大白猪主要胴体性能测定及相关性分析

为了研究大白猪主要胴体性能间的相互关系,选择16头活重100 kg左右的大白猪进行屠宰测定,计算了大白猪的屠宰率、胴体斜长、背膘厚、皮厚、眼肌面积、后腿比例以及瘦肉率等7个主要胴体性能指标,且计算了其相关系数并进行显著性检验,运用相关性分析及通径分析,分析了各胴体性能间的相互关系。结果显示,大白猪的屠宰率为75.11%,胴体斜长为82.19 cm,背膘厚为2.36 cm,皮厚为0.32 cm,眼肌面积为59.08 cm2,后腿比例为31.69%,瘦肉率为67.05%;相关性分析表明,瘦肉率与背膘厚、眼肌面积以及后腿比例呈极显著相关,背膘厚对整体的胴体性能有负效应;通过通径分析可知,后腿比例对瘦肉率的直接影响最大,背膘厚对瘦肉率的间接作用最强。该研究结果表明,大白猪具有优良的胴体性能,背膘厚、眼肌面积以及后腿比例是影响瘦肉率的主要因素。     

不同背膘厚猪的胴体瘦肉测定

猪肉胴体的竞争力和猪种的改良都依赖于正确估测胴体的组成。许多研究者曾提出过估测出肉率的各种指标的回归方程。作者选用359个在重量、背膘厚度和肌肉发育程度方面有广泛代表性的胴体,并按背膘厚度分为四个等级测定下列指标作为多元回归的自变量。1.冷却胴体重;2.胴体长;3.第10肋骨处的背最长肌面积;4.第10肋骨处背最长肌3/4长度处对应点边膘厚;5.美国农业部肌肉评分;6.平均背膘厚;7.     

舍饲型合作猪胴体性状相关性分析

选择四个屠宰体重区间对舍饲型合作猪12个胴体性状相关性进行了研究.结果表明:25～30 kg(即6月龄)屠宰,瘦肉率59.62 % ,屠宰率66.32%,具有皮薄(0.5 cm)、背膘薄(0.797 cm)、眼肌面积大(16.15 cm2)的特点,表明合作猪属于优良的瘦肉型小型猪.经分析可知,宰前活重与胴体重、眼肌面积,胴体重与屠宰率、眼肌面积呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);宰前活重与屠宰率、背膘厚、骨率,胴体重与背膘厚、骨率,屠宰率与眼肌面积,背膘厚与眼肌面积,皮厚与后腿比例,眼肌面积与骨率,瘦肉率与皮率呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);背膘厚与瘦肉率,后腿比例与含脂率,瘦肉率与骨率存在显著负相关(P＜0.05).12个胴体性状指标经主成分分析可获得5个主成分因子,可代表胴体性状总变异量的87.025%.     

二元杂交商品猪胴体性状的相关及通径分析

以100头二杂商品肉猪为研究对象,利用相关分析和通径分析确定了影响二杂商品肉猪瘦肉率的主要胴体性状是眼肌面积、胴体长和平均背膘厚。3个性状对瘦肉率单独作用的决定系数分别为0.509 1、0.057 1和0.055 0。此外,眼肌面积和平均背膘厚间的互作效应对瘦肉率产生的共同决定系数为0.201 5。利用多元逐步回归分析的方法获得了估测二杂商品肉猪胴体瘦肉率的最优回归方程。     

皖南花猪的背膘厚度与胴体组成之相关分析

研究了皖南花猪背膘厚度与胴体组成之间的相关性,并利用回归分析建立了背膘厚与胴体组成之间的最优回归方程。结果表明,去势对猪的肌肉大理石纹、pH和皮率没有影响,去势猪的多数性状明显大于未去势猪,但去势猪的骨率和瘦肉率却明显小于未去势猪,表明去势对猪的膘厚及胴体组成有明显的影响。不同位置的背膘厚之间呈显著的正相关,6~7膘厚和荐膘厚与骨率和脂肪率之间的相关显著(P<0.01),荐膘厚与瘦肉率之间呈显著的负相关(P<0.05),三点平均膘厚仅与脂肪率存在显著的相关,而与皮率、骨率及瘦肉率之间没有明显的相关关系。肉色、大理石纹和pH与皮率、骨率、瘦肉率和脂肪率之间的相关不明显。去势加强了膘厚与胴体皮率、骨率以及脂肪率之间的相关性,可以提高猪胴体重,但这种提高体现在胴体产脂能力的增强,而胴体的产瘦肉能力没有增加。     

