原花青素在防控分泌性腹泻中的研究进展

原花青素具有抗氧化、抗分泌性腹泻等功能,可作为防控断奶仔猪腹泻的重要物质。本文综述了原花青素的结构与活性、分泌性腹泻的发生机制及原花青素抗分泌性腹泻的作用机理,为原花青素在防控断奶仔猪腹泻上的应用和研究提供理论依据。     

葡萄籽原花青素改善动物生长性能和肠道健康的研究进展

原花青素（PCs）是一类广泛存在于植物皮、壳、籽、核、花、叶中的多酚类化合物的总称,在葡萄籽中原花青素含量最高,其主要有效成分为低聚原花青素（OPCs）,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗应激、调节免疫力、抑菌等生理作用。本文对葡萄籽原花青素的理化性质及其改善动物生长性能和肠道健康的作用机理进行综述,以期为葡萄籽原花青素在动物养殖领域的应用提供理论依据。     

米糠中原花青素的微波提取及稳定性研究

采用微波辅助提取米糠中原花青素,并对提取液的稳定性进行研究。试验研究了乙醇体积分数、料液比、微波时间、微波温度、微波功率等因素对米糠中原花青素提取的影响,并以这五个单因素为影响因子,原花青素得率为指标,通过正交优化了微波提取米糠原花青素的工艺,得最佳工艺条件为:料液比为1:20g/m L,微波温度60℃,微波时间90s,微波功率300W,乙醇体积分数60%时,此条件下原花青素得率达2.729%。米糠中原花青素提取液的稳定性试验结果表明,在弱酸至中性条件下比较稳定,避光有利于原花青素提取液的稳定保存,除了弱碱性的饲料添加剂碳酸氢钠和谷氨酸钠外,常用的饲料添加剂对原花青素提取液稳定性影响不大。     

原花青素通过塑造肠道菌群调节免疫应答的作用与机制研究进展

原花青素是广泛存在于多种植物中的重要天然生物活性物质。近年来的研究表明，动物饲粮中添加不同来源的原花青素能够调节肠道菌群的多样性与组成，并通过菌群及其代谢产物与肠黏膜免疫系统发生相互作用，从而调节肠道免疫应答。本文综述了原花青素对菌群及其代谢产物的塑造作用，总结了原花青素对肠道免疫应答的调节及可能的作用机制，为原花青素在改善动物肠道健康方面的基础研究和生产应用提供参考依据。     

酶解法提取葡萄籽中原花青素及其稳定性研究

本试验用纤维素酶和果胶酶的复合酶提取葡萄籽中原花青素,探究了纤维素酶和果胶酶的质量比、复合酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、pH和料液比对葡萄籽中原花青素提取的影响,并通过正交实验优化了提取工艺,得到最佳的提取工艺参数为:当纤维素酶和果胶酶的质量比为1︰1时,复合酶浓度1.0%,酶解时间60min,酶解温度50℃,pH=5,料液比1:21g/m L,原花青素得率最高,达3.805%。原花青素提取液的稳定性研究结果表明,在弱酸、暗光、50℃左右的环境下保存和使用稳定性最好。酶解法提取葡萄籽中原花青素条件温和,利于其在饲料中的进一步应用。     

高效液相色谱法测定金荞麦超微粉原花青素B2含量

试验为测定金荞麦超微粉中有效成分原花青素B₂的含量,将四川金荞麦饮片粉碎至0.75 nm以下的超微粉,50%乙醇提取,并利用高效液相色谱测定原花青素B₂的含量。结果显示,在0.0352~1.4080 μg/mL范围内原花青素B₂与峰面积线性关系良好,回归方程为Y=59797X+592.3,r=0.996,金荞麦超微粉中原花青素B₂含量在1.305~1.541 mg/g之间。本试验结果表明该方法能快速、稳定、精确的检测原花青素B₂含量,为金荞麦制剂质量控制提供了科学依据。     

采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术分析葡萄籽原花青素对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵产甲烷菌区系的影响

