中草药复合添加剂的小鼠急性毒性试验

为研究补气血、补肝肾中草药复合添加剂的急性毒性,试验采用灌胃法,选取SPF级昆明小鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机均分为4组（对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组）,以0.86 g/mL的中草药混悬液,每次0.4 mL/10 g灌胃,24 h内,高剂量组灌胃2次,每次0.4 mL;中剂量组灌胃2次,每次0.3 mL;对照组灌胃0.4 mL蒸馏水2次;低剂量组灌胃1次,0.2 mL。连续7 d,每天观察小鼠的精神状况和死亡情况。试验结束后,小鼠眼球采血,检测血液生理及生化指标;剖解小鼠,取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏称重,计算脏器指数,制作病理组织切片,观察各脏器病理变化。结果显示,试验期间各组小鼠未见异常;中、高剂量组小鼠体重极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）;高剂量组肝脏指数、脾脏指数均极显著高于其他组（P<0.01）;试验组小鼠白细胞总数较对照组极显著升高（P<0.01）,但仍处在正常范围内;试验组小鼠血液肌酐显著降低（P<0.05）,中剂量组尿素氮显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;各组间其他生化指标均差异不显著（P>0.05）;病理组织切片结果显示,各组肝脏、脾脏和肾脏均无任何病理变化。综上所述,中草药复合添加剂对蛋白质代谢有明显的促进作用,可提高机体免疫力和肾脏功能,其最大给药量（34.4 g/kg生药）是临床成人每天用药（0.371 g/kg）的92.7倍,证明该药物无毒性,安全性好。     

鹅去氧胆酸调控Nrf2通路缓解热应激小鼠肝脏损伤的研究

为了研究鹅去氧胆酸(CDCA)对热应激小鼠肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,试验选择体重18～22 g C57BL/6清洁级小鼠40只,随机分为4组(空白对照组、热应激组、低剂量组、高剂量组),每组10只。空白对照组、热应激组按照每10 g体重0.1 mL灌胃0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)溶液,低剂量组、高剂量组每千克体重分别灌胃50,100 mg CDCA,每天1次。每天灌胃结束后将热应激组、低剂量组、高剂量组小鼠置于42℃恒温培养箱2 h(12:00—14:00),重复处理7 d,测定肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,并以Western-blot方法分析小鼠肝脏中核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)与醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)蛋白表达情况。结果表明:100 mg/kg CDCA可显著增加热应激小鼠肝脏组织中SOD活性及GSH含量(P0.05),并且可极显著增加热应激小鼠肝脏中Nrf2、HO-1与NQO1蛋白表达水平(P0.01)。说明CDCA可缓解热应激小鼠肝脏氧化损伤,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

日粮添加赛乐硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物含量的影响

选用7头体重420 kg,2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛,采用7×7拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加赛乐硒(7.5,15.0和22.5 mg/d)和Na2SeO3(7.5,15.0和22.5 mg/d)对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物含量的影响。结果表明,15.0和22.5 mg/d赛乐硒组瘤胃pH值显著低于Na2SeO3组(P<0.05)。各处理组瘤胃氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组,但赛乐硒与Na2SeO3处理之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。22.5 mg/d赛乐硒组瘤胃乙酸浓度显著高于Na2SeO3组,赛乐硒各组丙酸浓度显著高于Na2SeO3各组及对照组,15.0和22.5 mg/d赛乐硒组瘤胃丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于Na2SeO3组,赛乐硒各组乙酸/丙酸显著低于Na2SeO3各组及对照组(P<0.05)。15.0mg/d赛乐硒组玉米秸秆干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维有效降解率显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。15.0 mg/d赛乐硒组豆粕干物质有效降解率显著高于对照组,15.0 mg/d赛乐硒组豆粕粗蛋白质有效降解率显著高于7.5 mg/d赛乐硒组(P<0.05)。15.0 mg/d赛乐硒组尿嘌呤衍生物含量显著高于Na2SeO3组(P<0.05)。赛乐硒较Na2SeO3显著促进瘤胃发酵,促进瘤胃纤维等营养物质的分解,促进蛋白质的合成,适宜补充量为7.5~15.0 mg/d。     