舍饲型合作猪胴体品质性状相关性分析

选择4个屠宰体重区间对舍饲型合作猪胴体品质进行了研究。结果表明:25~30 kg屠宰,后腿丰满度理想,产肉性能高,瘦肉率59.62%,屠宰率66.315%,具有皮薄(0.5 cm)、背膘薄(0.797 cm)、眼肌面积大(16.15 cm2)的特点,属于优良的瘦肉型小型猪。宰前活重与胴体重、眼肌面积,胴体重与屠宰率、眼肌面积呈极显著正相关(P0.01);宰前活重与屠宰率、背膘厚、骨率,胴体重与背膘厚、骨率,屠宰率与眼肌面积,背膘厚与眼肌面积,皮厚与后腿比例,眼肌面积与瘦肉率、骨率,瘦肉率与皮率呈显著正相关(P0.05);背膘厚与瘦肉率,后腿比例与脂率,瘦肉率与骨率存在显著负相关(P0.05)。     

猪背膘中NADPH生成酶的活性与瘦肉率关系的初步研究

试验选择湖北白猪断奶仔猪48头,测定150和180日龄的活体背膘厚及背膘脂肪组织中NADPH生成酶的活性。180日龄随机屠宰36头。对背膘中4种NADPH生成酶的活性与活体背膘厚及胴体性状进行相关分析,结果表明:150和180日龄4种酶的总活性与活体背膘厚、胴体背膘厚及肥肉率呈正相关;与胴体瘦肉率呈负相关。说明4种NADPH生成酶的活性高时,猪的活体背膘厚、胴体肥肉率提高,瘦肉率降低。文中还给出了用酶活性估测瘦肉率的回归方程。研究结果表明猪背膘中4种NADPH生成酶的活性可以作为选择瘦肉型猪瘦肉率性状的辅助指标。     

商品猪胴体性能对分割销售后效益的影响

试验以深圳某集团销售外三元商品猪为研究对象,分析了商品猪不同胴体性能对分割销售效益的影响。结果表明,销售完成率与胴体背膘厚呈正相关,不同背膘厚的销售完成率差异极显著(P<0.01);销售完成率与胴体重呈正相关,不同胴体重的销售完成率差异显著(P<0.05);销售毛利率与胴体背膘厚呈正相关,不同背膘厚的销售毛利率差异极显著(P<0.01);不同胴体重的销售毛利率差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合来看,胴体性能对分割后猪肉销售效益具有较大影响。同时,胴体重在84~98 kg范围内,背膘厚在23~29 mm范围内时,平均销售毛利率和销售完成率最优,这可以为商品猪育种提供客观的参考依据。     

肥育猪日粮中以蛋白质或结晶氨基酸提供氨基酸的结果

添加氨基酸的低蛋白日粮增加背膘厚对低背膘厚所作的遗传选择导致了上市猪胴体背膘厚的降低。瘦肉生长模型表明，肥育猪采食玉米豆粕日粮时的能量摄入量一般都超过了其最佳瘦肉生长性能所需要的量。研究结果表明，当肥育猪日粮中添加了脂肪时，上市猪的胴体背膘厚就会增...     

杂种猪胴体性状的聚类分析

应用聚类分析将杂种猪胴体性状的 1 2个变量分成 4类。其中屠宰率、皮厚均值、眼肌面积、皮率及瘦肉率为一类 ;胴体直长和斜长为一类 ;板油率和骨率为一类 ;背膘厚、平均背膘厚及脂率为一类。所得结果对简化测定和指导猪的选种、选配均有重要意义     

Genetic correlation estimates between ultrasound measurements on yearling bulls and carcass measurements on finished steers.

