犬幽门螺杆菌感染的研究进展

幽门螺杆菌是全球人类常见的感染性疾病病原菌之一，被列为人类胃癌的Ⅰ类致癌原。犬多种消化道疾病的发生与犬幽门螺杆菌感染密切相关。为深入了解犬幽门螺杆菌感染，有效防控该种人兽共患病，从病原学、流行病学、临床症状、诊断、治疗与预防等方面对犬幽门螺杆菌感染的研究近况进行综述。     

几种常见犬感染性血液病的诊治体会

随着人们生活水平的提高，犬已进入人们的生活圈子，但相对的管理常识缺乏导致犬感染性血液病的发病率逐年增高。近年来，我院接诊因感染犬附红细胞体、犬埃立克氏体、犬巴贝斯虫而发病的多例病犬，经过血液病原学诊断及合理治疗取得良好的效果。现就这些疾病的诊治体会及预后判断与同行进行交流。     

犬猫冠状病毒病

由犬猫冠状病毒感染导致的犬猫冠状病毒病对宠物危害较大，不仅影响宠物行业的健康发展，还对人类健康和公共卫生安全构成潜在威胁。本文从病原学、临床症状与病理变化、诊断方法等方面分别对犬冠状病毒病和猫冠状病毒病进行介绍，并对犬猫冠状病毒病的防治进行概述，以期为犬猫养殖者、饲养者及研究人员提供参考。     

犬传染性肝炎的诊断与防治

犬传染性肝炎(Infectious canine hepatitis,ICH)是由犬1型腺病毒(Canine adenovirus type 1,CAV-1)感染犬引起的一种多发性传染病,该病具有传染性强、发病率高、致死率高的特点,是目前对养犬业危害较大的疾病之一。本文系统的对犬传染性肝炎的病原学、流行病学、临床症状、诊断及防治措施等方面进行综述,以期为犬传染性肝炎的防控提供理论依据。     

犬冠状病毒病的诊断与防治措施

正犬冠状病毒病(Canine Coronavirus Disease,CCVD)是由犬冠状病毒(CCV)引起的一种多发性传染病,不同年龄的犬均可感染,该病对幼犬危害严重,发病率和死亡率都较高,是目前对养犬业危害较大的疾病之一。本文系统地对犬冠状病毒病的病原学、流行病学、诊断及防治措施等方面进行综述,以期为犬冠状病毒病的防控提供理论依据。     

犬细小病毒流行病学调查诊断研究

犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒(CPV)引起的一种发病急、死亡率高、高度传染性疾病,临床主要表现为出血性肠炎和心肌炎两种类型,对养犬业和宠物犬行业造成较大危害,目前该病主要通过接种疫苗进行免疫预防。犬细小病毒病感染率与犬的年龄、品种、免疫情况、环境、季节等因素密切相关,本文主要阐述犬细小病毒的病原学特征、临床症状、常见检测方法、防治措施等。     

犬牙周病的临床研究进展

牙周病(periodontal disease,PD)是由细菌在牙齿表面聚集形成的牙菌斑和牙结石逐渐侵蚀牙周组织,引发周围组织炎症的一类疾病。根据疾病的发展进程,可分为齿龈炎与牙周炎2个阶段。在小动物临床疾病中牙周病尤为常见,世界范围内约有80%的成年犬患有该病。由于饲主对于犬的口腔保健意识薄弱且该疾病隐秘性较高,患犬就诊时往往已出现牙周支持组织不可逆的损伤,细菌及其毒力因子通过血液循环进入全身从而引发系统性疾病的风险大大提高。但目前犬牙周病的核心致病菌属、菌群失调的原因与发病机制尚不明确。因此,笔者基于高通量测序方法的病原学研究结果,分析与疾病发展相关的微生物群。同时,整合目前世界通用的最新犬牙周病临床诊断分级标准及犬牙周病的中西医防治方案,分析犬牙周病与全身系统性疾病之间的相关性,系统综述犬牙周病在国内外小动物临床领域的研究进展,以期为该类疾病的临床诊疗提供理论参考,推进兽医师在临床实践中更高效地开展该类疾病的诊疗工作,并为犬牙周病相关的临床研究提供思路。     

