饲料油菜FTMR的羔羊强度育肥效果研究

为研究饲料油菜发酵全混合日粮(FTMR)的羔羊强度育肥效果,本试验选取2.5月龄的湖羊40只,随机分为2组,每组20只,公母各半。试验组饲喂以油菜为主原料配制的FTMR日粮,对照组饲喂以青贮玉米为主原料配制的TMR日粮。预试期15d后称初试体重,正式期90d,每15d称重,记录采食量,计算平均日增重。结果表明:湖羊母羊采食量、体重和日增重在两种日粮间无显著差异(P>0.05);而试验组公羊采食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),75d后体重和日增重都显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。根据日增重、采食量、饲料成本、活羊价格计算育肥收益,油菜FTMR日粮育肥湖羊公羊和母羊的收益都高于对照组。因此,饲料油菜FTMR日粮用于羔羊强度育肥效果较好。     

不同营养水平全混合日粮对兰州地区湖羊羔羊育肥效果的影响

为研究不同营养水平全混合日粮对兰州地区断奶湖羊羔羊育肥效果的影响,选取100只体况良好、体重相近(15.74 kg±1.96 kg)、70日龄左右的断奶湖羊羔羊,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,分为5组,研究不同营养水平(1.0倍、1.2倍及1.5倍中国肉羊饲养标准)全混合日粮(TMR)对羔羊育肥效果的影响。结果表明:试验全期,1.2倍中国肉羊饲养标准全混合日粮组试验羊只平均日增重高于对照组,且组间差异显著(P0.05);3个饲喂全混合日粮组羊平均采食量均高于非全混合日粮组羊。结合采食量及料重比综合考量,1.2倍中国肉羊饲养标准组为最适宜的TMR配方组。     

全混合颗粒日粮对杜蒙羔羊增重效果的影响

为验证全混合颗粒日粮在杜蒙羔羊育肥中的效果,按照性别一致、体重接近的原则,将杜蒙羔羊分为6组,其中公羔2组,母羔4组,每组约为50只,共计292只试验羔羊,开展育肥试验。结果表明:试验前期、试验后期、试验全期公羔组平均日增重均极显著高于母羔组(P0.01),日均采食量差异不显著(P0.05),公羔组间和母羔组间平均日增重及日均采食量差异均不显著(P0.05)。试验表明,采用全混合颗粒饲料育肥杜蒙羔羊,可以缩短羔羊的育肥周期,增加羔羊的采食量、提高养殖户的收益。     

苜蓿干草长度对育肥湖羊生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响

文章旨在探讨苜蓿干草切割长度对湖羊增重性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选择60只体重和日龄相近的断奶湖羊,随机分为4组,对照组日粮中的苜蓿干草为自然长度,其余3组分别饲喂切割长度为5、15和25 mm的苜蓿干草,预饲期为10 d,正试期为90 d,在饲喂试验结束前的最后10 d开展消化试验。试验结果表明,苜蓿干草切割长度对育肥羔羊的干物质采食量具有显著影响,育肥羔羊的干物质采食量随苜蓿干草切割长度的增加而降低。苜蓿干草切割长度对育肥羔羊的平均日增重具有显著影响,以苜蓿切割长度为15 mm具有最大日增重。育肥羔羊的营养物质表观率受苜蓿干草长度的影响显著,日粮营养物质的表观消化率随苜蓿干草切割长度的增加而增加。因此,在育肥羔羊饲料配制过程中,应考虑苜蓿干草的切割长度,本试验中以苜蓿干草切割长度为15 mm具有最佳生长性能。     

