饲料中橄榄油代替鱼油对罗非鱼生长发育的影响

本试验以罗非鱼为研究对象,用橄榄油替代饲料中的鱼油饲喂罗非鱼8周,研究饲料中不同比例橄榄油替代鱼油对罗非鱼生长、形态和脂肪酸营养成分的影响。饲料配方中橄榄油替代鱼油的比例分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%。结果表明：饲料中添加橄榄油替代鱼油的比例为60%时,罗非鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,罗非鱼的蛋白利用效率显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。而100%替代比例组饵料系数显著高于其他试验组（P＜0.05）。罗非鱼的肝脏比、脏体比、水分、粗蛋白质和粗灰分与饲料中橄榄油替代鱼油的水平没有显著影响（P＞0.05）,饲料中橄榄油替代鱼油水平为80%,罗非鱼的肝胰脏脂肪含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,而替代水平为60%组的罗非鱼肝胰脏脂肪含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。罗非鱼脂肪酸营养成分分析可反映饲料配方中脂肪酸组成。罗非鱼不饱和脂肪酸含量与饲料中橄榄油替代水平息息相关,随着橄榄油替代比例的升高,其PUFA含量不断增加,尤其是C18：3n-3,C22：5n-3含量显著增加（P＜0.05）。因此,饲料中橄榄油替代不同比例鱼油将会影响罗非鱼生长和体组成,以及脂肪酸含量。饲料中橄榄油替代不同比例鱼油60%替代水平将会促进罗非鱼生长,100%替代水平将会抑制罗非鱼的生长。 [关键词]橄榄油|鱼油|替代比例|罗非鱼     

三种饲用油脂在生长后期肉鸡日粮中应用效果的比较

本试验使用28日龄至49日龄的AA肉鸡作试验动物,比较棕榈油、鱼油和牛油的饲喂效果,油脂在日粮配方中的比例为3％,结果表明:三组的增重分别为888±92克、877±90克和640±110克,鱼油和棕搁油组试验鸡的增重显著高于牛油组(P<0.01),但鱼油和棕榈油组之间差异不明显。鱼油组试验鸡的饲料转化率最高,其次是棕榈油组,最差的是牛油组(P<0.05)。牛油组试验鸡的成活率最低。     

菜籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中菜籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成以及脂肪沉积的影响。以菜籽油分别替代0、33.3%、66.7%和100.0%的鱼油,配制4种等氮等脂实用饲料。选择初始体重为(5.89±0.02)g的大菱鲆幼鱼420尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾。每种饲料随机投喂1组试验鱼,养殖周期为92 d。结果表明:1)随菜籽油替代水平的升高,大菱鲆幼鱼的终末体重和特定生长率均有下降的趋势,而肝体比则有升高的趋势,其中全菜籽油组的终末体重和特定生长率显著低于全鱼油组(P0.05),肝体比则显著高于全鱼油组(P0.05)。菜籽油替代水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼的存活率、饲料效率、摄食率和表观净蛋白质利用率(P0.05)。2)菜籽油替代水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼的体成分、肌肉脂肪含量以及饲料脂肪表观消化率(P0.05),但显著影响了大菱鲆幼鱼的肝脏脂肪含量(P0.05)。66.7%菜籽油组和全菜籽油组肝脏脂肪含量显著高于全鱼油组(P0.05)。3)肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系;相对于全鱼油组,66.7%菜籽油组和全菜籽油组肌肉和肝脏中C18∶2n-6(亚油酸)和α-C18∶3n-3(α-亚麻酸)含量显著升高(P0.05),而C20∶5n-3(EPA)和C22∶6n-3(DHA)含量显著下降(P0.05)。综上可知,从营养品质角度考虑,在大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中菜籽油替代鱼油水平应低于66.7%     

饲用微胶囊鱼油粉末添加剂中试研究

1　鱼油对动物的生理功能　　鱼油富含ω－3脂肪酸，其中二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）是鱼油的特征脂肪酸。鱼油可用于添加在饲料和食品中，成为动物和人类ω－3脂肪酸的营养供给源。鱼油用来饲养动物后，其中的EPA和DHA会沉积于肉中和储存于脂肪组织中，这些ω－3脂肪酸提高动物免疫功能与防止疾病的能力。近年来，国外许多学者进行了鱼油喂养动物实验、EPA、DHA在动物体内的营养成分的转化机理，评价鱼油对动物免疫功能和日推荐量等研究。　　各种实验结果表明：鱼油可在畜禽体内产生富集，改变其脂肪酸组成。添加…     