Carcass and growth measurements of finished crossbred steers (n = 843) and yearling ultrasound and growth measurements of purebred bulls (n = 5,654) of 11 breeds were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters. Multiple-trait restricted maximum likelihood (REML) was used to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations between finished steer carcass measurements and yearling bull ultrasound measurements. Separate analyses were conducted to examine the effect of adjustment to three different end points: age, backfat thickness, and weight at measurement. Age-constant heritability estimates from finished steer measurements of hot carcass weight, carcass longissimus muscle area, carcass marbling score, carcass backfat, and average daily feedlot gain were 0.47, 0.45, 0.35, 0.41, and 0.30, respectively. Age-constant heritability estimates from yearling bull measurements of ultrasound longissimus muscle area, ultrasound percentage of intramuscular fat, ultrasound backfat, and average daily postweaning gain were 0.48, 0.23, 0.52, and 0.46, respectively. Similar estimates were found for backfat and weight-constant traits. Age-constant genetic correlation estimates between steer carcass longissimus muscle area and bull ultrasound longissimus muscle area, steer carcass backfat and bull ultrasound backfat, steer carcass marbling and bull ultrasound intramuscular fat, and steer average daily gain and bull average daily gain were 0.66, 0.88, 0.80, and 0.72, respectively. The strong, positive genetic correlation estimates between bull ultrasound measurements and corresponding steer carcass measurements suggest that genetic improvement for steer carcass traits can be achieved by using yearling bull ultrasound measurements as selection criteria.     

安格斯牛×秦川牛F1代产量分级模型的研究

本研究旨在对中长期育肥的安格斯牛×秦川牛F1代的胴体性状指标进行筛选并建立其产量分级模型。随机选取115头发育正常、健康无病的育肥牛屠宰后测定胴体性状指标,采用相关分析和因子分析对其进行筛选并建立产肉率预测模型。结果表明,胴体重、后躯部位肉重、眼肌面积、背膘厚是胴体产量分级的重要指标;将其与产肉率进行多元线性回归,得到胴体产量分级模型,产肉率(%)=41.372-0.046×胴体重+0.403×后躯部位肉重-0.049×眼肌面积+0.334×背膘厚(R²=0.850),经回归诊断和t检验证明该模型预测结果良好,预测值和实测值间差异不显著。结果提示,建立的产量分级模型可用于安格斯牛×秦川牛F1代产量的预测,为开展雪花牛胴体分级提供科学依据。     

陕北白绒山羊H-FABP基因SNPs及其与生长、胴体性状的相关研究

利用PCR-SSCP技术分析了262头周岁陕北白绒山羊H-FABP基因外显子2的多态性及其与生长和胴体性状的关系,结果表明该座位存在1个突变位点(G→C),且该群体处于Hardy-Weinberg非平衡状态;H-FABP基因的AB与AA和BB基因型个体背膘厚差异显著,AA和BB型个体间的差异极显著;AB和BB型个体的胸围和管围差异显著(P＜0.05),AA和BB型个体的眼肌面积具有显著差异(P＜0.05),其他性状在不同基因型间均无显著差异;此外,在初生重、眼肌面积、背膘厚等6项指标上,均表现为AA＞AB＞BB,而在体高、胸围、管围3项指标上,均表现为AB＞AA＞BB.可以推断H-FABP基因可作为陕北白绒山羊生长及胴体性状的候选基因和绒山羊肉用性能的分子标记.     

不同品系杜洛克后代商品猪胴体性状的比较分析

为研究不同品系杜洛克作为终端父本对其后代商品猪胴体性状的影响,选取214和108头分别由美系和加系杜洛克公猪配种、出生时间相近(±2 d)和体重相近(35±5 kg)的后代三元商品猪进行育肥饲养,结束饲养后开展屠宰试验,测定背膘厚度、眼肌厚度、瘦肉率和肋骨数。结果显示:加系杜洛克商品后代的背膘厚度、眼肌厚度显著(P<0.05)高于美系杜洛克后代商品猪;加系杜洛克后代商品猪的瘦肉率、肋骨数显著(P<0.05)低于美系杜洛克。同一品系不同性别间背膘厚度、眼肌厚度、瘦肉率均不显著(P>0.05),加系商品公猪肋骨数极显著低于母猪肋骨数(P<0.01)。结论:美系杜洛克后代商品猪的胴体性状优于加系杜洛克后代商品猪。     

Correlated responses of carcass and reproductive traits to selection for rate of lean growth in swine

Mass selection for an index of increased postweaning average daily gain and decreased backfat thickness was practiced for five generations. Litter size and weight for 221 gilt litters, birth weight and nipple number for 2,242 piglets and weaning weight at 42 d of age for 2,111 pigs were recorded. Carcass measurements were taken on 331 pigs. Differences between means of the lines (select control) were regressed on cumulative selection differential of the index. These regression coefficients were negative (P greater than .10) for total number born, number born alive, number weaned per litter, nipple number and carcass backfat thickness. Coefficients were positive (P greater than .10) for individual pig and litter weights at birth and weaning and for the carcass traits of length, longissimus muscle area and percentage of ham and loin. Absolute values of realized genetic correlations of index with traits evaluated were all .35 or less except the correlation with carcass backfat, which was -.84. None of these was significant; therefore, index selection for lean growth should have little effect on litter size and weight but may have a beneficial effect on carcass backfat.     

