青贮添加剂对牧草青贮品质影响的研究进展

牧草青贮既能防止营养物质损失,又能降低饲料体积,解决牧草不易保存的问题。但很多牧草存在含水量高、含糖量低等问题,直接进行青贮品质不高。添加剂能改善青贮饲料品质,生产中常用的青贮添加剂包括酶制剂和乳酸菌制剂。如何发挥不同青贮添加剂的优点、改善青贮品质是提高牧草利用率的关键。文章介绍了青贮添加剂的作用特点,归纳了添加剂对牧草青贮发酵品质、营养价值及有氧稳定性的影响,重点总结了添加剂对牧草青贮微生物多样性的影响。     

青贮添加剂研究进展

青贮发酵过程是一个复杂的微生物活动和生物化学变化过程,青贮添加剂根据其作用效果,可分为5类:发酵促进型添加剂、发酵抑制型添加剂、好氧性变质抑制剂、营养型添加剂、吸收剂。本文详细地阐述了各类添加剂的作用机制、添加效果及其影响因素。并对近年来的研究和应用现状进行了总结,提出了今后青贮添加剂的发展方向。     

天然牧草青贮添加剂研究进展

青贮添加剂能够改善天然牧草青贮品质,降低营养成分损失,提高青贮的成功率、牧草的供给水平及家畜的采食量,进一步满足反刍动物的营养需要,解决国内春冬季饲料缺乏和营养不足问题,缓解放牧与牧草生长季饲草供应不足之间的矛盾。本文综述了国内外天然牧草青贮添加剂的种类、效果及应用等方面的研究,总结了青贮添加剂对天然牧草青贮饲料营养品质和发酵品质的影响,展望了天然牧草青贮添加剂今后的发展方向,以期为调制优质天然牧草青贮饲料及天然牧草可持续利用提供可借鉴的理论依据与实践参考。     

异型发酵乳酸菌青贮添加剂的研究与应用

很多添加剂被用来促进青贮发酵过程,其中研究最广泛的是乳酸菌添加剂。不同发酵类型的青贮菌剂对青贮的营养品质、有氧稳定性和动物采食量产生重要影响。文中主要阐述异型发酵乳酸菌添加剂对青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响。     

饲草青贮添加剂研究进展

为了提高饲草青贮发酵效率,改善发酵品质,调制青贮时常使用添加剂,文章综述了近年来青贮添加剂的研究进展。根据其作用机制青贮添加剂可以分为4类,分别是发酵促进型添加剂、发酵抑制型添加剂、好氧性变质抑制剂、营养型添加剂等。乳酸菌因具有促进有氧稳定性、抑制二次发酵、产生抗菌物质、抑制有害微生物等特点已广为应用。纤维素酶制剂添加效果主要受酶本身的特性、青贮原料的特性及青贮时的管理等因素影响,其添加效果尚有待于进一步研究。绿汁发酵液是一种新型的青贮添加剂,具有取材方便、制作简单的特点,可明显改善青贮原料的发酵品质。未来饲草青贮添加剂应用应全面考虑环境要素,加强酶的活性研究,注重多学科综合分析,用纤维素酶与乳酸菌、绿汁发酵液、蔗糖、甲酸等常规青贮添加剂进行复合青贮可能取得进步。     

牧草长度对青贮过程和奶牛生产性能影响

在牧区青绿牧草经乳酸发酵、加酸或加防腐剂等方法做成青贮饲料，广泛用以补充奶牛冬季青草的不足。许多因素，如牧草种类、牧草切割季节、添加剂、牧草含水量、牧草切割长度等都影响青贮饲料的质量。研究表明，切碎牧草可有效地促进青贮发酵过程和改善青贮饲料的饲喂价值。l牧草长度对青贮发酵过程的影响切碎牧草可有效地促进青贮发酵过程，主要表现在以上几个方面：1．1有利于乳酸菌的繁殖新鲜的牧草乳酸菌极少，只有牧草被机械损伤或腐败时才产生乳酸菌。牧草经铡草机后，牧草汁液残留于机器部件，为乳酸菌传播创造了条件。据报道，牧草…     

牧草青贮中蛋白质降解的抑制试验报告

牧草青贮可以减少营养物质的流失,如果青贮设施先进,技术操作合适,营养的损失一般不超过15%,并保持青草中90%以上的胡萝卜素。青贮牧草还能够进一步提升饲料的适口性和消化率,发酵之后的牧草酸香适宜,柔软始终。但是有研究证明传统牧草青贮之后,牧草中蛋白质含量会受到影响,导致牧草蛋白质含量下降。基于此,笔者在实验室内模拟了牧草青贮过程,通过添加乳酸菌和复合酶制剂进行青贮发酵,试验前后对比青贮牧草外观和蛋白质含量变化情况。结果显示,乳酸菌+复合酶制剂+牧草青贮和乳酸菌+牧草青贮粗蛋白含量变化不明显,而乳酸菌+复合酶制剂+牧草青贮非蛋白氮呈现下降趋势,差异性显著,由此可以看出,在科学选择添加剂的前提下,牧草青贮可以很好的抑制蛋白质分解,养分损耗较少。     

发酵促进剂在青贮饲料制作中的应用

早在本世纪初,为了获得高品质青贮料,人们为对青贮物的发酵进行控制,使用了青贮添加剂。发酵促进剂是青贮添加剂中重要的、常用的一类,本文就此类添加剂的应用研究进行概述。 发酵促进剂是通过促进乳酸菌活动,产生更多乳酸,使青贮物质的pH值迅速下降,主要包括乳酸菌类,含碳水化合物丰富的物质和纤维素分解酶等。     

微生物在青贮饲料中的作用

青贮除了借助于乳酸菌对富含可溶性糖的原料进行一般性发酵(常规)青贮法外，还有半干(低水分或凋萎)青贮法和添加剂青贮法。在这些青贮方法中起主导作用的是不同种类的微生物，根据微生物种类及发酵特性的不同，可把青贮发酵类型分为乳酸型、醋酸型、梭菌发酵型、凋萎型、添加剂抑制型和添加剂促进型6种。青贮过程中，主要微生物有乳酸菌、梭菌、腐败菌、醋酸菌、酵母菌和霉菌等。     

促进剂对天然牧草青贮品质的影响研究

为了解决内蒙古地区天然牧草地牧草伏草青贮过程中存在的贮成率低,青贮品质差得问题,通过选用白糖,玉米面和发酵菌剂等促进剂,研究了不同促进剂对天然牧草青贮品质的改善效果,并初步确定了促进剂的适宜添加剂量．研究结果表明：白糖与玉米面的添加量为原料重量的1％,菌剂添加量为青贮原料的0．5g／kg时。天然牧草的发酵品质最好,青贮饲料的营养价值最高。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。