动物性食品中兽药残留的原因

随着人民生活水平的不断提高，动物性食品在我国民众的膳食结构中所占的比重越来越大。为了满足人类对动物性产品不断增长的需求，就必需大幅度、快速地提高动物性食品的产量。在这一过程中由于集约化的养殖和管理之间的不协调，导致了大量疫病的流行、暴发、以及其他不利于动物健康的因素出现。为了解决这些矛盾，达到既能促进生长又能防病治病的目的，大量、种类繁多的兽药被应用于畜禽生产，因而在动物性食品中造成了不同程度的兽药残留。兽药残留又称药物残留，是指给畜禽等动物使用药物后蓄积或贮存在动物细胞、组织和器官内，以及可食性产品中的药物或化学物的原形、代谢产物和杂质。广义上的兽药残留除了由于防治疾病用药引起外，也可由使用药物饲料添加剂、动物接触或食入环境中的污染物引起。     

严格控制药物残留 确保动物性食品安全

近些年来。随着畜牧业的发展，为了提高产量，防治疫病的需要，人们大量使用兽药和饲料添加剂。虽然达到了增产增收和防病治病的目的，但由于在生产加工过程中违禁使用、使用不当和过度使用等原因，使药物残留对肉、蛋、奶等动物性食品的污染问题日益突出，造成了对人类健康的严重威胁和对     

我国动物性食品中兽药残留的现状及改进对策

动物性食品安全中最常见的问题就是动物性食品中的兽药残留。兽药残留不仅对生态环境造成了破坏,还通过食物链对人体健康造成了潜在了危害,对养殖业的发展带来消极影响。本文对我国动物性食品中兽药残留的现状和问题进行了分析,并提出了防控动物性食品中药物残留的建设性意见。     

动物性食品中兽药和饲料添加剂的残留分析

近几年,随着人们生活水平的不断提升,乳、蛋、肉等动物食品在人们生活中扮演的角色越来越重要。因此,为了提高畜产品的生产效率,在生产畜产品的生产过程中,经常会应用一些添加剂。为了预防、治疗疾病,经常会采用一些兽药,这些内容的本意是为人们提供更多、安全的动物性食品,但是,从实际情况来看,一些违规兽药添加剂在动物体内蓄积,最终在动物性食品中将会存在一定的残留,这将会对人的健康造成威胁。文章对动物性食品中兽药和饲料添加剂的残留进行了分析,希望能为人们提供更加健康的动物性食品。     

兽药和饲料添加剂的污染、危害及控制

在畜禽饲养过程中，为了预防和治疗畜禽疫病，在畜牧业生产中大量使用兽药；为了提高畜禽的生产效率，在养殖业中广泛使用饲料添加剂。但是，违规使用兽药和饲料添加剂会造成兽药和添加剂在动物体内蓄积，人食用兽药残留超标的动物性食品后。就会对人体健康造成危害。因此，为保障人类健康，必须对各类兽药和添加剂残留有清楚的认识。     