Genetic parameters for ultrasound and carcass measures of yield and quality among replacement and slaughter beef cattle.

Real time ultrasound (RTU) measures of longissimus muscle area and fat depth were taken at 12 and 14 mo of age on composite bulls (n = 404) and heifers (n = 514). Carcass longissimus muscle area and fat depth, hot carcass weight, estimated percentage lean yield, marbling score, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and 7-rib dissectable seam fat and lean percentages were measured on steers (n = 235). Additive genetic variances for longissimus muscle area were 76 and 77% larger in bulls at 12 and 14 mo than the corresponding estimates for heifers. Heritability estimates for longissimus muscle area were 0.61 and 0.52 in bulls and 0.49 and 0.47 in heifers at 12 and 14 mo, respectively. The genetic correlations of longissimus muscle area of bulls vs heifers were 0.61 and 0.84 at 12 and 14 mo, respectively. Genetic correlations of longissimus muscle area measured in steer carcasses were 0.71 and 0.67 with the longissimus muscle areas in bulls and heifers at 12 mo and 0.73 and 0.79 at 14 mo. Heritability estimates for fat depth were 0.50 and 0.35 in bulls and 0.44 and 0.49 in heifers at 12 and 14 mo, respectively. The genetic correlation of fat depth in bulls vs heifers at 12 mo was 0.65 and was 0.49 at 14 mo. Genetic correlations of fat depth measured in bulls at 12 and 14 mo with fat depth measured in steers at slaughter were 0.23 and 0.21, and the corresponding correlations of between heifers and steers were 0.66 and 0.86, respectively. Live weights at 12 and 14 mo were genetically equivalent (r(g) = 0.98). Genetic correlations between live weights of bulls and heifers with hot carcass weight of the steers were also high (r(g) > 0.80). Longissimus muscle area measured using RTU was positively correlated with carcass measures of longissimus muscle area, estimated percentage lean yield, and percentage lean in a 7-rib section from steers. Measures of backfat obtained using RTU were positively correlated with fat depth and dissectable seam fat from the 7-rib section of steer carcasses. Genetic correlations between measures of backfat obtained using RTU and marbling were negative but low. These results indicate that longissimus muscle area and backfat may be under sufficiently different genetic control in bulls vs heifers to warrant being treated as separate traits in genetic evaluation models. Further, traits measured using RTU in potential replacement bulls and heifers at 12 and 14 mo of age may be considered different from the corresponding carcass traits of steers.     

Estimates of genetic parameters for live animal ultrasound, actual carcass data, and growth traits in beef cattle

Growth and carcass measurements were made on 2,411 Hereford steers slaughtered at a constant weight from a designed reference sire program involving 137 sires. A second data set consisted of ultrasound measures of backfat (USFAT) and longissimus muscle area (USREA) from 3,482 yearling Hereford cattle representing 441 sires. Restricted maximum likelihood procedures were used to estimate genetic parameters among carcass traits and live animal weight traits from these two separate data sets. Heritability estimates for the slaughter weight constant steer carcass backfat (FAT) and longissimus muscle area (REA) were .49 and .46, respectively. In addition, FAT had a negative genetic correlation with REA (-.37), weaning weight (-.28), and yearling weight (-.13) but positive with marbling (.19) and carcass weight (.36). Marbling was moderately heritable (.35) and highly correlated with total postweaning average daily gain (.54) and feedlot relative growth rate (.62). Heritability estimates for weight constant USFAT and USREA were .26 and .25, respectively. The genetic correlation between weight constant USFAT and USREA was positive (.39), indicating that in these young animals USFAT does not seem to be an indication of maturity. Mean USFAT measures and variability were small (.48 +/- .17 cm, n = 3,482). Results indicate that carcass fat on slaughter steers and ultrasound measures of backfat on young breeding animals may have different relationships with growth and muscling. These relationships need to be explored before wide scale selection based on ultrasound is implemented.     