犬布鲁氏菌病的防治

犬布鲁氏菌病是由犬目前，犬布鲁氏菌病在我区都有发生，而且发病数量逐年上升，由犬布鲁氏菌病感染人的病例报道也日益增多。因此，犬布鲁氏菌病的控制和根除对人类健康和公共卫生安全具有重要的意义。据报道，我国多个省份存在犬布鲁氏菌病，而且感染和发病率有上升的趋势。由于我国养犬数量巨大，犬与人类接触密切，病犬作为人类布鲁氏菌病的传染源不容忽视。犬布鲁氏菌病的研究起步较晚，流行病学资料欠完善，公共卫生学意义有待阐明，诊断、免疫预防等诸多问题还没完全解决，加强犬布鲁氏菌病的研究和防控应引起足够的重视。本文就犬布鲁氏菌病的病原学、流行病学、病理学、临床症状、诊断、治疗、预防及公共卫生安全等分别做一阐述。     

犬附红细胞体病需要研究的问题

犬附红细胞体病是由犬附红细胞体寄生于红细胞表面、血浆、组织液及脑脊髓液所引起的一种人畜共患病。犬的附红细胞体病临床上以发热、贫血、黄疸、腹泻、渐进性消瘦等为主要特征,感染率较高,但多呈隐性经过。当机体免疫功能下降或处在应激状态时出现急性临床症状,如果治疗不及时或继发其它疾病会引起犬大量死亡,给养犬业带来较大损失。文章主要就近几年国内外对犬附红细胞体病研究中存在的一些问题,在病原学、流行病学、发病机理、临床症状及诊断和预防等几个方面进行一些尝试性探讨。     

犬种布鲁氏菌研究进展

犬种布鲁氏菌属于6个经典种布鲁氏菌之一，为天然粗糙型，毒力较弱。长期以来，由于犬种布鲁氏菌对人类致病性较低，其危害一直被忽视。自1966年在美国发现该菌以来，已传播至世界多地。近年来，随着养犬业的不断发展及宠物犬数量的增多，犬布鲁氏菌病发病率不断上升，在某些地区已成为流行性疫病，且对人类公共卫生安全的威胁也日益加重。目前，犬种布鲁氏菌感染导致的犬布鲁氏菌病尚无可靠的诊断方法及有效的疫苗。鉴于此，在查阅相关文献的基础上，笔者对犬种布鲁氏菌的病原学、流行病学、致病机理、检测方法、疫苗研究等方面的相关研究进展进行综述，以期为犬布鲁氏菌病的深入研究和防控提供参考。     

石榴皮驱除犬绦虫的效果观察

犬绦虫病是由多种绦虫寄生于大小肠内而引起的一种慢性寄生虫病,严重危害犬的健康。石榴皮对绦虫有良好的驱虫效果,本试验主要探讨石榴皮驱除犬绦虫的效果,并确定试验疗程及临床最宜剂量。     

Epidemiological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the Islamic Republic of Iran

An epidemiological study to examine the sero-prevalence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis (ZVL) among domestic and wild canines in endemic foci of Iran was carried out during 1999-2003 to assess the distribution of the disease and the possible association between infection in dogs, wild canines and people. Anti-leishmanial antibodies were detected by the direct agglutination test (DAT). Parasitological study was performed for all captured wild canines and were detected in some of the seropositive dogs with specific clinical signs (n=107). Serum samples (n=1568) were collected from domestic dogs in villages that are known endemic foci of human visceral leishmaniosis (HVL). Wild canine sera were collected from jackals (Canis aureus, n=10), foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n=10) and wolves (Canis lupus, n=10). Of the 1568 serum sampled collected from domestic dogs, 222 (14.2%) were positive by DAT (1:320 and above). No statistically significant difference was found between male (15.2%) and female (11.8%) sero-prevalence (P=0.083). Dogs of 8 years and above showed the highest sero-prevalence (40.6%). Only 23.9% of the seropositive domestic dogs had clinical signs. Parasitology and serology tests that were performed in 30 wild canines showed 10% these animals were infected by Leishmania infantum. Ten out of 11 Leishmania spp. isolated from the dogs and wild canines were identified as L. infantum and one other as L. tropica by molecular and biochemical techniques. For the first time in Iran, L. infantum and L. tropica were isolated from viscera of both a wolf and a domestic dog.     