本研究旨在基于Illumina MiSeq测序技术分析葡萄籽原花青素对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵产甲烷菌区系的影响。试验分为6组,以500 g精粗比为40∶60的全混合日粮为发酵底物,分别添加0(对照)、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g/kg的葡萄籽原花青素。体外发酵24 h后提取各发酵液总DNA,采用Illumina MiSeq PE300高通量测序平台进行测序。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加0.1、0.2 g/kg葡萄籽原花青素降低了产甲烷菌的分类操作单元(OTUs)数量,添加0.3、0.4、0.5 g/kg葡萄籽原花青素增加了产甲烷菌的OTUs数量,但差异并不显著(P0.05);葡萄籽原花青素添加量对Chao1指数和Shannon指数均无显著影响(P0.05),即对产甲烷菌的多样性没有显著影响。2)在门水平上,与对照组相比,添加0.3、0.4、0.5 g/kg葡萄籽原花青素显著降低了广古菌门的丰度(P0.05)。在科水平上,与对照组相比,甲烷杆菌科的丰度随着葡萄籽原花青素添加量的增加有降低的趋势,且在添加量为0.4 g/kg时丰度显著降低(P0.05); Methanomassiliicoccaceae的丰度随着葡萄籽原花青素添加量的增加而增加,且当添加量为0.3、0.4 g/kg时显著增加(P0.05)。在属水平上,与对照组相比,甲烷短杆菌属的丰度随着葡萄籽原花青素添加量的增加而降低,且当添加量为0.4 g/kg时显著降低(P0.05),当添加量为0.5 g/kg时有回升的趋势,但是仍低于对照组;甲烷杆菌属的丰度随着葡萄籽原花青素添加量的增加而降低,且当添加量为0.4、0.5 g/kg时显著降低了该属的丰度(P0.05); Candidatus_Methanoplasma的丰度随着葡萄籽原花青素添加量的增加有上升趋势,且当添加量为0.3、0.4 g/kg时显著增加了该属的丰度(P0.05);甲烷球形菌属的丰度随着葡萄籽原花青素添加量的增加而降低,且当添加量为0.3、0.4、0.5 g/kg时显著降低了该属的丰度(P0.05)。由此可知,添加葡萄籽原花青素在门、科、属水平上均对奶牛体外瘤胃产甲烷菌区系有一定的影响。     

原花青素含量检测的概述

对目前原花青素常用的检测方法进行了对比并阐述了各种方法的优缺点,为探索更好的原花青素的测定方法奠定基础。     

葡萄籽中高聚原花青素水解工艺优化研究

以原花青素平均分子量为指标,醋酸为水解介质,对纯化工艺中所分离的高聚体原花青素（PPC）的水解工艺进行了优化研究。结果表明,在80℃下,用50%的醋酸水解提取30min,葡萄籽中提取纯化的高聚体原花青素平均分子量由1831.60下降到1108.80,下降了722.8个单位。     

原花青素的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用前景

综述了原花青素来源、结构、理化性质和近年来对原花青素抗氧化、降血脂与保护血管、抗肿瘤和抗疲劳等多种生理功能的研究进展，并展望其在动物生产中的应用前景。     

Green tea flavan-3-ols and oligomeric proanthocyanidins inhibit the motility of infective larvae of Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro

The effects of a hot water infusion and an aqueous acetone extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the motility of infective larvae of the sheep nematodes Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were investigated under in vitro conditions. The infusion and extract dose-dependently inactivated the infective larvae as assessed by the larval migration inhibition (LMI) assay. To determine the components responsible for the inhibitory activity, the hot water infusion and aqueous acetone extract of green tea were fractionated on Sephadex LH-20 and the green tea extract fractions (GTE-I-VIII) characterised by mass spectrometry. The larvae were exposed to increasing concentrations of these GTE fractions. Fractions containing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and proanthocyanidin oligomers were most effective. GTE fractions were more effective against T. circumcincta than T. colubriformis larvae as assessed by the LMI assay.     

