血细胞免疫研究进展

综述了红细胞和白细胞免疫研究进展，对于进一步了解血细胞在正常的生理活动中和一些疾病的病理生理发展过程中的作用以及探讨血细胞的免疫调节机制有一定的启发。     

妊娠山羊全血细胞参数的动态变化及意义

血细胞分析是评价妊娠母体健康状况的重要指标之一,母体妊娠后血液动力学及血细胞成分比例会相应发生改变。在人的妊娠过程中,机体的多项生理指标与非妊娠时比较会发生改变,血细胞参数会呈现规律性的变化。山羊妊娠后,血细胞相关指标的研究鲜见报道。试验对山羊妊娠前后血细胞参数进行了系统的检测,通过检测血细胞参数的动态变化探索其变化规律,借以监测妊娠母羊在妊娠前后的健康状况,为疾病的早期诊断治疗提供依据,从而为制订更加合理的饲养管理模式,同时也为动物繁殖学和动物产科学在血液方面的研究提供理论依据。     

圈养小熊猫血液生理及生化指标的检测分析

本文用全自动血细胞分析仪和生化分析仪检测17只小熊猫血液成分。试验总共获得23项血液生理检测数据和24项血液生化检测数据。并将其血液生理及血液生化数据用计算机作统计分析。建立小熊猫血液生理、生化参考指标，供今后在临床和科研中参考。     

不同生理时期东北梅花鹿血液SOD含量分析

本文旨在研究梅花鹿不同生理时期全血中的SOD含量变化,各生理时期鹿血的抗衰老作用是否存在差异。选用雄性梅花鹿不同生理时期的全血,经离心后用连苯三酚自氧化法测定3个时期溶血液、血细胞内容物、血浆和血细胞细胞膜中SOD含量并计算全血SOD含量。试验结果表明:全血SOD含量以生茸期最高((1 007.07±11.03)U.mL-1),且与配种期和生茸前期含量差异极显著(P<0.01);而配种期和生茸前期含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示SOD的变化与梅花鹿的生理时期有相关性。生茸期鹿血的SOD含量最高,提高了鹿血的药用价值,特别是抗衰老功效。但各个生理时期鹿血中又以溶血液的SOD含量为最高,因此可以把溶血液作为生产鹿血抗衰老酶产品的原料。     

不同养殖盐度对凡纳滨对虾血细胞的影响

为探讨凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)在不同养殖盐度下对血细胞生理和免疫状态的影响,本研究应用流式细胞术对两个养殖盐度下(5‰和20‰)的凡纳滨对虾的血细胞指标进行了分析。结果显示,20‰盐度组的对虾的血细胞总数(THC)和酯酶活力均显著高于5‰盐度组的对虾,分别是5‰盐度下对虾的1.35倍和1.90倍;与5‰盐度组相比,20‰盐度组对虾的小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞的比例均上升,透明细胞的比例下降;血清酚氧化酶(PO)活力显著高于5‰盐度组的对虾。这些结果表明对虾在5‰盐度下血细胞免疫力较低。20‰盐度组对虾的血细胞胞内游离Ca2+含量显著高于5‰盐度组的对虾,是5‰盐度下对虾的1.26倍,可能是为了维持细胞内外的正常渗透压。5‰盐度组对虾的血细胞活性氧(ROS)和一氧化氮(NO)含量均显著高于20‰盐度组的对虾,分别是20‰盐度下对虾的1.49倍和1.55倍,可能是对虾长期遭受慢性低盐度胁迫而导致的。两盐度组对虾的血细胞凋亡率没有显著差异,5‰盐度下对虾可能调动了更多的抗氧化活力,以清除过多的ROS和NO。本研究结果表明,养殖盐度显著影响对虾的血细胞生理和免疫状态,在低盐度下,对虾可能遭受慢性低盐度胁迫,血细胞免疫力较低。     

