The potential role of the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) as a transport host of Toxocara canis

Extract

Hypertrophy of the musculature of the small intestine and diverticulosis of the small intestine have been reported in horses and pigs, and diverticulosis in sheep and man. These two conditions may exist con-currently or independently.     

Carcinoma of the small intestine of sheep in Iceland. A pathological and epizootiological study

This paper deals with an unusually high incidence, i.e. 0.97 % of carcinoma of the small intestine found in Icelandic sheep. The tumours were situated in the jejunum and upper ileum. The macroscopic and microscopic pathology is described and compared with carcinoma of the small intestine of domestic animals and humans.Aetiological factors are discussed and the possibility of exposure to carcinogenic substances, especially nitrosamines in food concentrates, is suggested.Finally these findings are discussed in relation to current ideas on carcinogenesis in the intestines.     

敖汉细毛羊小肠可吸收氨基酸适宜模式的研究

选用9只体况良好,体重35～45 kg的1.5周岁敖汉细毛羊半同胞羯羊,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠末端瘘管进行试验,试验采用随机区组试验设计,3个试验组为在基础日粮条件下的3种十二指肠氨基酸灌注模式,分别为M100、M85+H15和M70+H30,旨在寻找出一种相对平衡的有利于羊毛纤维生长的敖汉细毛羊小肠可吸收氨基酸适宜模式.试验结果显示,改善小肠可吸收氨基酸模式,可明显提高敖汉细毛羊的产毛性能.在本试验条件下,敖汉细毛羊小肠可吸收氨基酸适宜模式接近M70+H30.     

饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对滩羊小肠中小肽和氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对滩羊小肠中小肽和氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达量的影响。选取112只健康、体重相近的滩羊,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复7只羊。标准水平的饲粮能量和蛋白质水平参考《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004),各组试验滩羊分别饲喂不同能量和蛋白质水平饲粮:0.84×标准水平(Ⅰ组)、0.96×标准水平(Ⅱ组)、1.08×标准水平(Ⅲ组)和1.20×标准水平(Ⅳ组)。试验根据羊体重分2个阶段:29~35 kg和36~40 kg。于每个阶段末,每个重复屠宰1只试验羊,取其小肠组织样,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究小肽转运载体1(Pep T1)、y+型氨基酸转运载体1(CAT1)、兴奋性氨基酸转运载体3(EAAT3)mRNA表达量的变化。结果表明:1)在29~35 kg阶段末,小肠中Pep T1 mRNA的表达量随着饲粮能量和蛋白质水平的提高呈先下降再上升的趋势,Ⅱ组显著低于其他3组(P0.05);Ⅳ组小肠中CAT1 mRNA的表达量显著高于其他3组(P0.05);Ⅲ组小肠中EAAT3mRNA的表达量显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。2)在36~40 kg阶段末,Ⅱ组小肠中Pep T1mRNA的表达量显著高于其他3组(P0.05);Ⅱ组小肠中CAT1 mRNA的表达量显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05);小肠中EAAT3 mRNA的表达量随着饲粮能量和蛋白质水平的提高呈上升趋势,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组小肠中EAAT3 mRNA的表达量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮能量和蛋白质水平会影响滩羊小肠中Pep T1、CAT1、EAAT3 mRNA的表达量,使机体对小肽和氨基酸的吸收利用率随之改变,以适应滩羊的生长发育。     

Experimental transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) in the small intestinal epithelial cells of neonatal mice

Using an immunohistochemical method, we attempted to detect the transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) to the enterocytes of the small intestine of neonatal mice by oral exposure with sheep brain affected by scrapie. Five 1-day-old neonatal mice were exposed by oral inoculation to the homogenized brain of a scrapie-affected sheep. In the small intestine of all mice 1 hour after inoculation, immunoreactivity with antinormal prion protein (PrPc) antibody was seen in the cytoplasm of villus enterocytes. This finding suggests transmission of abnormal PrPsc into the cytoplasm of enterocytes. In control mice treated with normal sheep brain, no PrPc signal was seen in enterocytes of the small intestine. Immunopositivity for neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein was seen in the cytoplasm of enterocytes of mice inoculated with scrapie and normal sheep brain. This suggests that the enterocytes of neonatal mice can absorb PrPsc and other macromolecular proteins of the sheep brain affected by scrapie and may be more important than previously thought as a pathway for PrPsc transmission in neonatal animals.     