中草药复合添加剂的小鼠急性毒性试验

为研究补气血、补肝肾中草药复合添加剂的急性毒性,试验采用灌胃法,选取SPF级昆明小鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机均分为4组(对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组),以0.86g/mL的中草药混悬液,每次0.4mL/10g灌胃,24h内,高剂量组灌胃2次,每次0.4mL;中剂量组灌胃2次,每次0.3mL;对照组灌胃0.4mL蒸馏水2次;低剂量组灌胃1次,0.2mL。连续7d,每天观察小鼠的精神状况和死亡情况。试验结束后,小鼠眼球采血,检测血液生理及生化指标;剖解小鼠,取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏称重,计算脏器指数,制作病理组织切片,观察各脏器病理变化。结果显示,试验期间各组小鼠未见异常;中、高剂量组小鼠体重极显著高于对照组(P0.01);高剂量组肝脏指数、脾脏指数均极显著高于其他组(P0.01);试验组小鼠白细胞总数较对照组极显著升高(P0.01),但仍处在正常范围内;试验组小鼠血液肌酐显著降低(P0.05),中剂量组尿素氮显著低于对照组(P0.05);各组间其他生化指标均差异不显著(P0.05);病理组织切片结果显示,各组肝脏、脾脏和肾脏均无任何病理变化。综上所述,中草药复合添加剂对蛋白质代谢有明显的促进作用,可提高机体免疫力和肾脏功能,其最大给药量(34.4g/kg生药)是临床成人每天用药(0.371g/kg)的92.7倍,证明该药物无毒性,安全性好。     

黄芩水提液对肠炎模型小鼠空肠损伤修复的作用

本文旨在探讨黄芩水提液对肠炎模型小鼠空肠损伤的作用机理。将30只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和黄芩水提液低、中、高剂量组,每组6只小鼠。通过连续3 d给小鼠灌胃0.4 mL·d~(-1)产肠毒大肠杆菌(3×10~8 CFU·mL~(-1))建立肠炎模型,黄芩水提液组每只小鼠在攻菌前预灌服0.2 mL黄芩水提液(低剂量组0.3 g·d~(-1),中剂量组0.6 g·d~(-1),高剂量组1.2 g·d~(-1)),连续灌胃6 d。结果显示,相比于对照组,模型组小鼠空肠炎性因子IL-6 mRNA表达量极显著升高(P0.01),空肠绒毛结构受到严重破坏,但参与肠道损伤修复的MAPK mRNA表达量未发生显著变化;相比于模型组,黄芩水提液各剂量组的小鼠空肠IL-6 mRNA表达量极显著下降(P0.01),空肠JNK/ERK mRNA表达量显著下降(P0.05),且绒毛结构得到显著改善。综上所述,在小鼠肠炎模型中,黄芩水提液可通过降低炎症反应和下调JNK/ERK mRNA的方式促进空肠的损伤修复。     

灌胃染镉对大鼠体内某些酶的影响及镉的器官分布

30只成年雌性SD大鼠，等分为5组，Ⅰ至Ⅳ组灌胃馀服分别含0、0.2、1.0、2.0mg镉（Cd）的氯化镉溶液1mL／只，每日1次，持续10d；Ⅴ组灌镉剂量与Ⅳ组相同，持续时间为30d。结果发现，染镉组（Ⅱ－Ⅳ组）：血浆丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和精氨酸酶（ARG）活力明显升高（P＜0.05），但ALT活力升高剂量－效在系不规律；肝匀浆ALT活力明显下降（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px）活力显著下降（P＜0.05），肝匀浆中GSH－Px的活力也下降；心、肝、肾中Cd的含量无意产加，蓄积量与灌服剂量呈正相关（r值分别为0.9384、0.9687和0.9379）。Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组比较，随时间延长，心、肝、肾中Cd蓄积量均明显增加，且肾较肝增加更显著，结论认为，灌胃染镉对大鼠的生长有障碍作用，镉可以明显地抑制SH－Px的活力，降低机体组织的抗氧化能力，引起肝等实质细胞的损伤；血浆ARG的活力可以作为哺乳动物急性镉暴露的一个辅助性监测指标；由于损伤性泄漏和直接的抑制同时存在，以血浆中ALT的活力来评价镉对实质器官的损害应十分慎重。     

亚急性硒中毒对雄性小鼠睾丸能量代谢及抗氧化能力的影响

为了研究亚硒酸钠对小鼠睾丸能量代谢及抗氧化能力的影响,将试验小鼠分为空白对照组(0.00mg/kg体重)、亚硒酸钠低剂量组(0.14mg/kg体重)、中剂量组(0.54mg/kg体重)和高剂量组(2.16mg/kg体重),每天同一时间按以上剂量灌胃,连续30 d.分别于染毒10、20 d和30 d后,处死小鼠,迅速采取睾丸组织,离心,取上清.通过对睾丸能量代谢与抗氧化能力水平的检测,结果显示,染毒后小鼠睾丸乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性明显降低,且随着染毒剂量的增加呈显著下降趋势;小鼠睾丸细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高,且随着染毒剂量的增加和时间的延长呈显著升高趋势.结果表明,亚急性硒中毒使小鼠睾丸的能量代谢与抗氧化能力受损,试验结果为进一步研究亚急性硒中毒对小鼠生殖系统的影响提供理论依据.     

