环境应激对肉鸡的影响和对策

在肉鸡规模化养殖过程中,因不同环境因子影响导致肉鸡发生环境应激反应的情况难以完全避免.环境应激不仅会造成肉鸡生产性能受到影响,而且也会影响肉质品质与产品质量.对此,文章归纳几种肉鸡规模养殖模式下常见的环境应激因子,分析其对肉鸡的主要影响,同时提出几种有效降低环境应激影响的措施和手段,以提升肉鸡福利和肉鸡规模养殖经济效益.     

环境温湿度应激对肉鸡福利的影响研究进展

在规模化养殖条件下，环境因素产生的应激会影响肉鸡福利进而影响生产性能和产品质量。不适宜的环境因素会成为肉鸡生产中的环境应激源，主要包括环境温度和湿度，这些环境应激源会直接或间接对肉鸡的健康和福利产生影响，导致肉鸡常处于正常–应激–恢复正常的动态变化状态。本文总结了环境温度和湿度应激因子对肉鸡机体生理指标、健康状况与福利、生长性能及行为特征等的影响，为减少肉鸡环境应激和提高养殖福利提供依据。     

热应激对肉鸡生产性能及肠道微生物的影响

高温热环境会导致肉鸡的呼吸、心跳加快，采食量显著降低，饮水量增加，精神萎靡不振，机体免疫能力降低，肠道微生物的多样性下降，肉品质下降，导致肉鸡的整体生产性能明显降低，甚至引发鸡群大量死亡，给养殖者造成严重的经济损失。通过改善养殖环境、降低饲养密度，或者日粮添加抗热应激剂能够降低热应激环境对肉鸡的不良影响。本文简单阐述了肉鸡在热应激环境中的表现，以及热应激对肉鸡生产性能、肠道微生物的影响，同时还提出了几点预防肉鸡热应激的建议，以供养殖人员参考。     

肉鸡生产与环境控制研究最新进展

肉鸡生产与环境控制研究近期主要围绕环境因子对肉鸡健康的影响、废弃物处理和节能减排技术、福利养殖等开展。在环境因子方面,研究了热应激对肉鸡代谢的影响及热应激缓解技术,光谱、光源和光照强度对肉鸡生产的影响,有害气体的影响及舍内检测技术;在废弃物处理和节能减排技术方面,通过饲用植物提取物、益生素、硅铝酸盐等饲料添加剂,提高养分利用率或增加鸡粪氮、硫的固载量,以减少有害气体的排放;在肉鸡福利养殖技术方面,主要针对饲养方式及饲养密度开展研究。文章就2016年相关研究的最新进展进行论述,并针对存在的问题提出建议。     

饲用微生态制剂对热应激肉鸡生产性能影响的研究进展

近年来随着集约化、高密度肉鸡养殖的发展,全球热带地区以及季节性高温区域的热应激问题已经给肉鸡养殖业带来较大损失。分析热应激对肉鸡生产的具体危害,通过补充饲用微生态制剂等营养调控措施,减少热应激对肉鸡养殖的生产损失,极具推广价值。据此,文章全面收集与整理了国内外该领域的试验报道与数据,发现热应激肉鸡生产性能的降低主要表现在采食量、生长速度与饲料转化率,且降低程度受鸡种、日龄、热应激温度、持续时间等多种因素综合影响。饲粮补充微生态制剂,一定程度上可以缓解热应激危害,突出表现在饲料转化效率和鸡群健康状况的持续改善,且作用效果与饲用微生态制剂的类型与添加量有关。     

夏季大棚养殖肉鸡高产安全综合措施

夏季高温季节大棚养殖肉仔鸡,气温高,湿度大.容易发生热应激.导致生产性能下降、中暑、休克甚至死亡,对肉鸡饲养危害很大,必须通过降低舍温、增加日粮浓度和其他综合措施来确保肉鸡在夏季生产性能的正常发挥.     

酵母硒与维生素E对肉鸡抗热应激的调节作用

高温环境导致热应激,不仅造成肉鸡生长性能和成活率降低,而且使肉鸡产生免疫抑制,严重影响肉鸡产品质量。为了缓解热应激带来的不利影响,多种营养性添加剂应用到饲料生产中。酵母硒和维     

饲养密度对肉鸡生产性能及福利的影响

<正>随着集约化肉鸡生产的开展,我国肉鸡养殖呈现良好的发展势头。但由于规模养殖环境带来的肉鸡健康、产品质量下降以及肉鸡福利等问题却越来越引起人们的重视。在良好的养殖环境中,肉鸡才能充分发挥其生长潜能,任何不良的环境因素都将降低肉鸡的生产性能和健康情况。饲养密度通过影响肉鸡的采食、饮水、环境温度以及空气质量,从而影响肉鸡的生长及健康。饲养密度直接影响了养殖环境和肉鸡的行为表达,因此饲养密度也是影响肉鸡福利     

夏季饲养肉鸡的特殊管理

夏季高温天气,经常造成肉鸡热应激。在热应激的情况下,肉鸡生产性能降低。为降低和消除热应激对肉鸡生长的影响,我们必须采取综合的防暑降温措施。 1.加强鸡舍降温的性能。检修鸡舍,以减少鸡舍的透光、透热,增加房顶绝热系数。往房顶上撒草、摆放树枝。     

降低肉鸡热应激敏感性的遗传策略

热应激是指处于高温环境下的动物机体对热环境刺激所作的非特异性生理反应的总和,它涉及神经系统、内分泌系统及免疫系统等的一系列反应.热应激对整个机体都有不同程度的影响,但对其作用机制的研究还未达到一致的观点.现代肉鸡生产养殖的特点是生长速度快、饲料吸收和代谢能力强、内部产热高,这些因素都加大了其受外部温度影响的可能性,并使其对多种代谢问题例如酸碱平衡等的敏感性和易感性增加.体外的高温环境阻碍了体内热量的散失,导致肉鸡身体温度的升高,进而影响食欲和生长速度(饲料转化率低),呈现高死亡率.基于热应激对肉鸡生产带来的影响,研究者们从营养、遗传、生理等各方面对降低热应激进行研究,在通过多种营养措施来改善热应激反应的同时,从遗传上培育耐热应激的鸡也成为研究热点之一.2011年2月14～16日,由悉尼大学家禽研究基金会和世界家禽科学协会(WPSA)澳大利亚分会联合组 织的第22届澳大利亚家禽科学年会在悉尼大学举行.大会分别对家禽营养、福利、热应激以及疾病等进行专题研讨.热应激专题中来自巴西、以色列、澳大利亚的研究者分别从生理、遗传和营养的角度对热应激 状态下电解质平衡对鸡生产性能的改善、降低肉鸡热应激敏感性的遗传方法和日粮脂肪酸改善热应激潜力的重新评估进行探讨.本专题对以上三个报告进行刊登,供读者参考.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.