牛组织中阿维菌素残留的ELISA研究

本文探讨了检测牛组织（血浆、肌肉和肝）中阿维菌素（ＡＶＭ）残留的间接竞争ＥＬＩＳＡ反应条件和样本前处理方法，并对添加样本进行了测定。竞争反应可耐受２０％（ｖ／ｖ）的甲醇。使用４″－Ｏ－（单）琥珀酰ＡＶＭ－ＯＶＡ和５－Ｏ－（单）琥珀酰ＡＶＭ－ＯＶＡ作包被原，ＡＶＭ标准液的Ｉ５０＝１．８￣４．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ，检测极限为０．０２￣０．２ｎｇ／ｍＬ。样本经甲醇一次提取和稀释后直接进行检测，各样本介质中ＡＶＭ     

恩诺沙星免疫抗原与检测抗原的制备及鉴定

采用N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺法将恩诺沙星（Enro）半抗原与载体蛋白-牛血清白蛋白（BSA）相偶联，制备出了抗Enro单克隆抗体的免疫抗原Enro-BSA。同样的方法，将Enro与卵清白蛋白（OVA）相偶联制备了抗Enro单克隆抗体的检测抗原Enro-OVA。紫外扫描光谱及动物免疫试验结果表明，其偶联成功。     

L-肉碱在水产动物营养中的作用

１Ｌ－肉碱的结构及合成Ｌ－肉碱又叫肉毒碱，是一种水溶性的氨基酸，其结构同胆碱和甜菜碱相似。肉碱有两种旋光异构体即Ｄ－肉碱和Ｌ－肉碱。Ｄ－肉碱及其消旋体为合成物，不存在于生物体组织中，且由于Ｄ－肉碱对肉碱乙酰转移酶（ＣＡＴ）和肉碱脂肪酰转移酶（ＰＴＣ）有竞争抑制作用，而不利于生物体的新陈代谢及Ｌ－肉碱功能的发挥。Ｔｏｍｉｔａ和Ｓｅｎｄｉｕ等（１９２７）证实了其分子结构，为Ｌ－β－羟－γ－三甲氨基丁酸［（ＣＨ３）３－Ｎ＋－ＣＨ２ＣＨ（ＯＨ）ＣＨ２－ＣＯＯ－］，是一种存在于生物体组织中具有生理活性的物…     

1993年农业部批准的国家级新兽药（二）

１９９３年农业部批准的国家级新兽药（二）碘醚柳胺ＤｉａｎｍｉｌｉｕａｎＲＡＦＯＸＡＮＩＤＵＭ本品为３＇－氯－４＇－对氯苯氧－３，５－二碘水杨酰替苯胺。按干燥品计算，含Ｃ１０Ｈ１１Ｃｌ２Ｉ２ＮＯ３不得少于９８．０％。（性状）本品为灰白色至棕色粉末。本品...     

用多聚赖氨酸作载体制备IVM人工抗原的研究

采用N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺活性酯法和混合酸酐法,将伊维菌素(IVM)分别与多聚-L-赖氨酸(PLL)和卵清蛋白(OVA)连接制备人工免疫原5-O-(单)琥珀酰IVM-PLL和包被原5-O-(单)琥珀酰IVM-OVA,经非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析证实人工抗原合成成功.     

阿维菌素类驱虫药的药代动力学研究

阿维菌素类驱虫药的药代动力学研究扈洪波朱蓓蕾李俊锁（中国农业大学，北京１０００９４）阿维菌素类驱虫药是目前世界上最为优良的一类广谱高效抗寄生虫药。在这类驱虫药中已商品化的药物有阿维菌素（Ａｖｅｒ－ｍｅｃｔｉｎＢ１或Ａｂａｍｅｃｔｉｎ）、伊维菌素（Ｉｖ...     

多拉菌素—一种新型高效的内外杀虫药

多拉菌素，２５－环已烷基－５－０－去甲基－２５－去（１－甲丙基）阿维菌素Ａ１ａ，被认为是采用突变生物合成的新型阿维菌素族中最优秀的驱虫药。最早发现它的驱杀寄生虫的能力是在驱鼠继代的蛇形毛圆线虫和杀兔的痒螨的动物模型中，任何一种新的阿维菌素都是靠脱氢阿维菌素Ｂ１ａ（主要成份为伊维菌素）起作用。使用多拉菌素的微胶囊注射液在牛显示出极佳的效果，皮下注射２０μｇ／ｋｇ体重对奥氏奥斯特线虫，肿孔古线虫和胎生     

多拉菌素──一种新型高效的内外杀虫药

多拉菌素，２５－环已烷基－５－０－去甲基－２５－去（１－甲丙基）阿维菌素Ａ（１ａ），被认为是采用突变生物合成的新型阿维菌素族中最优秀的驱虫药。最早发现它的驱杀寄生虫的能力是在驱鼠继代的蛇形毛圆线虫和杀兔的痒螨的动物模型中。任何一种新的阿维菌素都是靠脱氢阿维菌素Ｂ（１ａ）（主要成份为伊维菌素）起作用的。使用多拉菌素的微胶囊注射液在牛显示出极佳的效果，皮下注射２００μｇ／ｋｇ体重对奥氏奥斯特线虫，肿孔古柏线虫和胎生网尾线虫有很高的驱虫效果。牛经静脉注射后其血浆半衰期是８９小时；皮下注射微型胶液４００μｇ／ｋｇ体重对牛的肿孔古柏线虫和奥氏奥斯特线虫的有效持续杀虫能力分别可达８天和１２天。     

Bio—MOS复合剂对仔猪大肠杆菌性下痢的防治

为了探索Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ复合制（内含Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ、氟哌酸或柠檬酸）对仔猪大肠杆菌性下痢的防治效果，进行了初生仔杜♂」１２０头（选自１５窝），随机分成４组。其中１个空白组３个处理组。各处理组分别口服ＭＯＳ商品制剂Ｂｉｓ－ＭＯＳ（美国Ａｌｌｔｅｃｈ公司生产），Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ＋氟哌酸，Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ＋５％柠檬酸，空白组则口服同体积的蒸馏水，试验期２８ｄ。结果表明，初生仔猪添加Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ，可明显提高仔猪的日增重（Ｐ〈０．０５），降低腹泻发生率（Ｐ〈０．０５），而且Ｂｉｏ－ＭＯＳ与氟哌酸或柠檬酸配合使用对哺乳仔猪大肠杆菌性下痢的防治作用更佳。     

肉碱在畜禽水产养殖上的应用

１肉碱在动物营养中应用机理肉碱，化学名称为β－羟基－γ－三甲胺基丁酸，分子式为（ＣＨ３）３Ｎ＋－ＣＨ２ＣＨ（ＯＨ）ＣＨ２－ＣＯＯ－。化学结构中肉碱有右旋（Ｄ）及左旋（Ｌ）两种立体异构体。但只有左旋的立体异构体存在于大自然，也只有左旋的形式对人类及动物...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。