牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的分子克隆和进化分析

对牦牛心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）基因进行了克隆测序，并与GenBank中9个物种相应基因编码区核苷酸序列进行了比对分析，在此基础上采用邻接法、最大简约法和最小进化法构建了牦牛与其它物种间分子系统进化树。结果表明，牦牛H-FABP基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成，外显子1、外显子2、外显子3和外显子4大小分别为73、173、102和54bp，内含子1、内含子2和内含子3大小分别为3460、1892和1495bp。CDS序列全长为402bp，前体氨基酸数为133个。不同物种间在该基因核苷酸序列上有较高的保守性。牦牛与普通牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、人、大鼠、小鼠、鸡、斑马鱼各物种在H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列上同源性大小分别为99．8％、97．8％、97．0％、92．8％、88．8％、83．3％、83．1％、76．4％、68．7％。通过邻接法、最大简约法和最小进化法用H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列构建的物种间分子系统进化树，结果表明，3种方法构建的物种间分子系统进化树基本一致。系统树总体分为两支，斑马鱼为独立的一支，而牦牛与其它物种为另一大分支。牦牛与普通牛、绵羊与山羊先分别聚在一起，然后再聚为一类；后与猪、人依次聚为一类。小鼠和大鼠先聚为一类，再与人和其它物种聚类，然后再与鸡聚为一类。该系统聚类结果与动物学分类一致，表明H-FABP基因适合于构建不同物种间的系统进化树。     

大额牛溶菌酶(LYZ)基因序列测定和进化分析

[目的]为了对大额牛与其他物种间分子系统进化研究以及为大额牛群体遗传资源评价、保护与开发利用提供理论依据.[方法]本研究依据普通牛溶菌酶(lysozyme, LYZ)基因已知序列设计引物,用PCR的方法扩增并测定了大额牛LYZ基因的编码区核苷酸序列(444 bp),并与GenBank 上8个物种相应基因编码区核苷酸序列进行比对分析.[结果]大额牛与普通牛、人、猪、家鼠、沟鼠、猊猴、鸡、斑马鱼各物种在LYZ基因编码区核苷酸序列上同源性大小分别为99.3%、76.6%、 79.4%、81.8%、71.3%、68.2%、58.9%、50.5%,并分别采用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)构建了大额牛与其他物种间分子进化树,并得到了基本一致的拓扑结构.系统发育分析发现大额牛与普通牛首先聚为一类,再与其他物种聚为一类.该系统聚类结果与动物学分类一致,表明LYZ基因适合于构建不同物种间系统进化树.[结论]本研究为进一步探索大额牛与近缘物种间分子进化,阐明大额牛的真正起源奠定一定实验基础.     

牦牛生长分化因子-9基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank中普通牛生长分化因子9(GDF-9)基因序列(AF 307092)设计1对引物,以麦洼牦牛卵母细胞总RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR技术对牦牛GDF-9基因cDNA进行克隆测序和序列分析.结果表明:所克隆的1399 bp片段为预期的牦牛GDF-9基因cDNA序列,包含由2个外显子组成的全编码区和3′-下游部分序列.牦牛GDF-9基因编码区核苷酸序列长度为1362 bp,编码453个氨基酸,与GenBank中报道的普通牛、水牛、绵羊、山羊相应序列一致,而与人和黑猩猩存在差异.和普通牛相比,牦牛GDF-9基因编码区存在1处碱基转换(C→T),导致相应的氨基酸由丙氨酸(A)转换为缬氨酸(V).牦牛与普通牛、水牛、绵羊、山羊、人和黑猩猩的核苷酸同源性分别为99.9%、98.4%、97.0%、96.8%、85.6%和85.1%;氨基酸同源性分别为99.8%、97.1%、95.1%、95.4%、79.4%和79.5%.利用NJ法和MP法以该基因编码区核苷酸序列构建的物种间分子系统进化树结果基本一致,即牦牛与普通牛先聚为一类,再与水牛聚为一类,而后与绵羊和山羊聚为一类,最后与人和黑猩猩聚为一类.该聚类结果与物种间遗传距离大小一致,也与各物种在动物学上的分类相吻合,表明GDF-9基因编码区适用于构建物种间系统进化树.     

