饲喂不同蛋白水平日粮的牦牛瘤胃氮代谢与十二指肠各氮组分流量

采用瘘管手术方法对３头生长牦牛在饲喂代谢能ＭＥ均为９．６ＭＪ／ｋｇＤＭ，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）为８％和１２％的日粮时的复胃氮代谢与瘤胃、肠道消化代谢进行研究。试验结果表明，日粮ＣＰ水平升高后，生长牦牛瘤胃氨氮浓度由３．３升至５．９ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），瘤胃内氮的消失率由１．９％升到２１．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率基本不变（平均６９．１ｇＣｐ／ｋｇＤＯＭ）；一昼夜进入十二指肠的食糜量及食糜干物质量基本不变；食糜总氮、氨氮及非氨氮量均显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），其中非氨氮增加２０％：非氨氮中微生物氮的比例由４５％降至３９％（Ｐ＜０，０５）；日粮ＤＭ，ＯＭ，ＣＰ和ＡＤＦ整体消化率分别提高１２．９％、１３．４％、３４％和２２．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。日粮ＣＰ由８％升至１２％后，生长牦牛瘤胃ＴＶＦＡ中乙酸比例由５４％降至４３．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）．丙酸比例由２４．８％升至２８．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），丁酸比例也由２１．１％增至２８．５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时Ｃ２／Ｃ３比由２．１９降至１．５４（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

不同大豆加工产品对早期断奶仔猪饲用价值的研究

２１日龄平均体重的５．８５ｋｇ的断奶仔猪３２头,按随机区组设计分２组,分别饲喂豆粕（ＳＢＭ）和膨化全脂大豆（ＥＦＳ）型日粮。试验结果表明：０～１４ｄ间,ＳＢＭ组平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）和平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）分别比ＥＦＳ组显著提高４５．９％和２５．８％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;１５～２８ｄ间,ＳＢＭ组ＡＤＧ比ＥＦＳ组显著提高７．７％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。全期试验（０～２８ｄ）ＳＢＭ组ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别比ＥＦＳ     

小尾寒羊和大尾寒羊产乳性能比较研究

选择有代表性小尾寒羊和大尾寒羊哺育单羔母羊各６只，通过饲养试验、平衡试验等方法，测得小尾寒羊干物质进食量（ＤＭＩ）为１６５５ｇ／ｄ，有机物质进食量（ＯＭＩ）１５３９ｇ／ｄ，代谢能进食量（ＭＥＩ）为１８．９ｋＪ／ｄ，粗蛋白进食量（ＣＰＩ）为１８８．０ｇ／ｄ。大尾寒羊ＤＭＩ、ＯＭＩ、ＭＥＩ和ＣＰＩ分别为１３８５ｇ／ｄ、１２８８ｇ／ｄ、１５．７ｋＪ／ｄ和１３５．７ｇ／ｄ。小尾寒羊ＤＭＩ、ＭＥＩ和ＣＰＩ均显著高于大尾寒羊。小尾寒羊全期平均泌乳量为６４５ｇ／ｄ，大尾寒羊为４８０ｇ／ｄ，小尾寒羊比大尾寒羊高３４．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两种品种羊对ＤＭ、ＯＭ、ＧＥ（总能）的消化率和代谢率，以及乳糖、乳脂、乳蛋白等各种乳汁成分均无显著差异。     

用体内,体外法研究纤维酶,酵母培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响

用２个试验研究添加酵母培养物（ＹＣ）商品用纤维素酶（ＣＥ）对稻草型日粮在瘤胃内发酵的影响,试验１采用人工瘤胃模拟装置,基础日粮相同,试验组分别添加ＹＣ１ｇ／ｄＣＥ１．４ｇ／ｄ,ＹＣ,ＣＥ能增加发酵程度,使ｐＨ值有所下降（Ｐ〉０．０５）,ＹＣ使发酵体系中ＮＨ３－Ｎ的平均含量提高５４．３１％（Ｐ〈０．０１）,使总Ｎ平均含量提高２３．７０％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＹＣ,ＣＥ对发酵系统中微生物蛋白（ＭＣＰ）日粮     

引入西宁的星杂579蛋鸡生理生化常值测定

测得引入西宁的星杂５７９蛋鸡血液ＲＢＣ，ＷＢＣ，Ｈｂ和嗜中性、碱性、酸性、淋巴、单核细胞的结果分别为３．２４±０．１２（１０￣（１２）／Ｌ），２．６８±０．４４（１０￣９／Ｌ），９７．５±８．７３（ｇ／Ｌ），３２．７３±３．７５（％），０．７５±０．２４（％），４．７６±１．１７（％），５３．９６±３．２１（％），７．８１±１．５０（％）；血清总蛋白，ＧＰＴ，Ｇ０Ｔ，ＺｎＴＴ，ＴＴＴ，Ｋ￣＋，Ｎａ￣＋，Ｃｌ￣－，Ｃａ￣（＋＋），Ｐ的结果分别为６．２５±５．７（ｇ／Ｌ），５．７３±２．０２（ＩＵ），８３．３４±９．１５（ＩＵ），３．２０±１．６９（Ｕ），５，７３±３．３７（Ｕ），３．６２±０．６７（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１６１．４０±７．３０（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１２３．５８±６．７６（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．４１±０．２１（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．３８±０．１９（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；同时测得Ｔ，Ｐ，Ｒ分别为４１．５８±０．３１（℃），１７３．１２±７．５１（次／ｍｉｎ），３５．４７±６．１５（次／ｍｉｎ）。     

