次CDV弱毒疫苗接种,该弱毒疫苗是由未知家犬犬瘟热病毒株制作的,大熊猫血清犬瘟热病毒中和抗体滴度却在2×到256×的较大范围内(平价值=16)波动.通常单次的麻疹病毒弱毒疫苗注射足以导致宿主产生相应的稳定的免疫反应,在大熊猫上抗犬瘟热中和抗体变化幅度较大提示在宿主与疫苗的关系中存在某种程度的不足.     

小熊猫犬瘟热病毒感染的诊断

对某动物园发病死亡小熊猫的病料进行电镜检查 ,发现了犬瘟热病毒 ( CDV)样病毒粒子 ;病料用 RT-PCR检测 ,均为 CDV阳性 ,并从部分病料中分离出了 CDV,说明小熊猫存在 CDV感染。用从小熊猫肝脏病料中分离的 CDV LP株接于幼犬 ,结果所有接种犬均发生了犬瘟热。中和试验结果表明 ,LP株是一免疫原性强的 CDV株。     

Serosurvey of ex situ giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in China with implications for species conservation.

Conservation strategies for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) include the development of a self-sustaining ex situ population. This study examined the potential significance of infectious pathogens in giant pandas ex situ. Serologic antibody titers against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus (CAV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine herpesvirus, canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira interrogans were measured in 44 samples taken from 19 giant pandas between 1998 and 2003 at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding in Sichuan, China. Seroassays also included samples obtained in 2003 from eight red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) housed at the same institution. All individuals had been vaccinated with a Chinese canine vaccine that included modified live CDV, CPV, CAV, CCV, and CPIV. Positive antibody titers were found only against CDV, CPV, and T. gondii. Sera were negative for antibodies against the other six pathogens. Results indicate that the quality of the vaccine may not be reliable and that it should not be considered protective or safe in giant pandas and red pandas. Positive antibody titers against T. gondii were found in seven of the 19 giant pandas. The clinical, subclinical, or epidemiologic significance of infection with these pathogens via natural exposure or from modified live vaccines in giant pandas is unknown. Research in this area is imperative to sustaining a viable population of giant pandas and other endangered species.     

圈养大熊猫戊型肝炎病毒感染调查

采用ELISA、巢式RT—PCR、免疫组织化学等多种方法对北京动物园保存的大熊猫组织材料和部分现存活个体的粪便、血清等样品进行戊型肝炎病毒抗原调查。调查发现在死亡大熊猫肝脏组织中戊肝病毒抗原阳性检出率为88．9％（8／9）,肾脏的阳性检出率为85．7％（6／7）。现活体动物的粪便、血清抗原检查没有出现阳性结果。结果说明死亡大熊猫曾感染过戊型肝炎病毒,现有个体中没有戊肝病毒感染。     

基因序列分析确诊大熊猫的犬瘟热病毒感染

直接从死亡大熊猫肝脏提取细胞总 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ,经反转录后用犬瘟热病毒的 １ 对引物扩增出了约 ３２０ ｂｐ 的片段。此产物经纯化、序列分析表明,其片段 ２ 个引物间长度为 ２８１ ｂｐ,与预计片段大小相同。此毒株在核苷酸和氨基酸水平与北京犬等 ４ 个野毒株、哈尔滨犬野毒株、某疫苗弱毒株、 Ｏｎｄｅｒｓｔｅｐｏｏｒｔ 弱毒株和海豹瘟热病毒 ２ 型毒 株的 同源 性分 别为 ９２２％ 和 ９８９％ 、９２５％ 和 ９８９％ 、９１５％ 和 ９４６％ 、９２９％ 和 ９８９％ 、９８２％ 和 １００％ 。这样就进一步确定了大熊猫的犬瘟热病毒感染。     

秦岭亚成体大熊猫在野化培训基地适应期的行为观察

采用聚焦动物取样法和扫描取样法记录观察3只秦岭亚成体大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)在秦岭佛坪野化培训基地早期适应过程中的行为,依据拟定的行为类型在观察数据中随机筛选出有效记录并进行相关统计,结果表明:3只大熊猫白天的活动时间远远大于其在圈养环境下的活动时间,行为的多样性明显增大,食物期待、刻板行为大大减少;它们对集体的依赖程度随着时间的推移也越来越小,并且有分开的趋势;3只大熊猫在对环境逐渐熟悉适应之后,休息地点从圈舍周围、栖架向山坡及山坡顶部逐渐转移,各自的休息地点也相对固定。     

Serosurvey of infectious disease agents of carnivores in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in China.

