四龄起蚕诱导三眠蚕研究初报

用金鹿三眠素在4龄起蚕诱导三眠蚕,通过优化诱导工艺条件,以每头蚕0.1mg,用水稀释2500倍进行添食,效果最好,三眠率100%,全龄经过18d6h,比对照短4d23h,100kg桑产茧量为9.48kg,高于对照2.15kg,茧丝纤度为1.1836～1.2000D。     

抗保幼激素对柞蚕生长发育及茧丝质的影响

在柞蚕3龄起添食抗保幼激素金鹿三眠素可诱导四眠蚕变为三眠蚕。诱导三眠蚕的3龄经过延长1～2日,4龄延长6～7日,由于没有5龄期。其全龄经过缩短8～9日。诱导三眠蚕的全茧量、茧层量及茧层率均小于四眠蚕,茧丝长短于对照,茧丝纤度为4．157D,比对照细1．522D,获得了细纤度柞蚕丝。诱导三眼蚕的单蛾产卵数、产卵量低于四眠蚕,但其产出卵率明显提高：卵的形状、大小、孵化率无明显差异。诱导三眠蚕的子代仍为四眠蚕,其产量、质量不受影响。     

添食和体喷三眠素诱导蓖麻蚕三眠蚕的试验研究

添食和体喷三眠索诱导的蓖麻蚕三眠蚕,全龄经过缩短3～4天。三龄饷食开始添食三眠素诱导的三眠蚕率达95．73%～100％,四龄饷食开始添食三眠素三眠蚕率为零。三龄喷体三眼素诱导的三眠蚕率为8．83%～48．00％,且多数三眠蚕为雄蚕;雄蚕三眠蚕率可达88：10%,雌蚕最高只有6．58%。诱导的三眠蚕子代能恢复四眠。     

SM-1诱导三眠蚕生产超细纤度茧丝的研究

本研究应用SM—1对15对蚕品种的第3龄或第4龄幼虫添食,均能100%诱导三眠蚕.生产出1—2D不同规格的超细纤度茧丝,诱导出的三眠蚕发育快,终龄期体重及丝腺增长速度显著高于对照.能正常化蛹、化蛾、产卵.从饲料效率比较,食下每克干物的茧层量以四眠蚕对照为100,诱导三眠蚕为82.3—85.5%;张种用桑量为对照的40—65%,对单位用桑量的产茧量两者相仿.尤其是夏秋蚕,减少发病,表现稳产.茧丝质调查,以对照区的茧层率为100,诱导三眠蚕为68—85%;第3龄添食区的茧丝长与对照区相近,为900—1275m;第4龄添食区为668—900m;解舒率高达80—95%,均显著高于对照.用诱导三眠蚕超细纤度蚕茧缫制的细纤度生丝(9/11D或13/15D),品位可达4—5A级.并表现纤度偏差小(0.56—0.63D),洁净优(95—99分)、伸度好(20%以上)、抱合力强(94—100次)等优点.农村夏秋两期诱导饲养三眠蚕15张.二年来室内外共诱导三眠蚕茧350多公斤,已缫制的细纤度生丝40多公斤,并试织了真丝绡、绝缘纺、电力纺及细旦真丝袜等薄型织物,为开发利用超细纤度茧丝打下了基础.     

抗保幼激素活性物质YA_(20)诱导三眠蚕效果及对茧丝的影响

探讨了应用昆虫抗保幼激素活性物质(YA_(20))调控家蚕生长发育和对茧丝的影响。结果表明:(1)一龄蚕添食YA_(20)液30—50ppm,三眠蚕诱导率很低;二龄到四龄蚕24小时前任何时间起连续添食48小时(30ppm),均能100％地诱导出三眠蚕,龄期经过当龄延长1—2天,而全龄则缩短2天、3天、4天以上;五龄蚕后期添食YA_(20),全茧量、茧层量可提高。(2)YA_(20)诱导的三眠蚕茧的全茧量、茧层量依二龄蚕添食>三龄蚕添食>四龄蚕添食而变化。(3)三眠蚕单位饲料转化率高于对照的4％—9％,单位饲料的生产量为对照的75％—90％。(4)三眠茧的解舒优,茧丝纤度偏差小,生丝强力、伸度、抱合力好,可缫制出4A—6A级高品位细纤度生丝。     