冷水性鱼幼鱼脂肪酸营养生理及其代谢机制

冷水性鱼经济意义的优势在于其营养价值丰富,高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量丰富。本文总结了冷水性鱼在幼鱼阶段脂肪酸营养生理的研究进展,涉及其必需脂肪酸(EFA)的种类和需求量,饲料中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的适宜比例;脂肪酸"质"与"量"对鱼体脂类代谢生理机制的影响,内源性脂肪转化酶——脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)与脂肪酸代谢酶——脂肪酰基去饱和酶(Δ6Fad、Δ5Fad)和脂肪酰基延长酶(Elovl2、Elovl5)等关键酶活性和基因表达的调节;植物油替代鱼油在冷水性鱼幼鱼阶段的应用以及体组织中n-3 PUFA含量降低和改善方法探讨。通过上述总结,以期为冷水性鱼饲料的开发利用提供参考,促进其健康养殖的发展,为人类提供优质的冷水性鱼产品。     

鱼类对饲料脂肪源利用的研究进展

脂肪在鱼类饲料中不但能提供能量，还提供鱼类生长必需的脂肪酸。选择恰当的脂肪源和脂肪水平，能节约蛋白质，降低饲料成本，减少环境污染。受资源限制，最近几年鱼油价格上涨很快，饲料生产者和鱼类营养学者正致力于鱼类对脂肪的营养需求的研究，在不影响鱼类生长的基础上，探讨用其他动物油和植物油部分替代或者完全替代鱼油的可行性。本文综述了这方面最新的研究进展。[第一段]     

豆油部分或全部替代饲料中鱼油对中华条颈龟肠道形态及菌群结构的影响

本试验通过组织学染色及16S rRNA V3~V4区测序研究豆油部分或全部替代饲料中鱼油对中华条颈龟(Mauremys sinensis)肠道形态及菌群结构的影响。选取中华条颈龟雌龟[4龄,平均体重(1 557±307)g]24只,随机分为4组,每组6只。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂含1%鱼油的配合饲料(全鱼油饲料,豆油与鱼油的比例为0∶3),3个试验组分别饲喂用豆油替代全鱼油饲料中33%(Ⅱ组,豆油与鱼油的比例为1∶2)、67%(Ⅲ组,豆油与鱼油的比例为2∶1)和100%(Ⅳ组,豆油与鱼油的比例为3∶0)鱼油的饲料。每周喂食2次,试验期为10个月。结果表明:1)Ⅰ和Ⅲ组十二指肠绒毛长/隐窝深度(VH/CD)显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅳ组(P0.05)。2)根据序列相似性97%水平划分,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组操作分类单元(OTU)总数分别为396、321、347和331个,特有OTU个数分别为43、3、4和5个,分别被鉴定出139、117、128、120个属。十二肠道优势菌门主要包含拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁杆菌门(Firmicutes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)4个门。Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组梭杆菌门和变形菌门所占比例增加,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门所占比例下降,Ⅲ组厚壁杆菌门和拟杆菌门所占比例与Ⅰ组差距最小。细菌Ace指数和香农指数表现为Ⅰ组最高,其次是Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,Ⅱ组最小;细菌辛普森指数表现为Ⅱ组最大,其次是Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,Ⅰ组最小。由此得出,饲喂用豆油替代67%鱼油的饲料的中华条颈龟的肠道细胞发育成熟度以及菌群结构与饲喂全鱼油饲料的中华条颈龟相近。     