菊苣根超微粉对热应激小鼠的保护作用研究

为研究菊苣根超微粉对热应激小鼠的保护作用,试验选取50只体重为20～22 g的雄性昆明种小鼠,随机分成对照组、热应激组、超微粉低剂量组、超微粉高剂量组、粗粉组,每组10只。超微粉低剂量组、超微粉高剂量组小鼠分别灌胃菊苣根超微粉悬液0.75、1.5 g/(kg·d),粗粉组灌胃菊苣根粗粉悬液1.5 g/(kg·d),对照组、热应激组灌喂等体积生理盐水。灌胃7 d后,将除对照组外的其他4组小鼠每天温度(40±1)℃、湿度(75%±5)%条件下处理2 h,连续7 d,期间持续给药。检测小鼠体重、免疫器官指数、血清中免疫球蛋白A (IgA)、免疫球蛋白G (IgG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果表明:和热应激组相比,超微粉高剂量组小鼠胸腺指数、脾指数和IgA含量均显著提升,ALT和AST水平极显著下降,MDA含量显著下降,SOD酶活和GSH含量明显上升。与超微粉高剂量组相比,粗粉组小鼠的胸腺指数和脾指数显著降低,AST酶活极显著升高,MDA含量显著升高,SOD活性显著降低。综上,菊苣根超微粉对热...     

黄芩水提液对肠炎模型小鼠空肠损伤修复的作用

本文旨在探讨黄芩水提液对肠炎模型小鼠空肠损伤的作用机理。将30只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和黄芩水提液低、中、高剂量组,每组6只小鼠。通过连续3 d给小鼠灌胃0.4 mL·d^-1产肠毒大肠杆菌（3×10⁸ CFU·mL^-1）建立肠炎模型,黄芩水提液组每只小鼠在攻菌前预灌服0.2 mL黄芩水提液（低剂量组0.3 g·d^-1,中剂量组0.6 g·d^-1,高剂量组1.2 g·d^-1）,连续灌胃6 d。结果显示,相比于对照组,模型组小鼠空肠炎性因子IL-6 mRNA表达量极显著升高（P<0.01）,空肠绒毛结构受到严重破坏,但参与肠道损伤修复的MAPK mRNA表达量未发生显著变化;相比于模型组,黄芩水提液各剂量组的小鼠空肠IL-6 mRNA表达量极显著下降（P<0.01）,空肠JNK/ERK mRNA表达量显著下降（P<0.05）,且绒毛结构得到显著改善。综上所述,在小鼠肠炎模型中,黄芩水提液可通过降低炎症反应和下调JNK/ERK mRNA的方式促进空肠的损伤修复。     

加味生脉散对小鼠抗运动性疲劳能力的影响

目的:探讨加味生脉散在改善小鼠抗运动性疲劳能力方面的作用。方法:选取60只昆明雄性小鼠,并按随机分为4组,加味生脉散低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组每日经1h游泳后分别灌服0.4mL加味生脉散低、中、髙剂量水煎液,对照组每日同时灌胃等量生理盐水,共给药2周。2周后评估各组小鼠的抗运动性疲劳情况。结果:末次给药后,加味生脉散低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组小鼠的体质量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。末次给药后,加味生脉散高剂量组的力竭时间明显长于其他3组(P<0.05),中剂量组的力蝎时间明显长于低剂量组与对照组(P<0.05),而低剂量组与对照组力竭时间相比差异不显著(P>0.05).末次给药后,加味生脉散髙剂量组的血乳酸水平相比其他3组显著降低(P<0.05),中剂量组的血乳酸水平相比低剂量组、对照组明显降低(P<0.05),而低剂量组与对照组血乳酸水平相比基本接近(P>0.05).结论:较大剂量(中、高)的加味生脉散对延长游泳力蝎时间、减少血乳酸堆积有明显帮助,能够增强抗运动性疲劳能力。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。