应用抗保幼激素SM-Ⅰ诱导二眠蚕生产超细纤度茧丝的试验初报

超细纤度茧丝可用于生产高档丝绸产品和特殊用途丝制品。将三眠蚕品种按常规的饲养方法饲养至2龄起蚕或3龄起蚕后添食不同浓度的抗保幼激素SM-Ⅰ,结果将三眠蚕品种的2龄起蚕或3龄起蚕全部诱导成为二眠蚕。二眠蚕的蚕茧可以缫制出平均纤度为0.7～0.9 dtex的极细蚕丝,最细纤度可达到0.4 dtex,蚕丝的横截面直径小于10μm。初步试验表明,用800 mg/L SM-Ⅰ的给药浓度连续添食2 d为最佳诱导二眠蚕的方法,其诱导率可达100%。     

遗传三眠蚕诱导三眠蚕及四眠蚕饲料效率的比较试验

自陆雪芳等发现高效、水溶性三眠蚕诱导素以来,三眠素在蚕茧生产上的应用日趋扩大,三眠蚕诱导素用于丝茧育,可生产三眠蚕茧、缫超细纤度生丝,开发新的丝、绸产品,提高竞争能力。吴玉澄等(1990)将三眠素应用于种茧育证明,可以缩短龄期,减少发病     

饲育原蚕芳草,晨·星的体会

芳草、晨·星是浙江大学动物科学学院蚕学系90年代中培育成的一对夏秋用新品种,其一代杂交种具有体质强、茧质好、产量高、抗氟性能强等优点,深受我县广大蚕农及丝厂的欢迎。我县1997～1999年三个春期分别饲养了410g、962g、475g,均取得了较好的成绩。其饲育经过,种茧调查及生产实绩见表1、表2。表1　1999年春芳草、星·晨饲育经过表品种1龄(d∶h)2龄(d∶h)3龄(d∶h)4龄(d∶h)5龄(d∶h)全龄(d∶h)催青期(d)蛹期(d)全蚕期(d∶h)芳草3∶073∶023∶225∶127∶0022∶19101547∶19星·晨3∶082∶203∶145∶007∶0021∶18101748∶18表2　芳草、星…     

三眠素对限性品种蚕种繁育的试验研究

三眠素对限性品种具有较高的诱导率,三眠化当代原蚕可以缩短龄期2～3天,提高虫蛹统一生命率6.5%,节约用桑30%,提高产卵效率40% ,同时又能节省人力及用具等优点,这使限性品种进一步为良种繁育省力化开创新研究途径.     

桑叶叶质对显性三眠蚕眠性的影响

家蚕强显性三眠蚕基因(M^3)对四眠蚕基因(M^4)在遗传学上是一种显性遗传关系,即基因型为M^3/M^4的个体表现为三眠蚕。相关研究表明,催青温度、饲育温度和桑叶叶质都会影响三眠蚕的眠性,通过对三眠蚕同质基因型和异质基因型用老嫩桑叶进行分别饲养试验,结果显示:1~3龄饲喂偏老桑叶,对强显性三眠蚕基因同质型(M^3/M^3)的眠性无显著影响,对强显性三眠蚕基因异质型(M^3/M^4)的眠性有显著影响,容易诱发四眠蚕;三眠蚕与四眠蚕杂交,在叶质偏老的情况下,以三眠蚕为母本比三眠蚕为父本的杂交方式更容易发生四眠蚕。     

蒙药三子汤对热应激小鼠特异性免疫的作用

为了研究蒙药三子汤对热应激小鼠的CD3+T/CD19+B细胞的作用,160只小鼠随机分4组:灌水组、热应激组、低剂量热应激组和高剂量热应激组,热应激后眼前房采血,流式细胞仪检测CD3+T/CD19+B细胞变化。结果:热应激0h的4组小鼠CD3+T/CD19+B细胞差异不显著;热应激组CD3+细胞2h、7d均显著低于灌药、灌水组(p<0.05);灌药组1h、2h、7d小鼠CD19+细胞量显著高于热应激、灌水组。表明三子汤可以维持热应激小鼠CD3+T细胞量无显著变化,并可显著提高CD19+B细胞量。     

Effects of interrupted photoperiods on the induction of ovulation in anestrous mares

The ability of interrupted photoperiods to induce early estrus and ovulation was examined. Horse mares were exposed to long (16 h light) or short (10 h light), noninterrupted photoperiods, ambient light, or various interrupted photoperiod treatments from December 1 to April 15 (135 d). Follicular development was assessed by rectal palpation and estrous behavior was determined by teasing with a stallion. Serum concentrations of progesterone were used as an indicator of corpus luteum function. Differences among the light treatment groups were compared for the following behavioral and ovarian characteristics: days to first detectable 3-cm follicle, days to first estrous behavior, days to first ovulation, the number of mares ovulating within the treatment period, and the number of ovulations within the treatment period per mare. Compared with the ambient and 10L:14D (L = h of light and D = h of darkness) photoperiod treatments, ovulation was advanced to the greatest extent by a photoperiod of 16L:8D and the interrupted photoperiod 10L:8D:2L:4D. These two stimulatory photoperiod treatments were characterized by the presence of light 8 to 10 h after dusk. Therefore, the present data are consistent with an external coincidence model for the induction of seasonal breeding in horses, with the photoinducible phase occurring within the period 8 to 10 h after dusk.     