Presence of the oral bacterium Capnocytophaga canimorsus in the tooth plaque of canines

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a potentially pathogenic microorganism when transmitted to humans from the oral cavity of canines. Although there is some knowledge about the frequency of occurrence in canines, it is uncertain whether there is a correlation between its occurrence and lifestyle, health, or breed of dog. Samples of tooth plaque from a total of 131 canines were collected, cultured on selective media, and tested using physiological and molecular analyses to help discern the presence of C. canimorsus. Phylogenetic analyses determined that 49.2% of canines sampled carried a species of Capnocytophaga and 21.7% of the canines sampled in this study carried C. canimorsus. Statistical analyses found that male dogs and those that are neutered and spayed are more likely to host Capnocytophaga species. The data also suggested that breed was a statistically significant predictor of C. canimorsus, with the smaller breeds more likely to carry the potential pathogen. In addition, three "human" species of Capnocytophaga; C. ochracea, C. haemolytica, and one isolate of either C. gingivalis or C. granulosa were cultured from five canines. Sixteen canines sampled carried an unidentified Capnocytophaga species, with the sequences from all isolates forming a well-defined phylogenetic clade with 100% bootstrap support that may well represent a new species of Capnocytophaga.     

苷肽注射液对犬外周血CD 4、CD 8比值的影响

以20只健康犬为研究对象,随机分为四组,每组5只,分别注射苷肽注射液、苷肽注射液和犬五联疫苗、犬五联疫苗、生理盐水,各组犬于注射的第0、2、7、15天采血,检测不同组之间的CD 4＋和CD 8＋比值变化规律。结果表明：苷肽注射液单独应用和与疫苗同时应用,在注射的第2天就可以显著提高CD4＋、CD8＋比值,到第7天时达到最高值。并且发现,注射苷肽注射液同时注射犬五联疫苗组和单独注射苷肽注射液组CD4＋、CD8＋比值显著高于单独注射犬五联疫苗组（P〈0.05）,这说明苷肽注射液具有增强免疫的作用。     

犬"猝死症"病原的分离鉴定

为了找到犬“猝死症”的病原体 ,给该病的有效防治提供依据。对病例进行剖检后 ,采集病料做胃肠毒素、细菌、病毒以及生化检验。结果发现病原体是产气荚膜梭菌     

苷肽注射液诱导犬产生IL-2的试验

为了探讨新型免疫增强剂——苷肽注射液对犬免疫功能的影响,以20只健康犬为研究对象,随机分为四组,每组5只,分别注射苷肽注射液、苷肽注射液和犬五联疫苗、犬五联疫苗、生理盐水,各组犬于注射后0、2、7、15、21 d采血,检测不同组间的IL-2分泌情况。结果表明:苷肽注射液单独应用及其与疫苗联合应用,在注射后2 d就可以显著提高IL-2水平,并且可以维持15 d;注射苷肽注射液联合犬五联疫苗组和单独注射苷肽注射液组IL-2水平显著高于单独注射犬五联疫苗组(P<0.05),说明苷肽注射液可以提高犬IL-2的水平,具有提高细胞免疫的作用。     

Echo-assisted percutaneous renal biopsy in dogs. A retrospective study of 229 cases

Renal biopsies were carried out on 229 dogs using an echo-assisted, semi-automatic method. Complications arising after the biopsy were also evaluated. The biopsies were examined for the accuracy of diagnosis and the presence of histologically demonstrable primary renal pathologies. A retrospective study of the observed lesions and parenchymal echogenicity showed a correlation between these factors involving the tubulo-interstitial compartment. Histopathological renal lesions and their correlation with laboratory methods are the only parameters that allow a correct diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic work-up in cases of clinical kidney disease in canines.     

