氟甲砜霉素与氯霉素抗菌作用比较

采用试管2倍稀释法,测定了氟甲砜霉素和氯霉素对鸡白痢沙门氏菌、禽巴氏杆菌、猪链球菌、禽大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鸭疫李氏杆菌等6种畜禽常见病原菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,氟甲砜霉素对受试菌的抗菌作用与氯霉素基本一致。     

氟甲砚霉素与氯霉素抗菌作用比较

采用试管2倍稀释法，测定了氟甲砚霉素和氯霉素对鸡白痢沙门氏菌、禽巴氏杆菌、猪链球菌、禽大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鸭疫李氏杆菌等6种畜禽常见病原菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果表明，氟甲砚霉素对受试菌的抗菌作用与氯霉素基本一致。     

5种抗菌药物对嗜水气单胞菌的体外抗菌后效应研究

为比较研究水产养殖中几种常见抗菌药物对嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)的体外抗菌后效应(PAE),本研究选取5种典型的抗菌药物(恩诺沙星、盐酸多西环素、诺氟沙星、氟苯尼考以及甲砜霉素),采用常量肉汤稀释法测定它们对A.hydrophila的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并在0、1/2 MIC、1 MIC、2 MIC和4 MIC药物浓度下进行PAE诱导,再用活菌计数法测定并记录细菌生长曲线,计算PAE值。结果显示,5种抗菌药物的MIC和MBC分别为0.016和0.023μg/m L(恩诺沙星),0.250和0.500μg/m L(盐酸多西环素),0.250和0.500μg/m L(诺氟沙星),1和4μg/m L(氟苯尼考)以及2和4μg/m L(甲砜霉素);5种抗菌药物在不同浓度下均有一定的PAE,其中盐酸多西环素最长可达2.84 h。本研究结果表明,这5种抗菌药物对A.hydrophila均有相当的PAE,并且在一定范围内呈浓度依赖性。提示在治疗鱼病及临床给药时,可以考虑PAE的独有特性,延长给药间隔,科学用药。     

氟苯尼考粉对鸡金黄色葡萄球菌病的疗效试验

氟苯尼考(Florphenicol，又名氟甲砜霉素，是一种新型兽医专用氯霉素类抗菌药物，其抗菌谱广，吸收好，安全，对敏感菌所致的禽畜细菌性疾病治疗效果显著。氟苯尼考对耐氯霉素及甲砜霉素的细菌仍然敏感，如金黄色葡萄球菌，大肠埃希氏菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌与伤寒沙门氏菌等，而且氟苯尼考无氯霉素的再生障碍性贫血的不良反应，     

PVPK氟苯尼考固体分散体的制备及体外溶出速率的研究

氟苯尼考(氟甲砜霉素，Florfenicol)是美国先灵葆雅公司研制的兽用广谱抗菌药物，为人工合成的甲砜霉素单氟衍生物。氟苯尼考广谱抗菌，对猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、支气管败血波氏杆菌、链球菌、副猪嗜血杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌等革兰阳性和阴性细菌及支原体均有强大的杀伤力。其抗菌活性明显优于氯霉素和甲砜霉素(MIC约为10倍)，目前该药在兽医临床上应用非常广泛，但该药的可溶性剂型目前还没有质量标准，     

两种有机酸AFG和WD与利高霉素之间的互作效应的研究

本研究目的是确定利高霉素和液态有机酸对不同致病菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)以及利高霉素和液态有机酸联合应用时的相互作用.采用试管二倍稀释法分别测定有机酸AFL、WD和利高霉素对鸡大肠杆菌、鸡沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值,并采用棋盘格法测定两种有机酸与利高霉素的联合用药时的相互作用.结果表明,有机酸AFL和WD对鸡大肠杆菌、鸡沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值均为0.078125%,利高霉素对鸡大肠杆菌、鸡沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为16ug/mL、16ug/mL和8ug/mL;有机酸AFL和WD与利高霉素联合药敏试验表明:两种有机酸和利高霉素的相互作用为无关作用,不会产生相互干扰.     

规模化鸡场五种常用消毒剂的消毒效果评价

为研究规模化鸡场五种常用消毒剂(过氧乙酸、聚维酮碘、稀戊二醛、月卞三甲氯铵、烧碱)对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的消毒效果,采用倍比稀释法分别测定这五种消毒剂的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示:五种消毒剂中,月卞三甲氯铵对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠炎沙门氏菌的最低抑菌浓度最小,过氧乙酸对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度最小;月卞三甲氯铵对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠炎沙门氏菌的最低杀菌浓度最小,过氧乙酸对大肠杆菌的最低杀菌浓度最小。试验表明,月卞三甲氯铵对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠炎沙门氏菌的杀菌作用最强,过氧乙酸对大肠杆菌的杀菌作用最强。     

国内氟苯尼考的合成与开发进展

氟苯尼考是由美国Schering-Plough公司Nagab-husban等在70年代末为寻求更好的氯霉素类衍生物中研制开发的产品，化学名称：D（＋）-苏-1-对甲砜基苯基-2-二氯乙酰氨基-3-氟丙醇，对敏感菌的抗菌活性与氯霉素和甲砜霉素相似，但对耐氯霉素及甲砜霉素的细菌仍敏感，如大肠杆菌、克雷白氏杆菌、溶血性巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌及伤寒沙门氏菌等。氟苯尼考于1996年通过美国FDA注册登记，商品名分别为Florocol和Nuflox。     

氟苯尼考与多种抗菌药物联合应用对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为了解氟苯尼考分别与恩诺沙星、TMP和多西环素联合用药的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用倍比稀释法,测定了氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、TMP和多西环素对大肠杆菌O78的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);采用棋盘法进行恩诺沙星、TMP、多西环素分别与氟苯尼考联合应用对大肠杆菌的药敏试验。结果表明:四种抗菌药物都有较强的抑菌能力,氟苯尼考MIC为4μg/mL,恩诺沙星MIC为0.1μg/mL,TMP的MIC为16μg/mL,多西环素的MIC为4μg/mL。氟苯尼考与恩诺沙星联合表现为无关作用,与TMP联合表现为协同作用,与多西环素联合表现为累加作用。     

石榴皮水提物与几种抗菌药物体外联合抗菌作用观察

为评价石榴皮水提物与抗菌药物体外联合抗菌作用的效果,试验采用双层打孔法检测石榴皮水提物的抑菌能力,采用微量二倍稀释法测定石榴皮水提物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),使用棋盘法测定石榴皮提取物与庆大霉素、阿米卡星、链霉素、多西环素和恩诺沙星联用对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的作用效果。结果表明：制备的石榴皮水提物具有抑菌效果;对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的MIC分别为1.25 mg/mL和5 mg/mL;石榴皮水提物联合阿米卡星对大肠杆菌表现为相加作用,联合链霉素对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均表现为相加作用,联合庆大霉素对大肠杆菌表现为颉颃作用。说明石榴皮水提物可以与阿米卡星和链霉素联用,均表现为相加作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.