动物性食品的安全性及其监控

改革开放以来，随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，人们对动物性食品的需求日益增长，这给我国的畜牧业带来了前所未有的繁荣和发展。但是，由于畜牧生产者普遍热衷于寻找提高动物性食品产量的方法，以满足人们对肉蛋奶及其制品不断增长的需求，往往忽略了动物性食品质量安全性问题，其中最重要的是化学物质在动物性食品中的残留及其残留对人健康危害的问题。这些年来不断出现动物性食品药物残留超标，给消费者的健康造成了危害，也给我国畜禽产品的正常出口贸易带来了极大困难。欧盟自1996年来一直维持禁止对我国畜禽产品的进口就是例子。我国如果不采取措施有效地控制动物性食品的安全性，不但对消费者无法交代，且有可能使相关产业萎缩，甚至破产，在国际上有损于我国的形象。为此，动物性食品药物残留问题已经成为国民生活中的重要敏感问题之一，必须受到政府及有关部门的高度重视。本文就动物性食品的安全性及其监控作粗浅介绍，仅供参考。 1　动物性食品中常见的污染源 　　动物性食品中常见的污染有兽药、农药及工业废物等有机物和微生物及寄生虫3大类。农药及工业废物等有机物常通过饮水和动植物饲料进入动物体内对动物性食品的安全性产生影响，如比 利时的“二恶英”事件。微生物及寄生虫可通过感染动物危及动物性食品的安全，如动物性产品及其制品中沙门氏菌、李氏杆菌超标、猪肉中的猪囊虫等。然而危及动物性食品安全最常见也是最重要的一类污染源则是兽药。 　　兽药种类繁多，各种兽药的作用和毒性不尽相同，有的兽药安全有效，有的兽药有效但不太安全。引起动物性产品中药物残留并危害人体健康的兽药品种主要有：(1)违禁药物和未被批准使用的药物，如甾体激素、β-兴奋剂、甲状腺抑制剂、玉米赤霉醇和镇静药物等；(2)怀疑有“三致”作用的药物和人畜共用的抗菌药物，尤其是将此类药物作添加剂使用，如磺胺类、硝基呋喃类、硝基咪唑类、喹恶啉类、四环素类、氨基糖甙类和β-内酰胺类等；(3)其它，主要包括允许使用的兽药品种，但未遵守休药期规定。     

兽药残留对动物性食品的危害及原因分析

动物性食品中兽药残留不但影响动物性食品的安全性,危害人体健康,而且还影响动物性食品的国际贸易,本文对引起动物性食品中兽药残留的现状、原因及其危害进行探讨,提出控制动物性食品中兽药残留的措施与建议。     

动物性食品中兽药残留的解决办法

随着畜牧业的迅速发展,兽药和药物添加剂的使用范围和用量的不断增加,提高了畜禽产品的产量,同时也造成了肉、乳、蛋及水产品、蜂产品等动物性食品的兽药残留,对人类健康造成了威胁,兽药的残留已引起普遍关注,是目前乃至今后食品安全中的重要问题之一。1兽药残留对人体的危害食     

肉鸡养殖中药物残留控制的方法

为满足人类对动物性食品需求量不断增长的要求，兽药的用量及饲料添加剂产品的范围在不断增大，这也给公众健康及环境造成了严重的危害。因此，应采用良好的饲养管理方法，从生产中的各方面来控制药物残留的发生，减少因药残带来的影响。     

动物性食品安全与动物防疫体系建设研究

为了降低动物性食品安全问题的影响性,针对在肉类、蛋、奶等食品存在的兽药残留超标问题,政府监管部门需要从生产端以及使用端进行同步质量把控,规范用药,确保食品健康.本文围绕动物性食品安全的影响性及在兽药控制上的执行手段,对建设全方位的动物防疫体系进行探讨.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Observations of fracture of the anconeal process of the ulna of swine

Fractures of the anconeal process of 5 pigs ranging in age from 4 to 8 months were studied radiographically and histologically. Clinically, animals with a fracture of the anconeal process had a "tight," restricted gait. In pigs at 4.5 months of age, a radiolucent line through the base of the anconeal process was composed of fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, and hyaline cartilage. Subperiosteal proliferation of woven bone was located along the cranial surface of the olecranon, adjacent to the base of the anconeal process. In older animals, the radiolucent line through the anconeal process contained variable amounts of fibrous connective tissue and fibrocartilage. The proliferation of subperiosteal bone at the base of the anconeal process formed a "buttress callus" which retained a radiolucent area between the callus and the proximal surface of the anconeal process. The latter region of radiolucency was continuous with the transversely oriented line that traversed the base of the anconeal process.     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

广东省蚕业集团发展思路的探讨

蚕桑业是跨动、植物两大领域,生产链条长的产业,具有劳动密集型的特征。中国拥有悠久的种桑养蚕历史,灿烂辉煌的丝绸文化、加上成熟的生产技术以及丰富的劳动力资源,因而中国在世界茧丝绸市场上具有巨大的比较优势。茧丝绸产业也是中国在国际贸易中唯一具有市场控制能力的产业。我国加入WTO之后,由于贸易条件     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.