不同检测仪器对SD大鼠血液生理指标测定的影响

目的：比较实验动物专用血细胞分析仪与医用血细胞分析仪对SD大鼠血液生理指标测定值的差异,分析检测仪器对大鼠血液生理指标测定的影响。方法：36只SD大鼠,体重约200 g,雌雄各半,屏障环境饲养,试验前禁食12 h,麻醉后采血,分别用实验动物专用血细胞分析仪与医用血细胞分析仪测定20项血液生理指标。结果：两种仪器分别检测的SD大鼠的平均血红蛋白浓度、平均血红蛋白含量、白细胞数量、淋巴细胞数量、单核细胞数量、嗜碱性粒细胞数量、嗜中性白细胞百分比、单核细胞百分比、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比、嗜碱性粒细胞百分比、淋巴细胞百分比、血小板数量、血小板分布宽度差异极显著（P＜0.01）;血红蛋白浓度、嗜中性白细胞数量、红细胞分布宽度差异显著（P＜0.05）;红细胞数量、红细胞压积、平均红细胞体积、嗜酸性粒细胞数量差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结论：不同检测仪器对SD大鼠血液学指标的检测有影响。     

实验用家猫血液生理生化参考值的建立

本试验采用CELL-DYN1500型血细胞计数分析仪及日立7170全自动生化分析仪对雌雄成年猫血液生理生化值进行测定,并进行统计分析和差异显著性检验.雌雄血液生理生化值无显著性差异(P>0.05).本文建立了健康家猫的血液学及生化指标的正常值范围,可为应用该动物进行科学研究时提供参考.     

塞北乌骨鸡血液理化指标的测定

为了给塞北乌骨鸡的自然放养、人工养殖、饲养管理、疾病防治及其药用价值等研究提供理论依据,试验采用Sysmex KX-21N型全自动血细胞计数仪和LX-20型全自动血液生化分析仪对其血液部分生理、生化指标进行测定。结果表明:塞北乌骨鸡公、母鸡生理指标差异不显著(P>0.05),但某些生化指标存在显著差异(P<0.05)。     

山东家禽生理生化指标的测定与分析

本研究对山东省存养的寿光鸡、济宁鸡、济南花鸡、微山麻鸭、烟台五龙鹅等18种家禽近4500个血样次,进行了9种生理指标和13种生化指标的测定。确定了被测家禽生理生化指标的正常值范围。初步摸清了家禽的某些生理生化指标在性别品种(或品系)和不同生理阶段之间的差异。认为地方良种家禽抗病力强与血液中白血细胞和血清球蛋白的含量高有直接关系。矮脚鸡和无翅鸡由于受不同种基因的控制,表现出的质量性状不同,其生理生化指标与其它品种(或品系)相比,也存在着差异。     

BMY牛血细胞研究

[目的]通过对不同生长阶段健康BMY牛主要血液生理指标的测定,掌握BMY牛血细胞变化规律,为今后检测BMY牛的健康状况和科学饲养BMY牛提供科学依据。[方法]采用自动仪器分析法。[结果]WBC以4～6月龄断乳犊牛组最高,以4岁成年牛组最低,各组间差异显著,RBC以1～1.5岁青年牛组最高,各组间的差异不显著,PLT随年龄增加而升高,以4岁牛组最高。[结论]BMY牛血细胞变化规律与水牛、牦牛相似。     

骡几种舌色与血液流变学指标相关性

用血液流变学方法测定了27匹健康成年骡和188例病骡的全血黏度、还原全血黏度以及血细胞压积、红细胞电泳时间。结果显示：随着舌色由淡红、红、赤红、暗红的转变，7种切变率下的全血黏度、还原全血黏度以及血细胞压积、红细胞电泳时间逐渐增加。其中全血黏度、还原全血黏度、血细胞压积差异显著或极显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。淡红、红、赤红、暗红四种舌色的全血黏度和还原全血黏度均随着切变率的增加而逐渐降低。这一结果说明，血液流变学主要指标与家畜舌色之间存在密切关系。     

泻痢康对鸡红细胞免疫功能的影响

采用 E- 3b R花环试验 ,E- IC花环试验对饲喂 0 .5 %泻痢康 2 0 d的实验鸡和对照鸡的红细胞的免疫功能进行检测。结果发现 ,试验组和对照组鸡红细胞 C3b R致敏酵母花环率分别为 ( 4 .91± 1 .85 )与 ( 4 .31± 0 .6 4 ) ;试验组和对照组鸡红细胞未致敏酵母花环率分别为 ( 1 6 .5 0± 4.5 6 )与 ( 7.2 6± 2 .6 1 )。试验结果表明使用泻痢康饲喂鸡 ,不仅可有效地减少鸡下痢 ,而且可使鸡红细胞 C3b受体花环率增高 ,增强红细胞的免疫功能。     