三阶段全混合颗粒日粮对湖羊羔羊生产性能及瘤胃液指标的影响

为研究3阶段全混合颗粒日粮对湖羊羔羊生产性能及瘤胃液指标的影响,试验采用12窝同周内出生的健康羔羊24只,随机分为2组,每组12只,以精料型开口料和TMR为对照。结果表明：全混合颗粒型与精料型开口料对羔羊断奶体重和哺乳期日增重效果一样,45 d平均断奶体重11 kg以上|全混合颗粒日粮比TMR,46 ～ 120 d日增重及120 d体重分别高60.71%和6.46 kg,121 ～ 180 d日增重及180 d体重分别高38.62%和10.82 kg,均差异显著（P < 0.05）|全混合颗粒日粮组羔羊断奶应激很小,试验组180 d出栏毛利润较对照组提高60.77%。2种日粮120 d湖羊羔羊瘤胃液各检测指标没有显著差异（P > 0.05）。 [关键词] 湖羊羔羊|全混合颗粒日粮|TMR|日增重|瘤胃液     

不同精粗比全混合颗粒日粮和TMR对湖羊生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同精粗比全混合颗粒日粮和全混合日粮(TMR)对湖羊育肥生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响,探索湖羊全混合颗粒饲料的配制技术和使用效果。结果表明:全混合颗粒饲料育肥体重约30kg湖羊,平均日增重192~201g/d,精粗比5∶5、4∶6、3∶7的全混合颗粒日粮组间平均日增重差异不显著(P﹥0.05),但均高于TMR组,精粗比3∶7的全混合颗粒日粮组日增重(201g/d)著显高于TMR组(158g/d)(P<0.05);湖羊生理生化指标均处于正常范围内。综上,湖羊全混合颗粒日粮适宜精粗比为3∶7。     

发酵草药对哺乳期羔羊生长性能的影响北大核心

试验旨在研究发酵草药精饲料对哺乳期羔羊生长性能及经济效益的影响。选取体重相近、健康新生羔羊50只,随机分为2组,每组25个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组羔羊饲喂基础饲粮;试验组在基础饲粮中添加5%发酵草药。试验期62 d。结果表明,试验组羔羊末重、总增重、平均日增重均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组羔羊精料总采食量、花生秧总采食量、全混合日粮(TMR)总采食量均高于对照组,且羔羊平均日采食量整体呈上升的趋势;试验组羔羊TMR/增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),精料/增重、花生秧/增重、料重比与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组总投入和增重收入均高于对照组。试验组每只羔羊较对照组的利润增加了354.9元。研究表明,羔羊哺乳期添加5%发酵草药,可明显提高羔羊哺乳期增重与经济效益。     

裹包青贮燕麦和苜蓿饲喂肉羊育肥效果试验研究

设置青贮燕麦与青贮苜蓿的质量比分别为1∶0(A组)、7∶3(B组)、1∶1(C组)、3∶7(D组)、0∶1(E组)的5组混合饲草,研究不同比例的混合饲草对羔羊育肥效果的影响,筛选适宜的饲草搭配比例。结果:青贮燕麦与青贮苜蓿混合饲喂育肥羔羊,均有较好的育肥效果,羔羊的采食量显著增加,但综合采食量、增重和经济效益等指标,认为D组是青贮燕麦与青贮苜蓿混合饲草组合中的最佳组合,只均日增重0.184 kg,经济效益159.08元,较饲喂裹包青贮燕麦A组的0.123 kg、53.68元分别增加49.59%、105.4元,较饲喂裹包青贮苜蓿E组的0.161kg、120.81元分别增加14.29%、38.27元。     

3种日粮条件下15～60日龄羔羊的采食和瘤胃消化代谢

选取公羔羊30只平均分为3组,从15日龄起,第一组喂给代乳、第二组喂给全混合精料、第三组喂给50%混合精料+50%青贮玉米,每隔15d对每组羔羊的采食量以及瘤胃消化代谢情况进行测定。通过试验结果,了解3种日粮条件下15~60日龄羔羊的采食量和瘤胃消化代谢情况。     