BMY牛MSTN基因exon 2克隆及序列分析

[目的]克隆BMY牛MSTN基因外显子2的序列,以期分析其遗传变异.[方法]通过对PCR产物进行克隆,比较哺乳动物MSTN基因外显子2之间的同源性,并构建其系统发育关系.[结果]通过PCR扩增,对PCR产物克隆得到BMY牛MSTN基因exon 2序列为372 bp编码124个氨基酸残基,牛亚科物种间的核苷酸同源性较高,在98.7％～100.0％之间,BMY牛、瘤牛、牦牛与大额牛079-gayal(Bos frontalis)的氨基酸序列一致,而日本和牛在第89位发生了天冬酰胺(Asn)→丝氨酸(Ser)的突变.构建的牛亚科几个物种之间的系统发育关系表明,含有瘤牛血统的BMY牛与瘤牛、牦牛的关系较近,且大额牛079-gayal与瘤牛的关系也近,推测大额牛在其形成历史中曾经受过瘤牛的基因渐渗.牛亚科物种的牦牛、大额牛、日本和牛、瘤牛与BMY牛聚为一支,而与水牛的关系较远.人与黑猩猩、猕猴聚为明显的一支.[结论]BMY牛MSTN基因外显子2长度为372 bp,系统聚类分析表明BMY牛含有瘤牛血统和典型的瘤牛特征.     

德州驴心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)基因的克隆及序列分析

本试验对德州驴心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)基因进行了克隆测序,并与GenBank中11个物种相应基因编码区核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列进行了比对分析,同时通过最小进化法(ME法)、邻接法(NJ法)和非加权组平均法(UPGMA法)对H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列进行了物种间分子系统进化树分析。结果表明,德州驴H-FABP基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成,外显子1、2、3、4大小分别为73、173、1025、7 bp,内含子1、2、3大小分别为3500、1980、1425 bp。CDS序列全长为405 bp,前体氨基酸数为134个;德州驴与马、野猪、人、牛、山羊、牦牛、大鼠、小鼠、红原鸡、绿头鸭、斑马鱼各物种在H-FABP基因编码区核苷酸序列上有较高的保守性,同源性大小分别为96.79%、91.36%、89.14%、88.89%、88.89%、88.64%、84.07%、83.46%、75.80%、74.81%、67.90%;3种方法构建的物种间分子系统进化树基本一致,并且3种分子进化树结果与动物学分类一致,表明H-FABP基因适合于构建不同物种间的系统进化树。     

5个绵羊品种BMP6基因部分片段的多态及序列分析

根据GenBank发表的绵羊骨形态发生蛋白6（Bone morphogenetic protein6,BMP6）基因部分序列所包含的外显子5、6、7和小鼠BMP6基因外显子5、6、7序列设计3对引物,采用PCR-SSCP技术检测BMP6基因外显子5、6和7在小尾寒羊、湖羊、多赛特、特克塞尔、考力代5个绵羊品种301个个体中的单核苷酸多态性。结果发现这3对引物的扩增片段在检测的5个品种中均无多态性,说明所检测的BMP6外显子5、6、7序列比较保守。同时克隆了小尾寒羊（695bp）和济宁青山羊（699bp）部分BMP6mRNA以及小尾寒羊BMP6基因外显子3—4的内含子序列和两端部分外显子序列（785bp）。发现小尾寒羊和济宁青山羊的核苷酸和氨基酸序列差异很小,两者的核苷酸序列同源性高达99．28％,氨基酸序列同源性为98．1％,除济宁青山羊中插入一个丙氨酸外,两者只有4个氨基酸的差异。绵羊与牛、人、小鼠和大鼠的核苷酸同源性分别为97．04％、81．82％、84．68％和85．06％;氨基酸序列同源性分别为99．05％、91．43％、90．48％和92．38％,均大于90％,表明各物种BMP6核苷酸序列虽然差异较大,但氨基酸序列却非常保守。     