绿茶粉和绿茶多酚对犬的抗氧化作用

本试验旨在探究绿茶粉及绿茶多酚对犬的抗氧化作用。选用5月龄杂交幼犬15只,随机分为3个组,每组5只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,绿茶粉组饲喂基础饲粮+1.0%的绿茶粉,绿茶多酚组饲喂基础饲粮+0.25%的绿茶多酚。试验期为84 d。结果表明:与试验开始时相比,试验结束时对照组犬体重增长了162%,绿茶粉组犬体重增长了101%,绿茶多酚组犬体重增长了132%,且绿茶粉组和绿茶多酚组试验结束时犬体重显著低于对照组(P0.05),比对照组分别降低了61%和30%。试验第84天,绿茶粉组及绿茶多酚组犬血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性均显著或极显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性极显著高于对照组(P0.01),血清丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),肝脏抗氧化基因[谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(GCLC)、谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶修饰亚基(GCLM)、血红素氧合酶1(HO-1)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]和Ⅱ相解毒酶基因[谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1(GSTM1)和醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)]的mRNA相对表达量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,在犬饲粮中添加1.0%的绿茶粉或0.25%的绿茶多酚均具有保护肝脏、抗氧化、促进Ⅱ相解毒酶基因表达及控制体重的作用。     

Canine brain tumours: a model for the human disease?

Canine brain tumours are becoming established as naturally occurring models of disease to advance diagnostic and therapeutic understanding successfully. The size and structure of the dog's brain, histopathology and molecular characteristics of canine brain tumours, as well as the presence of an intact immune system, all support the potential success of this model. The limited success of current therapeutic regimens such as surgery and radiation for dogs with intracranial tumours means that there can be tremendous mutual benefit from collaboration with our human counterparts resulting in the development of new treatments. The similarities and differences between the canine and human diseases are described in this article, emphasizing both the importance and limitations of canines in brain tumour research. Recent clinical veterinary therapeutic trials are also described to demonstrate the areas of research in which canines have already been utilized and to highlight the important potential benefits of translational research to companion dogs.     

Comparison of insulin signaling gene expression in insulin sensitive tissues between cats and dogs

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease in cats and dogs with increasing prevalence. Type 1 DM appears to be the most common form of diabetes in dogs whereas Type 2 DM prevails for cats. Since insulin resistance is more frequently encountered in cats than dogs, our laboratory was interested in determining whether differences at the insulin signaling pathway level and differences in glucose and lipid metabolism could be observed between cats and dogs. Insulin resistance has been positively correlated to insulin signaling pathway abnormalities. As such, this study measured insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) P-85α mRNA expression levels in classical insulin-responsive sensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, and abdominal fat) and peripheral leukocytes between cats and dogs by qRT-PCR. Different tissues were sampled because it is currently unknown where insulin-resistance arises from. In addition, enzymes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were also assessed since glucose and lipid metabolism differs between cats and dogs. Overall, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3-K, MDH, G6DPH, and FAS mRNA tissue expression profiles demonstrated different levels of expression, in various tissues for both canines and felines, which was expected. No distinct expression pattern emerged; however, differences were noted between canines and felines. In addition, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3-K, MDH, G6DPH, and FAS mRNA expression was significantly higher in canine versus feline tissues, including peripheral leukocytes. Remarkable differences in insulin signaling gene expression between felines and canines indicate that cats may have an underlying low insulin sensitivity level due to low IRS-1, IRS-2, and PI3-K P-85α mRNA expression levels which would predispose cats to develop insulin resistance. Moreover, differences in glucose and lipid metabolism related gene expression (MDH, G6DPH, and FAS) demonstrate that felines have an overall lower metabolic rate in various tissues which may be attributed to overall lower insulin signaling gene expression and a lack of physical activity as compared to canines. Therefore, a combination of genetic and environmental factors appears to make felines more prone to suffer from insulin resistance and type 2 DM than canines.