全株玉米青贮混合日粮对育肥羔羊胃肠道形态及抗氧化能力的影响

试验旨在研究全株玉米青贮作为唯一粗饲料的混合型日粮对育肥羔羊胃肠道结构和抗氧化指标的影响。选取3～4月龄,健康无病,平均体重为(32.0±1.69)kg的杜寒羊24只,公母各半,按同质原则分为2组,每组12只。对照组饲喂羊草为粗饲料的全混合颗粒日粮(CW),试验组饲喂以全株玉米青贮为粗饲料的全混合日粮(TS)。结果表明,饲喂以全株玉米青贮为唯一粗饲料的全混合日粮组(TS)育肥羔羊瘤胃上皮结构的健康程度和机体抗氧化能力明显优于饲喂颗粒饲料日粮组育肥羔羊(CW),但从绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)这一反映小肠消化吸收情况的指标上看,二者没有明显的差异。     

Identification of bacteria in total mixed ration silage produced with and without crop silage as an ingredient

As a forage source for total mixed ration (TMR) silage production, locally produced crop silage is now used in addition to imported hay. This type of TMR ensiling is regarded as a two‐step fermentation process; hence, a survey was carried out to determine whether the bacteria in crop silage affect the subsequent TMR ensiling. Fermentation product contents and bacterial community were determined for TMR silage and its ingredient silages collected in August, October and November. August product contained corn, sorghum and Italian ryegrass silages, October product had wheat silage exclusively and November product did not include any crop silages. Acetic acid, lactic acid, 2,3‐butanediol and ethanol were predominant fermentation products in corn, sorghum, Italian ryegrass and wheat silages, respectively. Robust lactic acid fermentation was seen in TMR silage, even if acetate‐type and alcohol‐type silages were mixed as ingredients. The finding that bacterial community of the TMR silage appeared unrelated to those of ingredient silage supported this. Silages of various fermentation types can therefore be formulated without interfering with lactate‐type fermentation in TMR silage.     

Fermentation characteristics and microorganism composition of total mixed ration silage with local food by‐products in different seasons

Total mixed ration (TMR) silage in different seasons was prepared with apple refuse, orchardgrass hay, orchardgrass silage, corn silage and a commercial compound feed in Tohoku, Japan, and with tofu cake, brewers' grains, tall fescue hay, Sudangrass hay, timothy hay, alfalfa hay and a commercial compound feed in Shikoku, Japan, respectively, and their fermentation quality and microorganism composition were evaluated. In Tohoku, the TMR silage in spring, autumn and winter displayed poor quality, with pH value above 4.7, and the harmful microorganisms such as escherichia, yeasts and molds were detected even after 60 days of ensiling; but the TMR silage in summer was well preserved and the escherichia were too few to count after 7 days of ensiling. In Shikoku, the TMR silage in all seasons was well preserved, with low pH, high lactic acid contents, and escherichia, yeasts and molds were consistently at or below the detectable numbers after 7 days of ensiling. The results showed that the TMR silage could not produce sufficient lactic acid to improve silage quality under low‐temperature conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop preparation techniques of promoting the lactic acid fermentation for TMR silage in cold seasons.     

生产层不同测定方法对青贮饲料中NDF和ADF含量的影响

为探讨滤器和不同测定方法对青贮饲料中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的影响,本试验选取内蒙古地区常见的8种青贮饲料为供试材料,选用ANKOM滤袋、CAU滤袋和P2型玻璃坩埚为热抽滤装置,以传统的范氏法为对照,分别对青贮饲料NDF的测定进行耐高温α 淀粉酶处理, ADF的测定采用连续洗涤法。结果表明,8种青贮饲料的NDF和ADF含量,经ANKOM滤袋和CAU滤袋所测结果均无显著差异;通过P2型玻璃坩埚测定的NDF值普遍高于其他2种滤器测得结果,尤其以TMR青贮饲料最为显著;经P2型玻璃坩埚测得全株玉米（Zea mays）青贮和TMR青贮饲料的ADF含量显著（P＜0.05）高于其他2种滤器的测得结果;与对照相比,通过在中性洗涤剂中添加耐高温α 淀粉酶,全株玉米青贮饲料和TMR青贮饲料NDF值显著下降,其他青贮饲料NDF值无显著（P>0.05）变化;连续洗涤法对苜蓿(Medicago stiva)青贮饲料和尖叶胡枝子(Lespedeza hedysaroides)青贮饲料的ADF产生显著（P＜0.05）影响,对其他青贮饲料ADF无影响。     

