The puzzlement of quality broiler breeding and the possible solution

一、Problems facing quality chicken breeding1.Too many mixeditems of breeding company make different quality According to ourp reliminary statistics,ther ewere47enterprises specialized in superior chicken's breeding and promoting advertised in Poultry industry science and technology and China Poultry in 2003 and the first half year of 2004.In the whole country ,it is sure that these enterprises are a small amount of them.Too many enterprises make difficulties in management and levels are obv…     

Research on Lead-time Compression of Inventory Integrating Remanufacturing and Manufacturing System for the IOT Environment

The lead time compression is the core of supply chain management with time competition and the powerful source of competitive advantage of supply chain.As an emerging technology,The Internet of things ...     

Greetings and Introduction

<正>It is my great pleasure to write a few words here to congratulate the "new born baby",Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (JASB),which is the first Chinese journal in the field of animal science published in English.JASB is a quarterly journal supported by Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine (CAAV). The purpose of the journal is to introduce Chinese research achievements of animal science and technology world over,and to strengthen academic communication between China and other countries.Subjects of the journal are related widely of animal science such as:animal genetics and breeding,reproduction and physiology,biotechnology,nutrition and feed processing,environmental protection and grassland management. Animal science and animal production in China have been developed rapidly during last 20 years.China has become the largest meat and egg producer in the world. However,at meantime we know clearly that the development of China's animal science and biotechnology is still behind the world advanced level.We have to work hard,and to learn more from developed countries.Let us do all our efforts to make the "new born baby" growing healthy and strong.     

Chinese Feed Economic Characteristics in 2008 and Developing Trends in 2009

Development characteristics of Chinese feed economy in 2008 Social environment changed severely, which restricted the economic development of this industry. Global financial crisis led to the disaster in stock market and the earthquake directly destroyed enterprises and oil resources causing overall price inflation and so on, which restrained the economic development of this industry. Security incidents triggered industry economic turmoil. The year of 2008 has witnessed security incidents of livestock products quality for the second time： Sanlu milk powder incident and melamine problem.     

The dark side of technological advances in analysis of microbial ecosystems

Recent technological advances mean that samples from animal experiments may be analysed more cheaply, more easily and with a much greater return of data than previously. Research groups are frequently faced with a choice of continuing to use established technology in which they may have made a significant investment of time and resources, and have significant amounts of reference data, or switching to new technology where reference data may be limited. Apart from cost, the choice needs to be based on a comparison between the increase in data available from future experiments by switching and the value of comparison with reference data from historical experiments analysed with earlier technology. One approach to this problem is to ensure that sufficient quantity and variety of samples are taken from each experiment and appropriately stored to allow re-establishment of a sufficiently large reference set and to avoid the need to repeat animal experiments. The establishment of ‘biobanks' of experimental material will require funding for infrastructure, consistent storage of metadata and, importantly,horizon-scanning to ensure that samples are taken appropriately for techniques which will become accessible in future. Such biobanks are a recognised resource in human medicine, where the value of samples increases as more analysis is carried out and added to the metadata.     

Cluster Membership, Centrality, Structural Holes and Innovation: A study on the Telecommunication Industry in the Republic of Korea

The research focuses on strategic alliances for innovation in the telecommunication industry in the Republic of Korea. The author reviews relevant literature and specifically investigates how cluster membership affects innovative performance. Later, he combines it with an endogenous factor - centrality. The main motivation is to investigate if the existing theories and theories, which are largely based in the Western context, applies in a collectivistic South Korean context.     

How to make sure the logistics work well under new situation

With the further development of economics and politics in China, each industry need to make some change and innovations, in order to catch up with the new situation. State-owned enterprises are also in...     

Identification of key genes affecting porcine fat deposition based on coexpression network analysis of weighted genes

Background:Fat deposition is an important economic consideration in pig production.The amount of fat deposition in pigs seriously affects production efficiency,quality,and reproductive performance,while also affecting consumers’choice of pork.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)is effective in pig genetic studies.Therefore,this study aimed to identify modules that co-express genes associated with fat deposition in pigs(Songliao black and Landrace breeds)with extreme levels of backfat(high and low)and to identify the core genes in each of these modules.Results:We used RNA sequences generated in different pig tissues to construct a gene expression matrix consisting of 12,862 genes from 36 samples.Eleven co-expression modules were identified using WGCNA and the number of genes in these modules ranged from 39 to 3,363.Four co-expression modules were significantly correlated with backfat thickness.A total of 16 genes(RAD9A,IGF2R,SCAP,TCAP,SMYD1,PFKM,DGAT1,GPS2,IGF1,MAPK8,FABP,FABP5,LEPR,UCP3,APOF,and FASN)were associated with fat deposition.Conclusions:RAD9A,TCAP,SMYD1,PFKM,GPS2,and APOF were the key genes in the four modules based on the degree of gene connectivity.Combining these results with those from differential gene analysis,SMYD1 and PFKM were proposed as strong candidate genes for body size traits.This study explored the key genes that regulate porcine fat deposition and lays the foundation for further research into the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying porcine fat deposition.     