Heterosis among closed lines of Hereford cattle. III. Postweaning growth and carcass traits in steers

Feedlot and carcass characteristics of 276 steers from five closed lines of Hereford cattle and reciprocal crosses among these lines were studied. The traits studied were initial weight, final weight, 224-d gain, days on test, hot carcass weight, marbling score, longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, yield grade, dressing percentage and shear force. Year of record was a significant source of variation for most traits. Age of dam was a significant source of variation for growth traits but not carcass traits. Line of sire affected initial weight, final weight, 224-d gain, days on test, marbling score and dressing percentage. Significant heterosis was observed only for hot carcass weight. Heterosis estimates were 1.9% for initial weight, 2.2% for final weight, 2.5% for 224-d gain, -2.1% for days on test, .6% for hot carcass weight, -.6% for marbling score, 0 for carcass grade, .6% for longissimus muscle area, 2.3% for backfat thickness, .9% for yield grade, -.9% for dressing percent and -10.9% for shear force. Initial age on test affected only hot carcass weight. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, marbling score, longissimus muscle area and fat thickness were affected by slaughter weight. Slaughter age affected dressing percent and marbling score.     

Genome-wide mapping and identification of new quantitative trait loci affecting meat production, meat quality, and carcass traits within a Duroc purebred population

Most QTL detection studies in pigs have been carried out in experimental F(2) populations. However, segregation of a QTL must be confirmed within a purebred population for successful implementation of marker-assisted selection. Previously, QTL for meat quality and carcass traits were detected on SSC 7 in a Duroc purebred population. The objectives of the present study were to carry out a whole-genome QTL analysis (except for SSC 7) for meat production, meat quality, and carcass traits and to confirm the presence of segregating QTL in a Duroc purebred population. One thousand and four Duroc pigs were studied from base to seventh generation; the pigs comprised 1 closed population of a complex multigenerational pedigree such that all individuals were related. The pigs were evaluated for 6 growth traits, 7 body size traits, 8 carcass traits, 2 physiological traits, and 11 meat quality traits, and the number of pigs with phenotypes ranged from 421 to 953. A total of 119 markers were genotyped and then used for QTL analysis. We utilized a pedigree-based, multipoint variance components approach to test for linkage between QTL and the phenotypic values using a maximum likelihood method; the logarithm of odds score and QTL genotypic heritability were estimated. A total of 42 QTL with suggestive linkages and 3 QTL with significant linkages for 26 traits were detected. These included selection traits such as daily BW gain, backfat thickness, loin eye muscle area, and intramuscular fat content as well as correlated traits such as body size and meat quality traits. The present study disclosed QTL affecting growth, body size, and carcass, physiological, and meat quality traits in a Duroc purebred population.     

Estimated genetic parameters for carcass traits of Brahman cattle

Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated from feedlot and carcass data collected from Brahman calves (n = 504) in central Florida from 1996 to 2000. Data were analyzed using animal models in MTDFREML. Models included contemporary group (n = 44; groups of calves of the same sex, fed in the same pen, slaughtered on the same day) as a fixed effect and calf age in days at slaughter as a continuous variable. Estimated feedlot trait heritabilities were 0.64, 0.67, 0.47, and 0.26 for ADG, hip height at slaughter, slaughter weight, and shrink. The USDA yield grade estimated heritability was 0.71; heritabilities for component traits of yield grade, including hot carcass weight, adjusted 12th rib backfat thickness, loin muscle area, and percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart fat were 0.55, 0.63, 0.44, and 0.46, respectively. Heritability estimates for dressing percentage, marbling score, USDA quality grade, cutability, retail yield, and carcass hump height were 0.77, 0.44, 0.47, 0.71, 0.5, and 0.54, respectively. Estimated genetic correlations of adjusted 12th rib backfat thickness with ADG, slaughter weight, marbling score, percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, and yield grade (0.49, 0.46, 0.56, 0.63, and 0.93, respectively) were generally larger than most literature estimates. Estimated genetic correlations of marbling score with ADG, percentage shrink, loin muscle area, percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, USDA yield grade, cutability, retail yield, and carcass hump height were 0.28, 0.49, 0.44, 0.27, 0.45, -0.43, 0.27, and 0.43, respectively. Results indicate that sufficient genetic variation exists within the Brahman breed for design and implementation of effective selection programs for important carcass quality and yield traits.