Milk production,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in lactating cows fed total mixed ration silages containing steam‐flaked brown rice as substitute for steam‐flaked corn,and wet food by‐products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting brown rice grain for corn grain in total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing food by‐products on the milk production, whole‐tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 30.9% steam‐flaked corn (corn TMR) or 30.9% steam‐flaked brown rice (rice TMR) with wet soybean curd residue and wet soy sauce cake. Dietary treatment did not affect the dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions in dairy cows. The dry matter and starch digestibility were higher, and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR. The urinary nitrogen (N) excretion as a proportion of the N intake was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR with no dietary effect on N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. These results indicated that the replacement of corn with brown rice in TMR silage relatively reduced urinary N loss without adverse effects on feed intake and milk production, when food by‐products such as soybean curd residue were included in the TMR silage as dietary crude protein sources.     

Feeding value of total mixed ration silage with spent mushroom substrate

Six wethers were used in a digestibility experiment arranged as replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages that were made from ensiling of TMR containing 0, 6.5 and 13.0% (dry matter basis) of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) for 45 days (treatments denoted as CSMS, LSMS and HSMS, respectively). The amount of SMS replaced the same amount of timothy hay in the respective TMR. All TMR were well preserved as indicated by their low pH, low ammonia‐N and high lactic acid contents. Increasing levels of SMS in the TMR silage quadratically reduced (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility with the exception of ether extract. The difference of total digestible nutrients and digestible energy contents between LSMS and CSMS TMR silage were less than those between LSMS and HSMS. Increasing concentration of SMS in the ration tended to decrease content of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid but increased the ratio of acetate to propionate and pH. The study suggests that a SMS level of 6.5% in the diet DM can be recommended for silage based TMR.     

北京地区规模化牛场玉米青贮和TMR颗粒度评价及常规营养成分研究

针对我国粗饲料资源较差以及广泛存在的青贮铡切较长等现实问题,本研究旨在为制定适合于中国饲料资源条件的青贮以及不同生长和泌乳阶段奶牛的TMR分级标准提供基础数据。本试验对北京地区规模化奶牛场的玉米青贮和TMR样品进行颗粒度筛分和常规营养成分测定,并与美国宾州颗粒度分级筛（PSPS）的TMR颗粒度和日粮NDF推荐值进行比较。通过比对发现我国玉米青贮的饲料颗粒度普遍偏大,第一层筛网上的饲料比例远超过宾州筛3%～5%的推荐值。新产牛和高产牛TMR样品位于第一层筛网上的饲料比例绝大多数超过了8%,第二层筛网上的饲料比例比美国推荐值要低15%～25%,这可能是由于粗饲料（青贮和干草）颗粒度过长造成的。高产牛和新产牛日粮NDF含量处于35%～42%,基本上在美国宾州筛推荐的中低产奶牛日粮的NDF范围,这与我国的粗饲料资源有限、质量不高、粗饲料铡切长度有关。因而,我国牧场不能照搬美国宾州筛的TMR分级标准,而应根据我国粗饲料的国情,制订适合于中国饲料资源条件的青贮与不同生长和泌乳阶段奶牛的TMR分级标准。     

普通与发酵全混合日粮的好气安定性比较

本试验旨在比较普通与发酵全混合日粮(TMR)的好气安定性的优劣。选用3～6种不同材料与啤酒糟调制成的4种TMR、含50%的啤酒糟和豆腐渣与其他材料调制的2种TMR、啤酒糟和豆腐渣的单独贮存及与其他材料调制的TMR等进行了3个试验,对普通TMR(贮存0 d)与发酵TMR(贮存14和56 d)的好气安定性进行了比较。结果显示:发酵TMR的好气安定性高于普通TMR,而且贮存时间长(56 d)的发酵TMR的好气安定性高于贮存时间短(14 d)的发酵TMR。提示发酵TMR的好气安定性较好,尤其发酵56 d以上的发酵TMR,开封后不易变坏,为实际生产中解决TMR变败问题提供了依据。     