不同粗精比日粮对绵羊小肠中瘤胃微生物蛋白质利用的影响

用4只装有瘤胃瘘管、十二肠瘘管和回肠瘘管的去势(公母各半)萨福克羊体重平均为(45.5±5.2)kg,在不同粗精比日粮条件下 ,研究瘤胃细菌、纤毛虫体蛋白质在小肠内的利用率。结果表明 :到达十二指肠的瘤胃细菌和纤毛虫的量 ,随日粮中精饲料水平的提高而显著减少(P<0.05)。与此相反 ,过瘤胃饲料蛋白质的量则显著增加(P<0.05)。小肠内的细菌利用率显著受日粮变化的影响 ,而纤毛虫利用率则不易受日粮影响且显著地高于细菌的利用率(P<0.05)。小肠内被吸收的细菌和纤毛虫对微生物氮的贡献率在全试验组中平均为50 %。     

藏山羊和藏绵羊小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的比较研究

为了探讨藏山羊和藏绵羊在低氧环境中小肠黏膜免疫屏障结构的适应特征,本试验采用组织化学方法和图像分析法对4只成年藏山羊和4只成年藏绵羊小肠不同肠段的上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量进行比较研究。结果显示:藏山羊小肠各段杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量均高于藏绵羊(P<0.05),其中藏山羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的上皮内杯状细胞数量分别比藏绵羊多37.87%(P<0.05)、21.43%(P>0.05)和31.68%(P<0.05),藏山羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的肥大细胞数量分别比藏绵羊多85.20%(P<0.05)、50.73%(P<0.05)和22.52%(P>0.05);而藏山羊小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞的数量(36.35±0.98)低于藏绵羊(48.84±2.12)(P<0.05)。结果提示,成年藏山羊的小肠黏膜免疫屏障功能强于藏绵羊;藏绵羊小肠中上皮内淋巴细胞起重要的黏膜防御功能,而在藏山羊小肠中杯状细胞和肥大细胞起重要的黏膜防御功能。     

猪和绵羊组织器官乳酸脱氢酶同工酶酶谱比较

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对猪和绵羊的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胰、小肠７种组织器官及血清的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶酶谱进行比较研究，结果发现：①猪和绵羊各组织器官中ＬＤＨ同工酶共有５种区带，猪的ＬＤＨ３同工酶还可分为两条亚带；②猪和绵羊的肺、肾、小肠、胰、血清中ＬＤＨ区带数相同，其它组织器官各不相同；③猪和绵羊ＬＤＨ１同工酶的泳动速度最快，迁移率分别为５３．６４％、４１．８２％；ＬＤＨ５同工酶的泳动速度最慢，迁     

赖氨酸席夫碱对到达绵羊小肠游离氨基酸和蛋白质流量的影响

选用4只体重在40 kg左右,安装永久性十二指肠瘘管的中国美利奴（新疆型）细毛羊,采用拉丁方设计,分别添加3.42和6.84 g赖氨酸席夫碱（分别含赖氨酸2、4 g）、2.56和5.12 g赖氨酸盐酸盐作为对照（分别含赖氨酸2、4 g）,以研究对进入绵羊小肠游离氨基酸和蛋白质流量的影响。结果表明,在赖氨酸实际添加水平都为4 g/d时,赖氨酸席夫碱使绵羊小肠液中游离Lys、Glu和Tyr的流量分别提高了25.17%、38.35%和33.88%（P<0.05）,对其他游离氨基酸流量的影响不明显。添加赖氨酸席夫碱对到达绵羊小肠的微生物蛋白质流量、过瘤胃蛋白质（瘤胃非降解蛋白）流量没有影响。添加赖氨酸席夫碱可提高到达绵羊小肠的游离赖氨酸量,且与添加量有关。     