Attempt to control the day of ovulation in cycling pony mares by associating a GnRH antagonist with hCG

With the objective of controlling the day of ovulation, 40 mares were assigned to a control or three treated groups: A3d, A4d, and A5d. The treated groups received antarelix (Teverelix 0.01 mg/kg, i.v., twice a day) for 3, 4, or 5 days from the day the dominant follicle (F1) reached 28 mm (=D0), and one injection of hCG (1600 IU, i.v.) on D1, D2, or D3, respectively. Control mares received one injection of hCG when F1 reached 35 mm. Plasma LH, FSH, progesterone, and total estrogens were assayed. In the A3d, A4d, and A5d groups, 9 (90%), 6 (60%), and 5 (50%) out of 10 mares, respectively, ovulated on the expected day (i.e. between 24 and 48 h after hCG injection). In the control group, 7/10 (70%) presented the typical response to hCG. For 3 mares in both the A4d and A5d groups, the dominant follicle at the time the treatment was started did not ovulate and ovulation was postponed for between 11 and 15 days after the end of treatment. In the treated mares, the LH surge was abolished, and total estrogens were depressed during the preovulatory peak but the concentrations of FSH were not modified. Endocrine parameters were not altered in postponed cycles. Fertility did not differ in treated and control cycles. These results demonstrate that in mares: (1) ovulation can be programmed on a specific day of a 3-day period, with a success rate of 67%, by a treatment associating antarelix and one injection of hCG; (2) nevertheless in 20% of cases the dominant follicle regresses and does not ovulate; (3) for these mares ovulation is postponed by approximately 2 weeks; (4) terminal growth of the preovulatory follicle only requires low circulating concentrations of LH but atresia induced by a GnRH antagonist is significant when this treatment is administrated for more than 18 h.     

Use of Luprostiol and Cloprostenol for Induction of Parturition in Pregnant Goats

Pregnant goats were induced to parturition on day 145 of pregnancy, with three different protocols: group Cl (n = 19) was injected intramuscularly (IM) with 75 μg of the prostaglandin analogue R‐Cloprostenol; group L (n = 20) was treated IM with 7.5 mg of the prostaglandin analogue Luprostiol; group L₅₀ (n = 18) was injected IM with 3.75 mg of Luprostiol (IM); in addition, Group S (Control, n = 15) was injected IM with 1 ml of saline solution. Thereafter, goats were continuously observed to record the following parameters: parturition, dystocia incidence, placental delivery and kid and maternal survival. Moreover, blood sampling was performed around kidding and plasma progesterone concentrations were analyzed. The interval from injection to parturition (mean ± SEM) was not significantly different among the experimental groups: 35.1 ± 1.5 h, 33.3 ± 0.9 h and 34.1 ± 1.8 h (groups Cl, L and L₅₀, respectively). In the control group, time to parturition was 99.4 ± 12.1 h (range: 34–166 h). All the goats expelled the foetal membranes within the first 2 h after the induction. The incidence of dystocia due to foetal posture was not significantly different between induced and control goats (21.1%, 20.0%, 22.0% and 20%, for groups Cl, L, L₅₀ and S, respectively). The percentage of live kids was practically similar between induced goats (93.9%, 94.9% and 92.1%, for groups Cl, L and L₅₀, respectively); in addition, there was a case of maternal mortality in control group (6.7%; 1/15), whereas there was no mortality in induced goats (0%; 0/57). Plasma concentrations of progesterone showed an intense drop (<2 ng/ml) at 24 h after induction. This study confirms the effectiveness of the luprostiol to induce the parturition in goats, within a narrow range (30–40 h) in most of the induced females (80.0%, 7.5 mg; 77.8%, 3.75 mg).     

Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does Artificially Inseminated via Intravaginal Administration of [des-Gly 10, d-Ala6]-LHRH Ethylamide as Ovulation Inductor

This study was aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of rabbit does artificially inseminated (AI) with a GnRH analogue [des‐Gly10, d ‐Ala6]‐LHRH. ethylamide to induce ovulation by intravaginal administration, delivered in the seminal dose. In a preliminary experiment, 39 does were divided into three groups (n = 13) that, at the time of AI, received the following ovulation induction treatments: (i) control group: 20 μg of gonadorelin administered intramuscularly; (ii) 25 μg of the GnRH analogue added to the seminal dose; (iii) 30 μg of the GnRH analogue added to the seminal dose. Fertility did not differ between the three groups (control: 80.6%, group 2: 82.8%, group 3: 73.3%). In a second experiment, a large‐scale field trial was conducted to test the use of 25 μg of the GnRH analogue [des‐Gly10, d ‐Ala6]‐LHRH ethylamide delivered in the seminal dose (n = 270) against 20 μg of gonadorelin administered intramuscularly. Fertility was higher (p < 0.05) when ovulation was induced by intravaginal administration of the GnRH agonist (91.1% vs 85.6%). Prolificacy or mortality at birth was never affected by the ovulation induction treatments. In a third experiment, two groups of does [control group (n = 39): ovulation was induced using 20 μg of gonadorelin administered intramuscularly; treatment group (n = 40): ovulation was induced using 25 μg of [(des‐Gly10, d ‐Ala6)‐LHRH ethylamide added to the seminal dose] were inseminated at 42‐day intervals for five successive AI cycles, to test the response to the GnRH agonist after repeated intravaginal administration to the same animals. Fertility and prolificacy were not influenced by the ovulation induction treatment neither there was an interaction between treatment and parity. The last experiment was aimed to determine whether it could be possible to add the GnRH agonist to the semen in the AI Center, just after semen collection and dilution, or it would have to be added in the farm, immediately before AI. Kindling rates did not significantly differ when ovulation was induced by intramuscular injection of gonadorelin (84.5%) or when the GnRH agonist was added to the seminal dose just at the moment (93.8 %) or 24 h before AI (90.4 %), but it was significantly lower when the hormone was added to the semen 32 h before AI (76.3 %). Prolificacy, however, was not influenced by the ovulation induction treatment.     

Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in transitional mares

Natural GnRH and its analog have potential for hastening ovulation in mares. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a GnRH agonist given either as an injectable or s.c. implant for induction of ovulation in mares. Forty-five seasonally anestrous mares (March) were assigned to one of three groups (n = 15/group): 1) untreated controls; 2) i.m. injection of the GnRH agonist buserelin at 12-h intervals (40 micrograms/injection for 28 d or until ovulation) and 3) GnRH agonist administered as a s.c. implant (approximately 100 micrograms/24 h for 28 d). Six mares per group were bled on d 0, 7, 14 and 21 after injection or insertion of implant. Samples were taken at -1, -.5 and 0 h and at .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after GnRH. Additional daily samples were drawn for 28 d after injection or until ovulation. Samples were assayed for concentration of LH and FSH. Progesterone concentrations were determined in samples collected on d 4, 6 and 10 after ovulation. Number and size of follicles and detection of ovulation were determined by ultrasonography. Number of mares induced to ovulate within 30 d was 0 of 15, 7 of 15 and 9 of 15 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. During treatment, follicle sizes were smaller for mares in group 3 (implant). The LH response to GnRH agonist (area under curve) was similar among groups at d 0 but was greater (P less than .05) for mares in group 3 on d 7 and 14 and groups 2 and 3 on d 21 than for controls. A similar pattern was detected for peak concentrations of LH after GnRH on d 0, 7, 14 and 21. Daily concentrations of LH remained low in untreated control mares compared with GnRH-treated mares throughout the sampling period. Concentrations of LH for mares in group 3 that ovulated were elevated greatly above those for group 2 mares, whereas concentrations of FSH were similar in both treatment groups prior to ovulation.     

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Achyranthes aspera Seed on Larval Rohu Labeo rohita Challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila

Abstract

Larval rohu Labeo rohita were fed four different diets: three of the diets contained Achyranthes aspera (prickly chaff-flower) seeds at 0.10% (D1), 0.25% (D2), or 0.50% (D3); the fourth diet was a control diet (D4; no A. aspera supplementation). After 70 d, the rohu were injected intraperitoneally with live Aeromonas hydrophila. Mortality of fish was recorded for 7 d. In the D4 group, the first mortality was observed within 12 h of exposure, whereas in the D1–D3 treatment groups, mortality was first observed at 24 h postexposure. In the D4 group, 50% of fish died within 72 h of exposure, whereas in the D3 group, 10–15% mortality occurred between 72 and 84 h. The cumulative mortality rate was 50% for D4, 40% for D1, 35% for D2, and 15% for D3. Total tissue protein level in the larvae was higher for the D2 and D3 groups than for the other groups. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were significantly lower in D3 larvae than in the other groups, whereas lysozyme and nitric oxide synthase levels were significantly higher in D3 larvae compared with the other groups. Dietary supplementation with A. aspera seeds at the 0.50% level provided protection against oxidative stress, prevented tissue damage, and enhanced disease resistance in rohu larvae.