Effect of citrus pulp silage feeding on concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma and milk of dairy cows

Citrus pulp is known to contain a functional molecule of beta‐cryptoxanthin which is one of the carotenoids showing anti‐oxidative capacity. Influences of citrus pulp silage feeding to dairy cows on beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration in plasma, other blood properties and milking performances were investigated. Four Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing citrus pulp silage 20% dry matter (DM) for 2 weeks with free access to the TMR. Dry mater intake, milk production and milk components 2 weeks later were not altered compared with those of the control group without citrus pulp silage. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase and gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase in plasma were not affected by feeding of citrus pulp silage. Concentrations of protein, albumin, sulfhydryl residue, ascorbic acid, thio‐barbituric acid reactive substance and urea nitrogen in plasma were also not altered by citrus pulp silage feeding. Concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma was increased approximately 20‐fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Content of beta‐cryptxanthin in pooled milk fat fraction was also increased approximately three times compared with that of the control group. Feeding of TMR containing citrus pulp silage 15% DM for 30 days to eight dairy cows also increased plasma beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration 30‐fold compared with that before feeding.     

Fermentation quality and nutritive value of a total mixed ration silage containing coffee grounds at ten or twenty percent of dry matter

Six wethers were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square to study the fermentation quality and nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages that included wet coffee grounds (WCG). The TMR were prepared using a commercial compound feed, timothy hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, and a vitamin-mineral supplement in a ratio of 36.5:30:20:12:1.5, respectively, on a DM basis, with timothy hay and alfalfa hay being replaced by WCG at 0, 10, or 20%. All TMR silages, irrespective of WCG addition, were well preserved, with a low pH and ammonia-N content and a high lactic acid content. Intakes by wethers of TMR silages containing 0 and 10% WCG were 96.6 and 94.8 g/kg of BW(0.75), and did not differ (P > 0.05). Intake of TMR silage containing 20% WCG was 76.8 g/kg of BW(0.75), which was equal to 80% of that of the TMR silage with no WCG (quadratic: P < 0.01). Increasing concentrations of WCG in the rations decreased the digestibility of DM, CP, ADF, NDF, and energy, and increased that of ether extract (P < 0.05). The TDN and DE contents of the TMR silages with 0 and 10% WCG were similar, but the TMR silage with 20% WCG was lower (P < 0.05). With progressive increases in WCG concentrations, N intake did not differ, but fecal and urinary N increased linearly (P < 0.001), and retained N decreased linearly (P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that the proportion of WCG to be incorporated into TMR silages should not exceed 10% of the DM.     

Effects of adding food by‐products mainly including noodle waste to total mixed ration silage on fermentation quality,feed intake,digestibility, nitrogen utilization and ruminal fermentation in wethers

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the applicability of two types of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products. Four food by‐products (i.e., potato waste, soy sauce cake, soybean curd residue and noodle waste) were obtained and mixed with commercial concentrate (CC) as TMR silage. The two types of TMR silage, T1 and T2, each contained CC, in addition to all by‐products for T1 (TRE1), and soy sauce cake and noodle waste for T2 (TRE2) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The silage was well‐fermented with low pH values and high lactic acid concentration. As the experimental treatments, T1, T2 and CC (CTL) were fed with a basal diet. The result showed that the digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) were higher for T1 than for CC (P < 0.05), while crude protein digestibility was not significantly different among T1, T2 and CC. The retained nitrogen was not affected by inclusion of food by‐products. Ruminal pH in TRE1 and TRE2 immediately decreased compared to that in CTL. The study suggested that the two types of TMR silage, including food by‐products, might be used as a substitute for commercial concentrate.