棕榈油替代大豆油对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、肌肉营养组成和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究棕榈油替代大豆油对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、肌肉营养组成和血清生化指标的影响。选用平均体重为8.80 g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼600尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾。5组试验鱼分别投喂以棕榈油替代基础饲料中0(对照)、25%、50%、75%、100%大豆油的5种等氮(31.60%)等脂(9.30%)饲料,分别记为G0、G25、G50、G75、G100。试验期为56 d。结果表明:1)棕榈油替代不同比例的大豆油对罗非鱼幼鱼的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和存活率均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与G0组相比,各棕榈油组(G25、G50、G75、G100组)罗非鱼幼鱼的肥满度、脏体比、肝体比以及肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量无显著变化(P0.05);G50组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于G100组(P0.05)。3)棕榈油替代不同比例的大豆油对罗非鱼幼鱼血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和总蛋白含量的影响不显著(P0.05)。与G0组相比,G50、G100组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,G25、G50组血清谷丙转氨酶活性及G50、G75组血清谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05)。由此得出,以生长性能为评价指标,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中的大豆油可全部被棕榈油替代;棕榈油替代大豆油比例超过50%时,显著影响吉富罗非鱼幼鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量、部分血清生化指标。     

富含HUFA海洋微藻在水产饲料中的应用

海洋微藻富含高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA),研究通过比较分析海洋微藻与鱼油脂肪酸的成分,综述海洋微藻替代鱼油的理论基础。试验介绍海洋藻类应用于水产动物饲料中的研究情况,分析海洋微藻应用于水产饲料中存在的问题及解决这些问题的途径,并展望海洋微藻在水产饲料的应用。     

不同植物油对大规格吉富罗非鱼生长性能、组织脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在探究大规格吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)对不同植物油的利用效果,筛选出大规格吉富罗非鱼饲料中合适的植物脂肪源。分别以大豆油(SO)、棕榈油(PO)、棉籽油(CO)、菜籽油(RO)、磷脂油(SL)和大豆油∶棕榈油∶棉籽油∶菜籽油∶磷脂油=1∶1∶1∶1∶1的混合油(MIX)为脂肪源配制6种等氮等脂的试验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(229.92±0.31)g的吉富罗非鱼8周。每种试验饲料投喂4个网箱(重复),每个网箱放养50尾。结果表明:对于增重率和特定生长率,棉籽油组和混合油组显著低于菜籽油组(P0.05)。菜籽油组饲料系数显著低于混合油组(P0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。混合油组蛋白质效率显著低于菜籽油组和磷脂油组(P0.05)。混合油组肝体指数显著高于棕榈油组和菜籽油组(P0.05)。大豆油组、菜籽油组、棕榈油组和磷脂油组在增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数方面没有显著差异(P0.05)。大豆油组和菜籽油组肌肉饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。对于肌肉中n-3系脂肪酸/n-6系脂肪酸,菜籽油组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),棉籽油显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。棉籽油组肝脏饱和脂肪酸总量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),菜籽油组则显著低于其他各组(P0.05);对于肝脏n-3/n-6,菜籽油组显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。各组肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关系数均高于肝脏脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关系数。在饲料脂肪酸组成与肌肉或肝脏脂肪酸组成的相关系数中,均以棕榈油组最大,磷脂油组最小。由此得出,大豆油、棕榈油、菜籽油和磷脂油可以作为大规格吉富罗非鱼(体重为230~790 g)饲料中良好的脂肪源。大规格吉富罗非鱼肌肉中脂肪酸组成一定程度上被饲料脂肪酸组成影响,但肝脏脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关性较小。     

Effect of dietary alternative lipid sources on haematological parameters and serum constituents of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterobranchus longifilis</Emphasis> fingerlings

The worldwide increase in aquaculture production and the decrease of wild fish stocks has made the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeed industry a priority. Therefore, the use of terrestrial animal fats and vegetable oils, which has lower cost and larger supplies, may be good as substitute for FO. This study investigate the effects of total replacement of FO by two terrestrial animal fats (pork lard and poultry fat) and three vegetable oils (palm kernel oil, sheabutter oil and sunflower oil) on haematological and serum biochemical profile of Heterobranchus longifilis over 70 days. FO-diet was used as the control. The haematological parameters were significantly affected by dietary lipid sources. Serum total protein was not influenced by the dietary lipids. However, serum cholesterol was significantly higher in fish fed diet containing sunflower oil. Glucose and activities of liver enzymes in blood serum were significantly reduced in fish fed alternative lipids when compared with the control. These results indicate that FO can be replaced completely with alternative lipids without any serious negative health impacts.     