Received December 26, 2011; accepted May 7, 2012     

Effect of light source and regimen on growing broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different light sources and light schedules on the growth and quality of commercial broilers. In each experiment 810 broiler chicks were divided into 3 groups, 3 replicates per group. All were reared at 20 lux. Body weight and food consumption were recorded weekly. Experiment 1. Birds were reared under 3 light sources: incandescent light bulb, warm-white fluorescent light tube or warm-white mini-fluorescent light bulb. Experiment 2. Birds were reared on 3 light schedules. 23 h light and 1 h dark (23L: 1D) throughout; an increasing light schedule with initial 23L:1D then 8L: 16D increasing daylight gradually to 16L:8D or an intermittently increasing daylight schedule (16:8P) where light and dark periods were shorter but portioned to achieve the same total hours per day up to 16L:8D. Broilers reared under mini-fluorescent light bulb were heavier than those under fluorescent tubes or incandescent bulbs by 49 d. Until 42 d of age, photoperiod had no effect on growth. However, at 49 d broilers reared under 16:8P and 16L:8D regimens were heavier than those or 23L:1D. At 42 d, female broilers on 23L:1D, were heavier than those on 16L:8D and 16:8P. Mortality was higher in groups on 23L:1D than on 16L:8D on 16:8P. At 49 d incidence of leg condemnation was higher in the 16:8P group. However, skin damage was lower in this group than in those on 23L: 1D and 16L:8D.     

Ultraviolet radiation and laying pullets

1. Responses to ultraviolet (UV) radiation were studied in two trials. In one trial, sexually mature pullets, that had been maintained on an 8L:16D regimen from 2 d of age, were exposed sequentially, for periods of 9 to 12 d, to a further 8 h of very dim visible light (VDV), to 8 h of UV radiation and, finally, to an extra 8 h of normal light (conventional 16L:8D). Individual ovipositions were recorded during the last 48 h of each treatment. In the second trial, sexually mature pullets which had been allowed to 'free-run' for 14 d under continuous normal illumination (LL), were given, in addition to the normal light, a 12-h period of UV radiation commencing at midday or midnight for a further 15 d. During the final 48 h oviposition times were recorded and 4 food intakes for each 12-h period were determined. 2. In trial 1, mean oviposition time under VDV and UV supplementation was not significantly different from that under the 8L:16D regimen. Transfer to a 16L:8D regimen altered mean time of oviposition by about 4 h. In trial 2, eggs continued to be laid almost at random in all groups. 3. Food intake was suppressed during the 12-h period of UV supplementation compared with that when the birds were not receiving UV. 4. It is concluded that the addition of 8 h of UV radiation (at the intensity used in these studies) to 8 h of normal light does not cause a phase shift in the timing of the 'open-period' for pre-ovulatory luteinising hormone release which determines the time of oviposition. Furthermore, the insertion of 12-h periods of UV into continuous illumination does not entrain egg laying. 5. The suppressing effect of UV on food intake but lack of influence on the timing of the ovulatory cycle suggests that UV (at the intensity used in this study) acts principally at the retinal level and, as a result, stimulates only behavioural responses in laying birds.     

Relationship between number of induced ovulations in the prepubertal gilt to the level of progesterone and to the number of spontaneous postpubertal ovulations

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between the number of corpora lutea (CL) and concentration of progesterone (P4) on different days after induced and spontaneous ovulation of gilts of different ages. Possible relationship between the number of ovulations after injection of gonadotropin into the prepubertal gilt and the number at a second induced ovulation and finally the number of postpubertal, spontaneous ovulations, was also studied. Number of CL was related (r = .75 to .95, P less than .01) to levels of P4 on d 3 to 10 after induced ovulation of prepubertal gilts of 105 to 180 d of age. Relationship between the number of CL and level of P4 in cyclic gilts ranged from r = .28 to .67 with the highest relationship at d 4 to 9. Number of CL induced at 135 d of age was correlated (r = .67 to .91, P less than .01) with number of CL induced at 195 d. There were correlations (r = .75 to .99, P less than .01) between levels of P4 and number of CL on d 7 to 9 after induction of ovulation of gilts of 135 and 195 d of age with either pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) followed in 96 h by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or estradiol benzoate (EB) followed in 72 h by hCG. There was a correlation (r = .84, P less than .001) between number of CL at the first spontaneous postpubertal estrus and number of CL at third estrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)