大通种牛场绵羊胃肠寄生虫调查

１９９７年１１月对大通种牛场１２只绵羊（真胃、小肠和大肠的寄生虫作了调查,结果：发现线虫１９种,绦虫３种,单体荷虫数为６４８条,其中马氏马歇尔线虫,普通奥斯特线虫、布里亚特奥斯特线虫、吴兴奥斯特线虫、羊毛首线虫为优势虫种,感染率均为１００％。     

Comparison of two worm counting procedures for the enumeration of abomasal and small intestinal nematode parasites of sheep

A comparison was made between two worm counting procedures in sheep. One involved the washing of the abomasa and first 10m of the small intestine using a 250microm aperture sieve. The other the processing of the abomasa and total length of the small intestine using a 38microm aperture sieve. In the former case, the collection of worms and contents from the small intestine was performed by introducing water into the posterior end and then drawing it between finger and thumb, whereas in the latter instance the intestine was cut open before rinsing and washing. The data demonstrated that processing only the first 10m of the small intestine was likely to result in a serious underestimation of the total numbers of worms present. They also showed that cutting open and rinsing of this organ was unnecessary if it had already been washed out by introducing water into it. The proportions of the total numbers of both 5th and late 4th stage worms recovered using a 250microm aperture sieve were generally high. These ranged from 93 to 100% for all 5th stage worms and between 85 and 100% for late 4th stage larvae of worm genera other than Trichostrongylus where 45.8-61.5% of such larvae were recovered. However, only small proportions of early 4th stage larvae (range 7.7-33.3%) were retained by the use of a 250microm aperture sieve regardless of the parasite genus involved. It is suggested that judicious application of these findings may enable considerable time savings to be made when performing worm counts in sheep.     

饲喂半胱胺对绵羊小肠主要消化酶活性的影响

选取健康、体重相近的小尾寒羊公羔48只，随机分为4组，每组分别饲喂添加0、7．5、15和22．5mg／kgBW的半胱胺日粮，研究绵羊日粮中添加不同剂量的半胱胺对小肠内容物淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明：绵羊小肠不同部位（十二指肠、空肠和回肠）淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性不同，空肠淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性显著高于十二指肠和回肠。绵羊日粮中添加不同剂量的半胱胺可影响小肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性，随着日粮半胱胺添加量的增加，绵羊小肠内容物淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随之增高，但半胱胺的添加量达到一定程度时（22．5mg／kgBW），小肠内容物淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性反而降低。因而在绵羊日粮中添加半胱胺时，一定要选择适宜的添加量。     

Tests on Methyridine as an Anthelmintic in Sheep

The results of critical tests on methyridine in naturally parasitized sheep are given. The drug proved to be efficient against most species found in the small intestine. It was less effective against those in the large intestine. Against the abomasal worms, Haemonchus and Ostertagia, activity was generally poor. The drug appeared to show activity against lungworm and to reduce larval development in the faeces after dosing.     

黄连散对小鼠羊肠毒血症病例模型的疗效试验

羊肠毒血症是由D型魏氏梭菌在羊肠道中大量繁殖并产生毒素所引起绵羊的一种急性毒血症。我们用羊肠毒血症是由D型魏氏梭菌接种小白鼠复制本病获得成功,并用课题组研制的黄连解毒汤进行治疗试验,保护率为65％,取得了良好的效果,为今后在临床上治疗羊肠毒血症提供了依据。     

The Early Effects of Clostridium perfringens Type D Epsilon Toxin in Ligated Intestinal Loops of Goats and Sheep

Clostridium perfringens type D produces enterotoxaemia in goats, sheep and other animals. The disease is caused by C. perfringens epsilon toxin and, while enterotoxaemia in goats is usually characterized by enterocolitis, the disease in sheep is characterized by systemic lesions (such as lung and brain oedema) with minor and inconsistent changes observed in the intestine. A possible explanation for these differences is that epsilon toxin is more promptly absorbed by the ovine than by the caprine intestine. In an attempt to clarify this, we examined the early effects of epsilon toxin on caprine and ovine intestine. Intestinal loop assays were performed to analyse the physiological and morphological changes induced by epsilon toxin in the intestine of these species. Fluid accumulation was observed in caprine and ovine ileum and colon treated with epsilon toxin. Ileal loops from goats treated with epsilon toxin retained sodium and water earlier than ovine ileal loops treated with the same toxin. Histological analysis showed morphological alterations in the colon of both species as early as 2 h after the commencement of epsilon toxin treatment; these changes were more marked in goats than in sheep. No morphological changes were observed in the ileum of either species after 4 h incubation with epsilon toxin. These results suggest that epsilon toxin modifies ion and water transport in the small and the large intestine of goats and sheep through different mechanisms.     