日粮中添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃指标的影响,试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,选择年龄、胎次、体重相近的安装永久性瘤胃瘘管健康荷斯坦牛3头。试验日粮分别是在基础日粮、基础日粮+200g棕榈油、基础日粮+200g玉米油;结果表明,棕榈油组、玉米油组各时间点pH值均高于对照组,但各组间差异没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。棕榈油组、玉米油组在不同时间点NH3-N浓度都略高于对照组,但差异均没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度变化的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。棕榈油组、玉米油组在各时间点DM的降解率均低于对照组,在24h时棕榈油组、玉米油组与对照组相比分别下降8.8%、14.0%,但差异均没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。棕榈油组、玉米油组和对照组的各时间点NDF、ADF降解率差异均不显著(P0.05)。说明添加棕榈油、玉米油对奶牛瘤胃发酵无显著不良影响。     

Influence of oils on the Taihe Silky Fowl production performances and fatty acids composition of the meat*

Focus on the enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with polyunsaturated fatty acids has increased given their important roles in the human health. The inclusion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially n‐3 fatty acids, n‐3 FA) is achieved by different biological methods. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inclusion of different oils into the feed on the production performances and fatty acids composition of the meat in Taihe Silky Fowl. A total of 80 fowls were selected at 8 weeks and randomly divided into four groups and fed with basal diet, basal diet + 4% fish oil, basal diet + 4% soybean oil and basal diet + 4% palm oil within 3 weeks respectively. The results showed that: the fowls fed with the diet inclusion of 4% fish oil had higher total gain, average daily gain, the second and the third week average daily gain than those in control group (p < 0.05). Also, inclusion of fish oil could improve the content of C22:5 n‐3 and C22:6 n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meat significantly compared with the other three groups (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, C18:3 n‐3 and C18:4 n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were also higher than in the other three groups (p < 0.05 and 0.01). Oils Supplementation could enhance C14:0 and C16:0 (p < 0.05) level, but they did not affect the total saturated fatty acids in the meat. Compared with the control group, fish oil inclusion could lower the C18:2 n‐6 level, higher the C18:3 n‐6, C22:4 n‐6 and C22:5 n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meat (p < 0.05). Moreover, diets supplied with 4% fish oil reduced the total n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids level and enhanced the total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids level in the meat, which resulted in that the ratio of n‐3/n‐6 was improved, and could meet the need of human body.     

Effects of supplemental lauric acid-rich oils in high-grain diet on in vitro rumen fermentation

A series of in vitro studies were performed to evaluate the effects of lauric acid (LA)‐rich oils on rumen fermentation with a high‐grain diet. Soy oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) as long‐chain fatty acid triglycerides, palm kernel oil (PKO), coconut oil (CO), powdered coconut oil (pCO) and coconut oil calcium salt (COCa) as medium‐chain LA‐rich oils were used as tested additives. Rumen fluid from steers fed high‐grain diet was incubated with ground corn with or without oil supplementation (2.0 g/L) for 6 h at 39°C to monitor rumen products. Methane production decreased, while hydrogen production increased on LA‐rich oils except COCa. All the LA‐rich oils increased total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and molar proportion of propionate. Also, amylase activity in culture was higher when these oils were added. The most potent additives, pCO and free LA, were further tested to determine dose–response of rumen fermentation. Powdered coconut oil and LA altered rumen fermentation toward more propionate production by supplementation at 1.2 and 0.3 g/L, respectively. These results suggest that some LA‐rich oils and free LA could be used for improving rumen fermentation under high‐grain diet feeding conditions.     