放血疗法治疗犬真性红细胞增多症

真性红细胞增多症(polycythemia vera,PV)是由于多能造血细胞干细胞克隆性异常,导致红细胞异常增殖为主的一种慢性骨髓性疾病,作者用放血疗法为主,辅助治疗为辅,对12例犬真性红细胞增多症进行治疗,结果治愈10例,治愈率为83%,2例由于治疗不及时而死亡,说明放血疗法对犬真性红细胞增多症治疗效果显著。     

Estimating leukocyte,platelet, and erythrocyte counts in rats by blood smear examination

Background: The CBC is an essential test for assessing the health of rats used in drug development studies. Because of limited blood volume, estimates of cell counts from a blood smear would be valuable when other analytical methods of enumerating cells are not possible or available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a statistical model to accurately estimate WBC, platelet (PLT), and RBC counts in blood smears from rats. Method: Blood smears and quantitative cell counts were obtained from vehicle‐treated male and female Fischer 344 rats (n=65) involved in a variety of studies. The numbers of WBCs, PLTs, and RBCs were estimated in 10 fields in the monolayer of smears using × 20 (WBC) or × 100 (PLT, RBC) objectives. Using a statistical model and the quantitative cell counts obtained on an ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer, formulas were developed to predict the quantitative counts from the estimates. Results: Data were log‐transformed before analysis. A formula was derived using the slope and intercept of the regression line between cell estimates and ADVIA counts to predict WBC, PLT, and RBC counts based only on estimates. A second formula was developed for situations in which limited quantitative analyses may be available, and resulted in even more accurately predicted counts from smear estimates. Conclusion: The formulas developed in this study can be a valuable tool in estimating cell counts from a blood smear when cell counting instruments are not available or when an instrument cell count needs to be verified. These formulas may be useful in the assessment of rat blood in discovery and lead optimization studies.     

Effect of immune-mediated erythrocyte agglutination on analysis of canine blood using a multichannel blood cell counting system

Blood from six dogs with in vitro immune-mediated erythrocyte agglutination resulted in analytical errors in directly measured counting and sizing functions on a multichannel blood analysis system with histogram capability. Errors in the directly measured values, mean cell volume (MCV), and erythrocyte count were attributed to agglutinated erythrocyte particles that persisted during the relatively short reagent contact time of the analysis. Agglutinated particles less than 240 fl were visible on erythrocyte histograms and resulted in a false low erythrocyte count and false high MCV. Agglutinated cell particles greater than 240 fl were not present on the histogram scale. Because these latter particles exceeded the upper threshold, they did not influence determination of MCV, but resulted in a further decrease in the erythrocyte count. As a result, the other dependent erythrocyte indices were in error. These included false low hematocrit and false high mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), when compared to corrected reference blood values. Similar errors occurred when analyzing blood samples that were agglutinated in vitro by incubating erythrocytes with incompatible plasma. The counting and sizing errors observed with electronic counting techniques were eliminated or greatly reduced by incubating blood in cell counting diluent for 10 minutes followed by analysis on a single channel counter with attached particle size analyzer. Error in erythrocyte measurement on a multichannel system may be anticipated if there is overt erythrocyte agglutination in a blood sample, an abnormally high MCHC is reported by the system, or subpopulations of large volume (agglutinated cells) are observed on a volume distribution histogram.     

Principles of peripheral blood mononuclear cell apheresis in a preclinical canine model of hematopoietic cell transplantation

BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transplantation conducted in a well-established canine hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) model have been successfully translated to human patients over the past 5 decades. OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively investigated the safety and feasibility of PBMC apheresis in the canine model of HCT by analyzing apheresis parameters, cell yields, and the impacts of donor-related and apheresis-related variables on collection yields and donor stability. ANIMALS: One hundred and twenty dogs that underwent PBMC aphereses were evaluated. METHODS: Aphereses were performed with a COBE Spectra blood separator and a central dual-lumen catheter, with or without recombinant canine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rcG-CSF) stem cell mobilization. RESULTS: Aphereses from dogs not given rcG-CSF yielded an average volume of 280 +/- 42 mL containing an average of 15,086 +/- 9,834 leukocytes/mL. Aphereses from dogs given rcG-CSF yielded an average volume of 261 +/- 55 mL containing an average of 39,711 +/- 24,488 leukocytes/mL. Higher pre-apheresis white blood cell (WBC) counts correlated with higher apheresis WBC yields (R=0.50, P<.0001). The correlations of collection time, inlet volume, and collection flow rate on WBC yields were statistically significant but only weak to moderate in magnitude (R=0.34, P=.0001; R=0.38, P=.0006; R=0.26, P=.002, respectively) as were the correlations of collection time and inlet volume on collection volumes (R=0.30, P=.002; R=0.42, P<.0001, respectively). All dogs recovered promptly after PBMC aphereses and catheter removal, without complications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: These data may be useful for translating PBMC apheresis technology to the field of veterinary oncology for the treatment of dogs with hematologic malignancies.     

奶牛瘤胃酸中毒相关血液指标及乳酸含量的测定与分析

对密山地区7例瘤胃酸中毒奶牛的三项血液生理指标以及瘤胃液、尿液和血液中乳酸进行了分析,结果表明患牛红细胞（RBC）增加;白细胞（WBC）显著增加;白细胞分类（WBC—DC）也有不同程度的变化,尤以分叶核嗜中性白细胞显著增加;淋巴细胞、嗜酸性白细胞和嗜碱性白细胞都显著减少;乳酸含量显著升高。     

不同重悬细胞法在洗涤过程中对水牛外周血单个核细胞活率的影响

为了探讨在离心洗涤水牛外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC）过程中以移液器吹打法和晃动离心管法重悬细胞对其活率的影响。对经密度梯度离心后初步收集到的PBMC,分别用移液器吹打和晃动离心管2种方法重悬细胞,离心洗涤后对细胞活率进行计数。结果发现,移液器吹打法得到的细胞活率为（74.9±2.6）%,而晃动离心管法使细胞活率达到（98.5±0.5）%,差异极显著（P<0.01）。说明在洗涤PBMC时,晃动离心管法重悬细胞能大大提高细胞活率,可为那些对细胞活率要求高的试验提供一个较为有效的方法。     

Stability of selected hematology variables in canine blood kept at room temperature in EDTA for 24 and 48 hours

BACKGROUND: Most hematologic analyses are performed within a short time of blood sampling, but samples collected at the end of a week may have to be stored for up to 2 days. The stability of hematologic constituents is poorly documented. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the results of RBC, WBC and platelet counts, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and MCV before and after storage of canine blood at room temperature for 24 and 48 hours. METHODS: One hundred fifty-two K3-EDTA canine blood specimens from 2 veterinary hospitals were analyzed within 4 hours of collection, then 24 and 48 hours later with a Coulter T540 hematology analyzer. Results were compared by Passing-Bablock agreement, difference plots, and according to their classification as normal or abnormal based on reference intervals. RESULTS: RBC count and Hgb concentration were stable for the duration of the study. Differences in WBC and platelet counts varied with the specimen, independently of the initial value. MCV increased consistently over the 2 days. However, only a few results were misclassified. CONCLUSION: Whole blood specimens stored for up to 2 days at room temperature are suitable for cell counts and Hgb measurement. However, potential variations have to be known to avoid misinterpretations, especially near the decision limits.     

Decreased blood cell counts were not observed in cattle living in the “difficult‐to‐return zone” of the Fukushima nuclear accident

White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, are susceptible to radiation exposure. In the present study, red blood cell, total white blood cell, and lymphocyte counts were repeatedly measured in cattle living on three farms located in the “difficult‐to‐return zone” of the Fukushima nuclear accident, and compared with two control groups from unaffected areas. Blood cell counts differed significantly between the two control groups, although almost all the values fell within the normal range. The blood cell counts of the cattle in the “difficult‐to‐return zone” varied across sampling times even on the same farms, being sometimes higher or lower than either of the two control groups. However, neither a statistically significant decrease in blood cell counts nor an increase in the rate of cattle with extremely low blood cell counts was observed overall. The estimated cumulative exposure dose for the cattle on the most contaminated farm was within a range of 500–1000 mSv, exceeding the threshold for the lymphopenia. Because of the low dose rate on these farms, potential radiation damages would have been repaired and have not accumulated enough to cause deterministic effects.