半胱胺对奶牛产奶量及血浆生长抑素、生长激素水平的影响

选用１０ 头处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛进行自身对照试验。对照期饲喂基础日粮,试验期在基础日粮中添加半胱胺。每隔５ 天一次,剂量为１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ 体重,共喂３ 次。结果表明,试验期奶牛日产奶量比对照期提高７ ．６ ％ （ 对照期１４ ．５ ±３ ．９ｋｇ／ 头,试验期１５ ．６ ±４ ．３ｋｇ／ 头Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;奶牛采食量无明显变化,试验期饲料转化率比对照期明显提高（ 对照期０ ．３２ ±０ ．０１ ,试验期０ ．３０ ±０ ．０２ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ;与对照期相比,试验期奶牛血浆生长抑素（ＳＳ） 水平明显下降（ 对照期１ ．２１ ±０ ．３４ｎｇ／ｍｌ,试验期０ ．１４ ±０ ．０５ｎｇ／ｍｌ,Ｐ（ ＜ ０ ．０１） ,生长激素含量显著提高（ 对照期１ ．３３ ±０ ．２６ｎｇ／ｍｌ,试验期１ ．７７ ±０ ．２９ｎｇ／ｍｌ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;半胱胺对牛乳脂率无明显影响（ 对照期２ ．１６ ±０ ．５８ ,试验期２ ．５３ ±０ ．０６） 。以上结果表明,半胱胺能明显提高奶牛产奶量,而抑制体内生长抑素,提高内源性生长激素水平,可能为其主要的作用机制。     

水牛血液与肝组织中cAMP、cGMP与cAMP/cGMP的正常水平及其在感染肝片吸虫后的动态变化

选择２ ～３ 岁，体重３００～４００ ｋｇ 雄性健康去势水牛２０ 头。用放射免疫方法测定水牛血清和肝组织中ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ水平及其在感染肝片吸虫后的动态变化。结果表明：水牛血清ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ、和ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ正常水平分别为（２－１１ ±０．４６） ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，（０．８２ ±０．０７） ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和２．２０ ±０．４１ 。肝组织匀浆三者水平值分别为（０－３５±０－０４） ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ，（０－１５ ±０－０１） ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ，２－３８±０－３４。慢性感染条件下，感染后２ ～１１ 周，血清ｃＡＭＰ与ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ在高于对照组的范围内波动，ｃＧＭＰ水平则与对照组相近；肝组织匀浆的ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ均高于对照组。急性感染水牛血清ｃＡＭＰ在感染后３～７ 周期间低于或显著低于对照组，而ｃＧＭＰ在高于对照组波动，ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值在感染后１～１５ 周低于对照组；肝组织匀浆中的ｃＧＭＰ显著高于对照组，而ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ则显著低于对照组。结果提示，肝片吸虫感染能导致宿主的ｃＡＭＰ，ｃＧＭＰ和ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值紊乱。     

采食水平对东北民猪代谢热量的影响

以哈白猪为对照，研究２０℃条件下，低（Ｌ，７５０ｇ／ｄ），中（Ｍ１０５０ｇ／ｄ）高（Ｈ，１３００ｇ／ｄ）三种采食水平（饲料ＭＥ含量为１２．３７ＫＪ／ｋｇＣＰ：１６％）对体重２０～２５ｋｇ的民猪产热量的影响，研究结果表明，随采食水平提高，产热量有逐渐增加的趋势，但产不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５），三种采食水平下，民猪和哈白猪的产热量分别为３３．５，３４．５，３５．９和３１．９，３３．８，３４．９ＫＪ／ｋｇ＾     

黑麦日粮中添加不同酶制剂对肉仔鸡生产性能及肠道食糜粘度的影响

本文用１８０只肉仔鸡,进行饲养试验,研究黑麦日粮添加４种不同酶制剂,ＮＱ、ＲＭ１、ＲＭ２和ＲＭ３,对肉仔鸡的生产性能以及肠道食糜及泄殖腔粪样粘度的影响。酶制剂ＮＱ和ＲＭ１含有高的木聚糖酶活（７７００ＩＵ／ｇ,３４５０ＩＵ／ｇ）能极显著改进（Ｐ＜０．０１）增重（８．４％,１６．０％）和饲料转化率（１５．４％,１４．４％）,ＲＭ２,含有相对低的木聚糖酶（６０ＩＵ／ｇ）和相对高的阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活（５．３ＩＵ／ｇ）,产生类似的效果（Ｐ＜０．０１）：增重提高１０．５％,饲料转化率提高１１．８％,然而ＲＭ３,由于含木聚糖酶活较低（５ＩＵ／ｇ）和较高的蛋白酶活（８０ＩＵ／ｇ）,则对增重无效,但亦可改善饲料转化率（６．４％,Ｐ＜０．０５）。上述酶制剂在降低肠道食糜和泄殖腔粪样粘度方面与增重和饲料转化率有相同的趋势。一般说来,日粮中添加的酶量与食糜相应的粘度成倒数关系。这些结果证明：具有较高木聚糖酶活的酶制剂能明显降低肠道食糜和泄殖腔粪样的粘度,从而改善饲喂黑麦日粮肉仔鸡的生产性能。     

睾酮对水牛血清胃泌素水平的影响

选用３头雄性中国海仔水牛,观察了去势及去势后注射睾酮对血清胃泌素水平的影响。结果去势后血清胃泌素水平明显下降（５０１．００±３７．２０ｖｓ,４３３．６±１０３．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ,Ｐ＜０．０５）,去势后水牛注射睾酮（２００μｇ／ｋｇＢＷ·ｄ,持续１２ｄ）血清胃泌素水平明显上升（４０８．１±６４．５ｖｓ,５１９．８±３４．４ｐｇ／ｍｌ,ｐ＜０．０５）。表明睾酮影响反刍动物胃泌素分泌。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.