马鹿生长激素(GH)基因生物信息学预测及分析

为研究马鹿生长激素(GH)基因的结构和功能,从GenBank中下载马鹿、梅花鹿、鼷鹿、牛、山羊、绵羊、猪、人、黑猩猩、挪威大鼠、小家鼠、北极狐、狗、鸡和斑马鱼的GH基因完整编码区(CDS)及氨基酸序列,利用DNAStar 7.0、BioEdit 7.0生物软件与相关在线工具对马鹿GH基因核苷酸序列的基本信息及其编码蛋白的理化特性和结构特征进行了生物信息学预测及分析,对马鹿与其他14个物种GH基因的CDS序列及其编码氨基酸序列进行相似性分析,并基于氨基酸序列构建了15个物种的系统进化树。结果表明:马鹿GH基因DNA序列长度为2 100 bp,包括完整的5个外显子和4个内含子,部分5′UTR和3′UTR,CDS全长654 bp,编码217个氨基酸;其编码的蛋白是一种分子质量为24.588 4 ku,等电点为7.62的疏水性稳定碱性蛋白;存在2个强跨膜区、8个广泛磷酸化位点,二级结构元件以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主;该蛋白位于细胞外,含有1个信号肽,属一种分泌型蛋白;马鹿与梅花鹿、牛、绵羊、山羊和鼷鹿等动物的GH基因氨基酸序列相似性较高,亲缘关系最近。该研究结果可为马鹿GH基因的进一步分析提供详细的生物学基础信息。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒受体nectin-2基因的克隆与分子特征

为了进一步了解猪nectin-2基因的结构与功能,本研究采用生物信息学结合RT-PCR的方法从猪脑组织中克隆到了猪nectin-2基因,并对其核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较分析.猪nectin-2基因的编码区含有1440个核苷酸,编码479个氨基酸,其中信号肽由32个氨基酸组成,胞外域由330个氨基酸组成,含有2个潜在的N-糖基化位点和6个半胱氨酸残基,跨膜区由23个氨基酸组成,胞浆区由94个氨基酸组成,猪nectin-2基因与犬、马、家鼠、人、恒河猴、牛、黑猩猩的nectin-2基因核苷酸序列同源性分别为85.4%、85.7%、78.6%、82.1%、82.1%、81.9%和82.1%;推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为84.5%、83.0%、74.7%、75.7%、76.4%、78.4%和75.5%.本试验为进一步深入研究猪伪狂犬病病毒与宿主之间的关系奠定了基础.     

黑番鸭GH基因的克隆与序列分析

根据GenBank中公布的鸭GH基因序列,设计4对引物,以黑番鸭血液基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR方法,扩增出GH基因4650bp的DNA序列,该序列包含了完整的内含子和外显子序列,由5个外显子和4个内含子组成。进一步将克隆的黑番鸭GH基因编码的氨基酸序列与GenBank中其他物种的该基因氨基酸序列进行同源性分析和聚类...     

猪伪狂犬病病毒受体nectin-2基因的克隆与分子特征

为了进一步了解猪nectin-2基因的结构与功能,本研究采用生物信息学结合RT-PCR的方法从猪脑组织中克隆到了猪nectin-2基因,并对其核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较分析。猪nectin-2基因的编码区含有1440个核苷酸,编码479个氨基酸,其中信号肽由32个氨基酸组成,胞外域由330个氨基酸组成,含有2个潜在的N-糖基化位点和6个半胱氨酸残基,跨膜区由23个氨基酸组成,胞浆区由94个氨基酸组成,猪nectin-2基因与犬、马、家鼠、人、恒河猴、牛、黑猩猩的nectin-2基因核苷酸序列同源性分别为85.4%、85.7%、78.6%、82.1%、82.1%、81.9%和82.1%;推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为84.5%、83.0%、74.7%、75.7%、76.4%、78.4%和75.5%。本试验为进一步深入研究猪伪狂犬病病毒与宿主之间的关系奠定了基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.