不同原花青素含量的6种象草体外消化性能比较

试验通过体外产气法,分析比较桂闽引象草、桂牧1号杂交象草、王草、紫色象草、矮象草、巨菌草这6种象草作为粗饲料时山羊瘤胃的降解能力,评定紫色象草高花青素含量对山羊的饲喂价值。试验测定鲜草原花青素含量,分别将6种象草于65、105℃条件下烘干、粉碎,测定96 h内体外产气量以及产气速率。结果显示,各象草品种65℃烘干比105℃烘干具有更高的产气量和产气速率,前者各象草96 h平均总产气量38.51 mL,后者平均总产气量35.47 mL。两种烘干温度条件下,紫色象草在各品种象草中产气量和产气速率均居于中间水平,24 h内产气速率最高,48 h后产气速率降低到0.12 mL/h以下。原花青素含量紫色象草最高,为26.6 mg/100 g,但原花青素含量对产气量和产气速率均没有显著相关性。紫色象草可较好地被反刍动物消化利用,且富含花青素,有利于动物机体免疫能力的增强,促进动物生长。紫色象草可作为山羊等反刍动物优质的粗饲料资源。     

Condensed Tannin and Saponin Content of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp,Desmodium uncinatum,Stylosanthes guianensis and Stylosanthes scabra Grown in Zimbabwe

Samples of the tropical forage legumes Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp (cowpea), Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf desmodium), Stylosanthes guianensis (oxley fine stem stylo) and Stylosanthes scabra (fitzroy) and of natural pasture (veld) hay were analysed and ranked according to their proanthocyanidin (PA) and saponin content. Silverleaf desmodium and fitzroy leaf and stem samples of different ages were also separately analysed for the PA contents. All the samples analysed contained some PA but no saponins. High levels of PA were detected in silverleaf desmodium and very low levels in veld hay and cowpea. In all samples, more of the tannins were bound to protein or neutral detergent fibre (NDF) than were extractable, most being bound to proteins. The proportion of the unextractable PA was greater in younger than in mature materials.     

Effect of grape polyphenols on oxidative stress in canine lens epithelial cells

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the effects of oxidative stress could be attenuated in cultures of canine lens epithelial cells (LECs) by incubation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSE), resveratrol (RES), or a combination of both (GSE+RES). SAMPLE POPULATION: Primary cultures of canine LECs. PROCEDURES: LECs were exposed to 100MM tertiary butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP) with or without GSE, RES, or GSE+RES. The dichlorofluorescein assay was used to detect production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immunoblot analysis was used to evaluate the expression of stress-induced cell-signaling markers (ie, the mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] and phosphoinositide-3 kinase [PI3K] pathways). RESULTS: GSE and GSE+RES significantly reduced ROS production after a 30-minute exposure to TBHP. Only GSE significantly reduced ROS production after a 120-minute exposure to TBHP. Incubation with GSE reduced TBHP-induced activity of the MAPK and PI3K pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: GSE inhibited key components associated with cataractogenesis, ROS production, and stress-induced cell signaling. On the basis of the data reported here, there is strong evidence that GSE could potentially protect LECs from the damaging effects of oxidative stress.     

Condensed tannins from Sesbania sesban and Desmodium intortum as a means of Haemonchus contortus control in goats

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the proanthocyanidin (condensed tannin)-containing forage legumes Desmodium intortum cv Greenleaf and Sesbania sesban (accession 15019) could be integrated into a feeding management strategy as a means of Haemonchus contortus control in goats. The anthelmintic effects of condensed tannin extracts from the two legumes on H. contortus L₃ larvae were studied in an in vitro larval migration inhibition system. The extracts inhibited larval migration in a dose-dependent manner, and at concentrations from 1,000???g/ml condensed tannin, the extract from D. intortum caused a significantly higher inhibition of larval migration than did the corresponding concentrations of the S. sesban extract (P?<?0.01). Prolonged feeding of tanniniferous forage legumes showed that animals receiving D. intortum had the lowest total worm burden, the lowest female to male parasite ratio, the lowest number of eggs in the uterus of each female worm and the lowest per capita fecundity (P?<?0.01). However, there was no change in the performance (weight gain) of parasite-infected goats probably due to incomplete removal of the parasite or prolonged confinement of goats in small pens, which calls for further investigation. However, since there is no single efficient method in control of parasites, based on the obtained data from this experiment, integrated feeding of D. intortum with other suitable method of parasite control is thus suggested.     