Effects of Diets with Different Energy and Protein Levels on mRNA Expression of Glucose Transporters in Tan Sheep

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of the diets with different energy and protein levels on mRNA expression of glucose transporters in the small intestine and muscle of Tan sheep. A total of 112 healthy Tan sheep (half male and half female) with similar initial live weight were randomly divided into four groups with four replicates per group and seven sheep per replicate. According to the Feeding Standard of Meat-producing Sheep and Goats (NY/T 816—2004),each group was fed diet with different levels of energy and protein respectively:0.84×standard level (group Ⅰ),0.96×standard level (group Ⅱ),1.08×standard level (group Ⅲ) and 1.20×standard level (group Ⅳ). The test period were divided into two stages by body weight of sheep (29-35 and 36-40 kg). At the end of each stage,one sheep was slaughtered at each replicate,and small intestine and muscle samples were collected to study mRNA relative expression of SGLT1,GLUT4 and GLUT5 genes by Real-time PCR. The results indicated that:SGLT1 gene mRNA expression levels of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than other groups in small intestine at the end of 29-35 kg stage (P< 0.05);At the end of 36-40 kg stage,the SGLT1 gene mRNA expression levels had no significant difference among the four groups (P> 0.05).In muscle,the SGLT1 gene mRNA expression level increased with the rise of energy and protein levels at both stages ,and that of group Ⅳ were the highest.In small intestine,at the end of 29-35 kg stage,the GLUT4 gene mRNA expression levels had no significant difference among the four groups (P> 0.05);At the end of 36-40 kg stage,the GLUT4 gene mRNA expression level increased with the rise of energy and protein levels,and that of group Ⅳ were significantly higher than the other groups (P< 0.05).In muscle,the GLUT4 gene mRNA expression level were the highest in group Ⅳ at both stages,and significantly higher than group Ⅰ (P< 0.05). The GLUT5 gene mRNA expression did not show any regularity at both stages. In conclusion,diets with different levels of energy and protein could significantly affect the mRNA expression of SGLT1 and GLUT4 genes,and affect absorption of glucose in sheep.     

日粮能量及蛋白质水平对滩羊糖类转运载体mRNA表达的影响

试验旨在研究日粮能量及蛋白质水平对滩羊小肠和肌肉组织中主要糖类转运载体mRNA表达的影响。选取112只健康、体重相近的滩羊（公、母各半）,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复7只羊。参考肉羊饲养标准（NY/T 816-2004）,分别饲喂不同能量及蛋白质水平日粮,即0.84×标准水平（Ⅰ组）、0.96×标准水平（Ⅱ组）、1.08×标准水平（Ⅲ组）和1.20×标准水平（Ⅳ组）。试验分两个阶段（29~35和36~40 kg）,于每个阶段末,每个重复屠宰1只试验羊,取其小肠和肌肉组织样,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究SGLT1、GLUT4、GLUT5基因mRNA的表达量变化。结果显示,在29~35 kg阶段末,Ⅲ组小肠中SGLT1基因mRNA的表达量最高,显著高于其他组（P< 0.05）,在36~40 kg阶段末各组间无显著差异（P> 0.05）,各组肌肉中SGLT1基因mRNA的表达量在两个阶段都随着能量及蛋白质水平的提高而增加,Ⅳ组均最高;在29~35 kg阶段末,各组间小肠中GLUT4基因mRNA表达量无显著差异（P> 0.05）,而在36~40 kg阶段末,GLUT4基因mRNA的表达量随着能量及蛋白质水平的提高而增加,Ⅳ组显著高于其他组（P< 0.05）,在肌肉中,Ⅳ组GLUT4基因mRNA在两个阶段末表达量均最高,均显著高于Ⅰ组（P< 0.05）;在两个试验阶段,GLUT5基因mRNA的表达量无规律性。综上所述,日粮能量及蛋白质水平会影响滩羊小肠和肌肉中SGLT1、GLUT4基因mRNA的表达量,从而影响机体对葡萄糖的消化吸收。     