Is It Right for Chinese Government to Privatize Some Small State-owned Enterprises——A Game Theory Perspective

In this essay,I address the problem of inefficiency in the state-owned enterprises in China.The main question,arising from thisproblem,is that what government should do to make the enterprises more efficient and that whether the privatization is a good way to solve theproblem.My central thesis is that selling the small size enterprises to the managers is the best way to raise the efficiency and increase the total welfare,compared with its alternatives.I start from some basic assumptions and use game theory analysis to conclude that it is right for Chinese government toprivatize the state-owned enterprises.     

Lovastatin as a supplement to mitigate rumen methanogenesis:an overview

Methane from enteric fermentation is the gas with the greatest environmental impact emitted by ruminants.Lovastatin(Lv)addition to feedstocks could be a strategy to mitigate rumen methane emissions via decreasing the population of methanogenic archaea(MA).Thus,this paper provides the first overview of the effects of Lv supplementation,focusing on the inhibition of methane production,rumen microbiota,and ruminal fermentation.Results indicated that Lv treatment had a strong anti-methanogenic effect on pure strains of MA.However,there are uncertainties from in vitro rumen fermentation trials with complex substrates and rumen inoculum.Solid-state fermentation(SSF)has emerged as a cost-effective option to produce Lv.In this way,SSF of agricultural residues as an Lv-carrier supplement in sheep and goats demonstrated a consistent decrease in ruminal methane emissions.The experimental evidence for in vitro conditions showed that Lv did not affect the volatile fatty acids(VFA).However,in vivo experiments demonstrated that the production of VFA was decreased.Lv did not negatively affect the digestibility of dry matter during in vitro and in vivo methods,and there is even evidence that it can induce an increase in digestibility.Regarding the rumen microbiota,populations of MA were reduced,and no differences were detected in alpha and beta diversity associated with Lv treatment.However,some changes in the relative abundance of the microbiota were induced.Further studies are recommended on:(i)Lv biodegradation products and stability,as well as its adsorption onto the solid matter in the rumen,to gain more insight on the“available”or effective Lv concentration;and(ii)to determine whether the effect of Lv on ruminal fermentation also depends on the feed composition and different ruminants.     

Is China going through an Organic Revolution

The transformation China has being through during the last decades is the probe that companies must adjust their market strategy inorder to succeed in China.The present article gives an approach of the evolution and performance of the organic sector in China.According to thestatistics and an additional SWOT and strategies analysis of the market,the increasing international demand,growth in organic production and theexpansion of the internal market for organic products indicate that the sector has potential to develop further in the future,only if companies knowhow to adapt to the market and follow the right strategies.     

Effects of Combined Ecological Restoration on the Microbial Diversity in Watercourse

The ecological river construction is one of most important measures to restore the damaged river,and the focus on river ecological restoration in and abroad.Here we had combined ecological restoration and monitored the microbial diversity for a very long period of time in watercourse。We report that combined ecological could obviously improved the microbial diversity in river,especially the zooplankton and phytoplankton.which had been significantly improved for the types and amounts of microbes after the project implementation,and the microbial diversity had close relation with the TN,TP,COD etc.The researches on these problems enriched the system technology,and offered project construction powerful technical supports.     

An econometric model for Chinese tourism flow to Costa Rica

The present study focuses on Chinese tourism due to its fast growing relevance within the worldwide market and the potential benefits Costa Rica could achieve. This paper employs an econometric model of tourist demand in a developed tourist market like the Costa Rican market which aims to improve its’tourist product. The model is estimated using the method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), employing data for the period 1980-2011, and using the econometric package of STATA.     

Amylopectin structure and crystallinity explains variation in digestion kinetics of starches across botanic sources in an in vitro pig model