原花青素对玉米赤霉烯酮致小鼠肝脏、肾脏氧化损伤的保护作用

试验旨在研究原花青素(PC)是否对玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)中毒的小鼠肝脏及肾脏具有保护作用.选取40只日龄为8~9周、体重约为45 g的健康清洁级雄性昆明系小鼠,随机分为4组,对照组灌喂生理盐水,PC组灌喂100 mg/kg PC,ZEA组灌喂40 mg/kg ZEA,PC＋ZEA组灌喂100 mg/kg PC+40 mg/kg ZEA,眼球采血,颈椎处死后采取肝脏样本.测定肝脏组织中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量及血清中尿酸(UA)、尿素氮(BUN)含量.结果显示,与对照组相比,PC组各项指标差异均不显著(P>0.05),提示肝脏及肾脏没有明显的氧化损伤;与对照组相比,ZEA组的小鼠组织中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶及丙二醛含量显著或极显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.01),超氧化物歧化酶含量极显著降低(P<0.01),血清中尿酸、尿素氮含量极显著升高(P<0.01),提示肝脏及肾脏有严重的氧化损伤;PC+ZEA组的小鼠各项指标(除超氧化物歧化酶外)均显著或极显著低于ZEA组(P<0.05;P<0.01),提示其肝脏及肾脏氧化损伤程度低于ZEA组,PC对ZEA中毒小鼠的肝脏及肾脏氧化损伤有一定的保护作用.     

Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidins on the Liver and Kidney Oxidative Damage Induced by Zearalenone in Mice

The experiment was conducted to study whether the proanthocyanidin (PC) had the protective effects on the liver and kidney oxidative damage induced by zearalenone in mice.40 8 to 9 week-old healthy clean grade Kunming mice with the 45 g body weight were chosen and randomly divided into four groups: control group was given normal saline,PC group was given 100 mg/kg PC,ZEA group was given 40 mg/kg ZEA and PC＋ZEA group was fed 100 mg/kg PC＋40 mg/kg ZEA.Liver and blood sampls were taken after cervical vertebra to death.AST、ALT、MDA、SOD were measured to determine the degree of liver damage and antioxidant capacity,and UA and BUN were used to determine the kidney damage.The results showed that: Compared with the control group,the indexes of PC group were not significant changed (P>0.05),indicating that there was no obvious oxidative damage in the liver and kidney.Compared with control group,ALT,MDA and AST content were significantly or extremely significant increased in ZEA group (P<0.05;P<0.01),SOD content was extremely significant decreased (P<0.01),UA and BUN were extremely significant increased in serum (P<0.01),indicating that the liver and kidney of ZEA group had a serious oxidative damage.The indexes of the PC＋ZEA group (except SOD)were significantly or extremely significant lower than ZEA group (P<0.05;P<0.01),indicating that the oxidative damage of the liver and kidney in PC＋ZEA group was lower than that in the ZEA group.In conclusion,the liver and kidney oxidative damage of mice induced by ZEA was eased to some extent by PC.     