羊常见消化器官疾病及防控措施

在养羊生产实践中,消化系统疾病是临床上最常见的多发病,若治疗不及时,可导致严重的经济损失。羊的消化系统是机体摄取食物,并经消化、吸收,供应机体营养的器官系统,包括消化管（口腔、咽、食管、前胃、真胃、小肠、大肠和肛门）和消化腺（唾液腺、肝脏、胰腺）两部分。消化管和消化腺的任何部位发生问题,即表现为消化器官疾病。羊常见的消化器官疾病主要有羊口炎、羊口疮、食道梗塞、前胃迟缓、瘤胃积食、瘤胃臌胀、瓣胃阻塞、皱胃炎及胃肠炎、急性实质性肝炎等,应引起养殖场（户）的重视。本文重点介绍羊常见消化器官疾病的预防及治疗措施。     

精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响

选用40只初始体重为(30.21±1.42)kg的9月龄欧拉型藏羊(Oura-type Tibetan sheep,OTTS)(高原型)羯羊,随机分为4组,每组10只,在放牧的基础上每只羊每天分别补饲0、0.1、0.2和0.3 kg精料,预试期15 d,正试期195 d,旨在研究精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响。结果表明:补饲精料显著提高了OTTS的屠宰性能(P<0.05);提高了其头、皮+毛、心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、大肠占体质量的百分比(P>0.05),降低了胃、小肠、胃肠道及其内容物占体质量的百分比(P>0.05);提高了胃内容物占总胃肠道内容物的百分比及大肠内容物占整个肠道内容物的百分比(P>0.05);降低了肠道占体长的倍数;提高了胃的容积(P>0.05)。初步说明,冷季补饲精料可提高OTTS屠宰性能,刺激器官发育,改变胃肠道内容物的分布。本研究为高海拔地区发展藏羊产业、改善藏羊器官发育和调控其胃肠道内容物分布提供理论依据。     

Flow cytometric analysis of colonic and small intestinal mucosal lymphocytes obtained by endoscopic biopsy in the healthy dog

Flow cytometric analysis of the lymphocyte population of the gut could provide useful information on the immune cells present in the gut that would not be easily obtained in tissue sections. However, little is known of the normal lymphocyte population in the canine gut as determined by flow cytometry, which allows for simultaneous staining of multiple cell surface antigens and identification of specific lymphocytic subsets. Therefore, intraepithelial lymphocytes were obtained from biopsies of the healthy canine proximal small intestine and colon taken with an endoscope, and flow cytometric analysis was used to characterize the lymphocyte subsets present. Endoscopic biopsy of the intestine is a minimally invasive technique commonly used for diagnostic purposes. Although CD3+ lymphocytes were the most abundant subset in both colon and small intestine, CD3+/CD8- lymphocytes predominated in the proximal small intestine, whereas CD3+/CD8+ lymphocytes did in the colon. Canine CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes were predominantly CD8alphabeta+ in both small intestine and colon. CD4+ intraepithelial lymphocytes were always much less numerous than CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. As in man, a majority of intraepithelial lymphocytes expressed the T-cell receptor, TCRalphabeta, but TCRgammadelta was expressed by a third of intraepithelial T-cells in the proximal small intestine, and approximately 15% of those in the colon. Very few CD21+ lymphocytes were detected in samples of healthy canine colon and small intestinal intraepithelial cells. We have showed that canine intraepithelial lymphocytes are regionally specialized, and that those from the small intestine are unique in comparison to those of other species such as man and rodents due to the large numbers of CD3+/CD8- intraepithelial lymphocytes. This study provides a baseline for comparison with intraepithelial lymphocytes obtained from canine patients with intestinal disease.