Background: Starch is the main source of energy in commonly used pig diets.Besides effects related to the extent of starch digestion,also several effects related to variation in digestion rate have recently been demonstrated in non-ruminants.Different rates of starch digestion in animals and in in vitro models have been reported,depending on the botanic origin of starch.Starches from different botanic sources differ widely in structural and molecular properties.Predicting the effect of starch properties on in vitro digestion kinetics based on existing literature is hampered by incomplete characterization of the starches,or by a selective choice of starches from a limited number of botanic sources.This research aimed to analyse the relationships between starch properties and in vitro digestion kinetics of pure starches isolated from a broad range of botanic origins,which are used in non-ruminant diets or have a potential to be used in the future.Therefore we studied starch digestion kinetics of potato,pea,corn,rice,barley,and wheat starches,and analysed the granule diameter,number of pores,type and amount of crystalline structure,amylose content and amylopectin side-chain length of all starches.Results: Multivariate analysis revealed strong correlations among starch properties,leading us to conclude that effects of most starch characteristics are strongly interrelated.Across all analysed botanic sources,crystalline type and amylopectin chain length showed the strongest correlation with in vitro digestion kinetics.Increased percentages of A–type crystalline structure and amylopectin side chains of DP 6–24 both increased the rate of digestion.In addition,within,but not across,(clusters of) botanic sources,a decrease in amylose content and increase in number of pores correlated positively with digestion kinetics.Conclusion: The type of crystalline structure and amylopectin chain length distribution of starch correlate significantly with digestion kinetics of starches across botanic sources in an in vitro pig model.Variation in digestion kinetics across botanic sources is not additively explained by other starch properties measured,but appears to be confined within botanical sources.     

Effects of dietary tryptophan and stocking density on the performance,meat quality,and metabolic status of broilers

Background:Highly automated cage-rearing systems are becoming increasingly popular in China.However,a high stocking density can cause oxidative stress and decrease broiler performance.The tryptophan(TRP) derivative5-hydroxytryptophan(5-HT) has been shown to preserve membrane fluidity in birds suffering from oxidative stress.Therefore,this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary TRP supplementation on performance,breast meat quality and oxidative stress in broilers reared in cages with a high or low stocking density.Methods:Female Arbor Acres broilers(25-d-old,n=144) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments.The birds were fed a diet based on corn,soybean meal,cottonseed meal and corn gluten meal containing either 0.18 or 0.27%TRP and were housed with stocking densities of 11 or 15.4 birds/m2 in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment.Broiler performance was evaluated from d 25 to 42.Eight birds from each treatment were slaughtered on d 42 and plasma and breast muscle samples were collected to measure biochemical indices.Results:A higher stocking density tended to be associated with reduced weight gain(P0.10),and significantly increased plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activity(P0.001).Increased dietary TRP significantly reduced the activities of lactic dehydrogenase and GPT while increasing total cholesterol in the plasma(P0.01),reducing drip loss of breast muscle(P0.10) and improving feed efficiency(P0.10).Conclusions:An increase in dietary TRP,1.5-fold higher than the standard supplementation level,can alleviate oxidative stress as well as improve welfare and feed efficiency in broilers reared in cages with a high stocking density.     

Current status and future perspectives for sequencing livestock genomes

Only in recent years, the draft sequences for several agricultural animals have been assembled. Assembling an individual animal’s entire genome sequence or specific region(s) of interest is increasingly important for agricultural researchers to perform genetic comparisons between animals with different performance. We review the current status for several sequenced agricultural species and suggest that next generation sequencing (NGS) technology with decreased sequencing cost and increased speed of sequencing can benefit agricultural researchers. By taking advantage of advanced NGS technologies, genes and chromosomal regions that are more labile to the influence of environmental factors could be pinpointed. A more long term goal would be addressing the question of how animals respond at the molecular and cellular levels to different environmental models (e.g. nutrition). Upon revealing important genes and gene-environment interactions, the rate of genetic improvement can also be accelerated. It is clear that NGS technologies will be able to assist animal scientists to efficiently raise animals and to better prevent infectious diseases so that overall costs of animal production can be decreased.     

浅议当前我国肉羊业存在的主要问题

This paper briefly comments on the developments of current sheep farming in China, and points out some existent problems. With the rapid development in sheep farming, the mean possession of mutton varies from 1.70kg to 2.50kg between 1995 and 2003. However, there exist some serious problems such as coarse breeding, little proportion of lamb, poor quality of the mutton, blindness of sheep breeding, weak market information and so on.     

Poultry gut health-microbiome functions,environmental impacts,microbiome engineering and advancements in characterization technologies

The gastrointestinal tract(GIT)health impacts animal productivity.The poultry microbiome has functions which range from protection against pathogens and nutrients production,to host immune system maturation.Fluctuations in the microbiome have also been linked to prevailing environmental conditions.Healthy poultry birds possess a natural resistance to infection.However,the exploration of environmental impacts and other relevant factors on poultry growth and health have been underplayed.Since good performance and growth rate are central to animal production,the host-microbiome relationship remains integral.Prior to the emergence of metagenomic techniques,conventional methods for poultry microbiome studies were used and were low-throughput and associated with insufficient genomic data and high cost of sequencing.Fortunately,the advent of high-throughput sequencing platforms have circumvented some of these shortfalls and paved the way for increased studies on the poultry gut microbiome diversity and functions.Here,we give an up-to-date review on the impact of varied environments on microbiome profile,as well as microbiome engineering and microbiome technology advancements.It is hoped that this paper will provide invaluable information that could guide and inspire further studies on the lingering pertinent questions about the poultry microbiome.