Variety diversity effect on the chemical composition and dry matter degradation characteristics of residue and by-products of oil palm fruits

The materials palm press fibre (PPF), palm calyx (PCL) and palm oil sludge (POS) obtained from three varieties of oil palm: dura, oleifera and tenera were investigated for the effect of variety on their nutritive value. Analysis of proximate composition, cell wall fractions, some mineral concentration as well as in‐situ dry matter degradation in the rumen of steers were carried out. Significant effects of materials (i.e. PPF, PCL and POS) as well as variety (i.e. dura, oleifera and tenera) were noticed in all the parameters studied except sodium (Na) and organic matter (OM) components. Crude protein (CP) values in all the varieties were lowest in PCL (3.15–5.48%) and highest in POS (9.02–10.02%), while crude fibre (CF) values were highest in PCL (33.00–46.19%) and lowest in POS (3.15–5.48%). The upper and lower values respectively for CP and CF in the materials were in most cases for the tenera variety. The cell wall fractions (NDF, ADF, Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) were all higher in PCL and lowest in POS. In the three varieties, POS had highest concentration of Mg (0.117–0.231 g/100 g), K (1.21–2.33 g/100 g) and Cu (75.07–87.34 mg/kg) but lowest content of Ca (0.016–0.089 g/100 g) while PPF had lowest concentration of Mg (0.031–0.039 g/100 g) and Cu (20.96–22.28 mg/kg). Iron (Fe, mg/kg) values were generally high, but highest in PCL (2015.41–4042.16). Dry matter degradability and effective degradability values were best in POS irrespective of the variety and least in PCL. Among the three varieties, dry matter degradation characteristics of tenera were the best and oleifera the least. Generally the residue and by‐products irrespective of the variety of oil palm they are obtained from can be ranked for their nutritive value as POS > PPF > PCL, while nutritive ranking based on variety is tenera > dura > oleifera. Conclusively, POS and PPF from any variety of oil palm could be adopted directly as feed resources for ruminant livestock, while PCL will require hydrolytic nutritive value enhancement treatment. Ruminant livestock will however be at an advantage if materials from tenera variety are fed.     

Effects of dietary inclusion levels of palm oil on growth performance,antioxidative status and serum cytokines of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary palm oil inclusion levels on growth performance, serum antioxidative status and cytokines in Sanhuang broiler chickens. A total of 208 one‐day‐old female Sanhuang chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with four replicates per group and of 13 birds each for a 42‐day feeding trial. Dietary treatments were basal diet without palm oil (control) and diets containing 2%, 4% or 6% palm oil. During days 22 to 42 and the overall experimental period, chickens fed diets supplemented with 4% and 6% palm oil had a lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.019) and feed to gain ratio (F/G) (p = 0.031). Average daily gain (ADG) tended to be higher (p = 0.089) for palm oil inclusion treatments compared with the control treatment from days 1 to 42. Dietary 2% and 4% palm oil treatments significantly lowed serum malondialdehyde concentration on day 21 when compared to the control and 6% palm oil treatments (p = 0.027). Dietary 6% palm oil treatment significantly reduced the catalase (CAT) activity (p = 0.018) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) (p = 0.027) in serum in comparison with the control treatment on day 21. No significant differences were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities in serum among dietary treatments on day 21. There were no significant differences in T‐AOC, CAT, SOD and GSH‐Px activities among dietary treatments on day 42. Dietary inclusion of 4% and 6% palm oil significantly increased (p = 0.01) serum interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) content, but improved transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) content in serum on both days 21 and 42 (p = 0.032 and 0.022 respectively) as well as IL‐10 content on day 42 (p = 0.022) when compared with the control treatment. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 6% palm oil significantly reduced tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) content on days 21 and 42 (p = 0.021 and 0.001 respectively) compared with the control treatment. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of 4% and 6% palm oil could improve the growth performance, modulate the balance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, and show limited effect on antioxidative status in Sanhuang broiler chickens.     