The future of the endangered red panda (Ailurusfulgens) depends in part on the development of protective measures against infectious diseases. The present study is a first step toward improved understanding of infectious diseases in the species' home regions. Serum samples obtained from 73 red pandas in 10 captive facilities in southwest, east, and northeast China from October to December 2004 were tested for antibodies against nine common infectious pathogens of carnivores. Antibody titers against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine adenovirus (CAV) in the three facilities in which red pandas were vaccinated were highly variable. The CAV titer in one vaccinated red panda was high enough to suggest infection with the field virus following vaccination. Together with anecdotal reports of vaccine-associated morbidity and mortality, our results suggest that the Chinese vaccine is not suitable for this species. In the seven unvaccinated groups, CDV titers were low and occurred in 20-100% of the animals; antibody titers against CPV were found in seven of eight areas. Only one of 61 and two of 61 unvaccinated red pandas had CAV and canine coronavirus titers, respectively, and these titers were all low. Positive titers to Toxoplasma gondii were found in four locations (33-94% seropositive); the titers in 52% of seropositive individuals were of a magnitude consistent with active disease in other species (1:1,024 to > or = 1:4,096). One red panda in each of three locations was seropositive for Neospora caninum. Antibodies against canine herpesvirus and Brucella canis were not detected in any of the samples. Only one of the 73 red pandas had a weak positive influenza A titer. The results of this study emphasize the need for research on and protection against infectious diseases of red pandas and other endangered species in China.     

Corridor connecting giant panda habitats from north to south in the Min Mountains,Sichuan, China

The giant panda faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation and isolation. Currently, giant panda populations have been fragmented into 30 habitat patches. The disappearance of isolated small populations and studies on the genetic diversity of various populations have shown that small isolated panda populations are at a high risk of dying out completely. Habitat fragmentation has seriously impaired the ability of the giant panda to resist climate changes and other natural disasters, such as large‐scale, synchronous bamboo blooming. The Min Mountains have the largest population of pandas in China, numbering 581 individuals and accounting for 52% of the total (1114) in China. Geographic isolation means that giant pandas in the Min Mountains are divided into two populations (population A in the north and population B in the south). Population B, which had only 42 individuals in 1989, is severely threatened by high‐density human populations and the loss of genetic diversity. However, we have identified an important corridor connecting the two populations. This paper explains the importance and the feasibility of reestablishing this corridor. Due to the special geographic locations of these two populations (two rivers block the migration of giant pandas between south and north), the corridor is the only passage for giant pandas in the region. Recent studies have also shown an increase of giant panda activity in the area of the corridor. However, vegetation in the corridor has been severely degraded. Bamboo forest must be restored in this area to provide food for the pandas during migration. The effects of human activities must be reduced in order to maintain panda habitat. We believe that a restored corridor will be of great benefit to the survival of giant pandas in the Min Mountains, especially for population B. Successful re‐establishment of a corridor will be a valuable model for corridor construction in the future.     

重庆动物园大熊猫血液生理生化指标的测定及分析

通过对重庆动物园内可获得的9只大熊猫进行长期驯化后,在非麻醉状态下采集到的54份血样进行了58项生理生化指标检测,建立了重庆动物园大熊猫血液的正常生理生化指标参考范围。经统计分析发现:在渝大熊猫不同年龄段之间某些生理生化指标存在显著性差异;不同性别之间经T或F检验(方差齐性检验)所得结果P值虽无显著性差异,但某些生理生化指标在方差或平均值上差异较大;成、渝两地之间某些生理生化指标也存在较大差异。结果表明:由于受到个体差异、地域差异、饲养方式等影响,此次研究结果更适用于重庆动物园圈养大熊猫的健康状况评估、临床疾病的诊断及治疗。