葡萄籽提取物原花青素对肉兔生长发育、血清酶活性及消化代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究葡萄籽提取物原花青素（Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts,GSPE）对肉兔生长发育、血清酶活性及消化代谢的影响。采用单因子随机区组试验设计,选择128只60日龄、体质量相近的健康新西兰兔,随机分为4组（1个对照组和3个试验组）,每组32个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、200、400mg/kg GSPE的试验饲粮。试验期为39d,其中预试期为6d,正试期为33d。正试期第10~15天收集试验兔排出的全部粪便和尿液。结果显示：4组试验兔死亡率和腹泻率分别为12.50%、6.25%、3.13%、3.13%和1.95%、1.52%、1.17%、0.59%;对照组试验兔日增重、日干物质进食量及血清碱性磷酸酶活性均显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）低于200mg/kg组和400mg/kg组,而料重比及谷丙与谷草转氨酶活性均显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）高于后者;对照组试验兔屠宰率显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）低于其余3组,而400mg/kg组试验兔脾脏相对质量极显著（P〈0.01）高于其余3组;对照组试验兔十二指肠相对重量、相对长度及密度、空肠相对长度、盲肠相对质量、全肠道相对质量与相对长度及胃肠道相对质量均显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）低于200mg/kg组和400mg/kg组,空肠相对质量、盲肠相对长度与密度、大肠相对长度及全肠道密度均显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）低于400mg/kg组,且大肠相对质量与密度均显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）低于其余3组;400mg/kg组试验兔饲粮干物质、有机物、粗纤维、钙与磷表观消化率、总能表观消化率与利用率及氮表观消化率均显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）高于其余3组,氮利用率则显著（P〈0.05）高于对照组,而对照组试验兔饲粮粗脂肪表观消化率与消化能利用率均显著（P〈0.05）或极显著（P〈0.01）低于20     

镉胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗对外源H2O2的生理响应

镉(Cd)是生物毒性最强的污染物之一,为探讨外源信号分子H₂O₂对Cd胁迫下裸燕麦生理响应的调节作用,采用珍珠岩栽培,以裸燕麦品种“定莜6号”为材料。试验设4个处理:1) 叶面喷施蒸馏水,根部浇灌营养液(对照);2) 叶面喷施5 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂溶液,根部浇灌营养液;3) 叶面喷施蒸馏水,根部浇灌含有50 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺的营养液;4) 叶面喷施5 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂溶液,根部浇灌含有50 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺的营养液。研究外源H₂O₂对Cd胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、光合参数和碳同化关键酶活性的影响。结果表明:喷施H₂O₂显著缓解了Cd胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗根长、株高、鲜重和干重的下降程度,降低了Cd胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗叶片中超氧阴离子、H₂O₂、丙二醛和抗坏血酸含量及过氧化氢酶活性,提高了超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性及谷胱甘肽、类黄酮、总酚和原花青素含量,而对过氧化物酶活性的影响不大。另外,喷施H₂O₂对Cd胁迫下裸燕麦叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及叶绿素a/b、气孔导度和蒸腾速率无显著影响,但提高了类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率及核酮糖1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶、景天庚酮糖1, 7-二磷酸酯酶和果糖1, 6-二磷酸醛缩酶和转酮醇酶活性,降低了胞间CO₂浓度。上述结果表明,外源H₂O₂能够通过调控活性氧清除系统降低Cd胁迫诱导的氧化损伤,并提高碳同化关键酶活性,减轻Cd胁迫对光合作用的抑制,从而缓解Cd对裸燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,增强裸燕麦对Cd胁迫的耐性。     

白三叶作基肥对青菜生长及品质的影响

通过盆载实验研究了白三叶Trifolium repens 作基肥对青菜Brassica chinensis 生长借调品质的影响,探讨了白三叶茎叶作为有机蔬菜生产基肥的可能性及其肥效特点.结果表明:基肥全部用白三业的处理在定植后2周内,青菜的株高、地上部鲜质量和底下部鲜质量均显著低于不施肥的对照,2周后地上、地下生长显著高于对照;减少50%白三叶用量的处理在定植后2周青菜的生长与对照相比无显著差异,追施硫酸铵后青菜生长显著优于对照和基肥全部为白三叶的处理.白三叶作基肥和白三叶加部分硫酸铵作基肥处理的青菜中硝酸盐含量低,可溶性糖含量高,品质优于其他施肥处理.结果显示,白三叶是适合于有机蔬菜生产的肥料.