亚麻油和棕榈油对绒山羊屠宰性能、组织器官生长发育和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在探究亚麻油和棕榈油对绒山羊屠宰性能、组织器官生长发育和肉品质的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取60只体重[(18.60±1.61) kg]相近、健康的(120±10)日龄内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羯羊,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只羊。亚麻油组(LNO组)、棕榈油组(PMO组)和混合油组(BLP组)分别在基础饲粮中添加等量的亚麻油、棕榈油和混合油(亚麻油∶棕榈油=2∶1)。预试期15 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:BLP组的宰前活重显著低于PMO组和LNO组(P<0.05),肠系膜脂相对重量显著高于PMO组和LNO组(P <0.05),胴体重显著低于LNO组(P <0.05),大网膜脂相对重量有低于PMO组的趋势(P=0.080),皮毛、头和肺脏相对重量显著高于LNO组(P<0.05),十二指肠、回肠、肝脏和胰腺的相对重量显著高于PMO组(P<0.05),肾周脂肪相对重量显著高于PMO组(P<0.05),背最长肌pH_(45 min)、△pH和滴水损失显著低于PMO组和LNO组(P<0.05),背最长肌和臂三头肌中粗脂肪含量有高于LNO组和PMO组的趋势(P=0.095、P=0.096)。由此可见,饲粮中亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加较单独添加降低了绒山羊宰前活重和胴体重,但促进了皮毛、头、肺脏、十二指肠、回肠、肝脏和胰腺等组织器官的生长,增加了肾周脂肪和肠系膜脂的沉积;亚麻油与棕榈油混合添加较单独添加减缓了屠宰后肌肉的酸变进程,降低了肌肉滴水损失,有提高肌肉中粗脂肪含量趋势,有利于改善肉品质。     

Effect of dietary fish oil on fatty acid deposition and expression of cholesterol homeostasis controlling genes in the liver and plasma lipid profile: comparison of two animal models

The objective of the present study was to compare hepatic fatty acid deposition, plasma lipid level and expression of cholesterol homeostasis controlling genes in the liver of rats (Wistar Albino; n = 32) and pigs (Large White × Landrace; n = 32) randomly assigned into two groups of 16 animals each and fed 10 weeks the diet with either 2.5% of fish oil (F; source of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, EPA+DHA) or 2.5% of palm oil (P; high content of saturated fatty acids; control). F‐rats deposited in the liver three times less EPA, but 1.3 times more DHA than F‐pigs (p < 0.05). Dietary fish oil relative to palm oil increased PPARα and SREBP‐2 gene expression much strongly (p < 0.01) in the pig liver in comparison with the rat liver, but expression of Insig‐1 and Hmgcr genes in the liver of the F‐pigs relative to the expression of these genes in the liver of the P‐pigs was substantially lower (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively) as compared to rats. When plasma lipid concentration in the F‐animals was expressed as a ratio of the plasma concentration in the P‐counterparts, dietary fish oil decreased HDL cholesterol less (p < 0.01), but LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols more (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively) in rats than in pigs: more favourable effect of fish oil on rat plasma lipids in comparison with pigs can therefore be concluded. Concentration of total cholesterol and both its fractions in the rat plasma was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with hepatic DHA, but also with unsaturated myristic and palmitic acid respectively. It has been concluded that regarding the similarity of the plasma lipid levels to humans, porcine model can be considered superior; however, using this model, dietary fish oil at the tested amount (2.5%) was not able to improve plasma lipid markers in comparison with saturated palm oil.     

日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响。试验选择平均初始体重（296±32.33）kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的肉牛48头,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头。对照组肉牛饲喂不含油脂的日粮,处理组肉牛分别饲喂含有5%棕榈油、亚麻油和包被脂肪的日粮。在为期10周的饲养试验后测定相关指标。结果：对照组与包被脂肪组干物质、有机物和氮摄入量及干物质、有机物表观消化率显著高于棕榈油和亚麻油组（P＜0.05）,而包被脂肪组与亚麻油组粗脂肪摄入量显著高于对照组和棕榈油组（P＜0.05）。对照组粗脂肪表观消化率较其他组分别显著降低31.94%、32.17%和33.56%（P＜0.05）,而亚麻油组中性洗涤纤维表观消化率较其他组分别显著降低18.61%、17.10%和19.68%（P＜0.05）。包被脂肪组瘤胃不饱和脂肪酸流量较对照组和棕榈油组分别显著提高152.26%和240%（P＜0.05）。对照组与包被脂肪组瘤胃氨氮浓度显著高于棕榈油组和亚麻油组（P＜0.05）。结论：包被脂肪降低了脂肪对瘤胃发酵的影响,其对瘤胃饱和脂肪酸流量的影响与亚麻油相似,但棕榈油降低了瘤胃氨氮浓度,不能有效向瘤胃提供不饱和脂肪酸。 [关键词]油脂原料|肉牛|生长性能|养分消化|瘤胃发酵