应用输血疗法治疗奶牛急性大出血

在奶牛临床治疗中,输血对抢救动物生命具有重要意义。本文主要对奶牛输血疗法的临床意义、适应症、血型相合试验进行了综述,并以一头奶牛外伤急性大出血病例为例介绍了全血输血的方法和注意事项,以供同行参考。     

河南省奶牛犬新孢子虫病流行病学调查

奶牛犬新孢子虫病是由孢子虫纲、真球虫目、新孢子虫属的犬新孢子虫引起的多种动物共患的一种原虫病,本病奶牛、肉牛均能感染,但对奶牛的危害严重,主要引起孕畜流产或死胎以及新生儿运动神经障碍等[1].目前有许多国家和地区报道有该病发生,我国一些省份和地区陆续有报道该病的发生和流行病学调查[2-8],为了解河南省奶牛犬新孢子虫病的感染情况,我们于2009年8～10月间对河南省5个地区27家奶牛场的468头奶牛进行了犬新孢子虫抗体检测,证实本省以上5个地区均有该病感染.     

探究贮存式自体输血在犬身上的应用

<正>输血是临床出血性疾病常用的治疗方法,包括异体输血和自体输血。目前,国际上仅有少数发达国家建立了犬血库,大多数国家包括我国尚未建立犬血库,血源极其有限。另外,目前已发现的犬血型系统超过12个~([1]),经国际标准确定的血型为8种~([2]),加上犬品种和血型鉴定技术的原因。使得犬异体输血难以实施,尤其像我国这样发展中国家。自体输血是采集自身的血液或血液成分,以在     

浅谈输血疗法在犬瘟热治疗中的应用

犬瘟热是常见的一类接触性传染病,给宠物犬带来了非常大的危害.笔者结合自身多年的工作经验,分别从输血时期、供血犬选择、采血方法、输血量和输血方法等方面,探讨了输血疗法在犬瘟热治疗中的具体应用,并以临床治疗案例,说明输血疗法的显著疗效.     

犬猫的临床输血疗法

在犬猫疾病的临床诊疗过程中,输血是常用的疗法之一,是临床治疗工作一项重要的实用技术。文章介绍了犬猫的血型,供血犬猫的选择,输血的适应症与禁忌症,配血实验,输血方法,输血反应的处理和注意事项,可供宠物临床工作者参考。     

犬血型系统研究进展

输血疗法在兽医临床的使用范围和数量不断扩大,已经发展成为一种抢救重症犬和治疗病犬的重要手段。输血疗法可以迅速补充患病犬的循环血量和体液量,维持血压,起到补血、止血、解毒、提高机体耐受力的作用。犬输血疗法在提供生命保障的同时,也会带来危险与伤害,异体输血时,血型不符可能产生输血反应,严重时可以致死患犬。论文主要对犬血型的发现历程和命名、不同血型之间的差异和生化特性以及各种犬血型输血时可能出现的反应进行综述,探讨临床上如何对犬进行安全、有效输血以及当前存在问题,最后对DEA1.1血型频率研究现状以及犬血型检测方法进行介绍。     

输血疗法在犬瘟热治疗中的应用

犬瘟热是一种急性接触性传染病,对养犬业和毛皮动物养殖业造成极大的危害。笔者根据自身体验,从犬的血型、交叉配血凝集试验、供犬血的选择以及输血过程中应注意的问题,利用输血疗法结合常规治疗方案,成功治愈了17例患病犬。     

犬难产与剖腹产

难产,是兽医临床上家畜常见病,尤其以奶牛多见.自改革开放,各族人民生活好了,城市养犬数量在增加,随之犬的难产病例在兽医临床上也日渐增多.     

犬链球菌保护性抗原基因的克隆与序列分析

犬链球菌(Streptococcus canis,Sc)属于Lancefield G 群链球菌,可感染牛、犬、猫等多种动物,偶尔可见感染人的报道.1986年,大链球菌最早于由Devriese 等从奶牛和犬中分离出.     

犬链球菌感染研究进展

犬链球菌(Streptococcus canis)属兰氏G群链球菌,通常分布于动物特别是犬和猫的皮肤和黏膜,可导致犬、猫的败血症、关节炎等疾病,偶尔引起奶牛的乳房炎.人类感染犬链球菌,可发生败血症、脑膜炎等,但人的感染并不多见.     

Clinical and clinicopathologic variables in adult horses receiving blood transfusions: 31 cases (1999-2005)

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities in horses administered a blood transfusion and evaluate effects of blood transfusion on these variables. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 31 adult horses that received > or = 1 blood transfusion. Procedures-Medical records of horses receiving a blood transfusion were reviewed to obtain clinical findings, laboratory test results before and after transfusion, adjunctive treatments, transfusion type and volume, response to transfusion, results of donor-recipient compatibility testing, adverse reactions, and outcome. RESULTS: 31 horses received 44 transfusions for hemorrhagic anemia (HG; n = 18 horses), hemolytic anemia (HL; 8), or anemia attributable to erythropoietic failure (EF; 5). Tachycardia and tachypnea were detected in 31 of 31 (100%) and 22 of 31 (71%) horses, respectively, before transfusion. The PCV and hemoglobin concentration were less than the reference range in 11 of 18 horses with HG, 8 of 8 horses with HL, and 5 of 5 horses with EF. Hyperlactatemia was detected in 16 of 17 recorded values before transfusion. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and PCV improved after transfusion, with differences among the types of anemia. Seventeen (54%) horses were discharged, 9 (29%) were euthanized, and 5 (16%) died of natural causes. Adverse reactions were evident during 7 of 44 (16%) transfusions, varying from urticarial reactions to anaphylactic shock. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Abnormalities in clinical and clinicopathologic variables differed depending on the type of anemia. Colic, cold extremities, signs of depression, lethargy, tachycardia, tachypnea, low PCV, low hemoglobin concentration, and hyperlactatemia were commonly detected before transfusion and resolved after transfusion.     

Electrolyte and acid/base changes in dogs undergoing autologous blood transfusion via a cell salvage device

This study reports electrolyte and acid/base disturbances observed in clinical cases receiving autologous transfusion of blood processed by a cell salvage device. The records of 12 client-owned dogs that received an autologous transfusion via a cell salvage device with pre- and post-autologous transfusion blood work available were reviewed. Blood work from the 12 case dogs was compared to blood work from 12 control dogs with similar diseases. Control dogs received similar surgical treatment and were administered a similar volume per kg of packed red blood cells as case dogs, but did not undergo autologous transfusion. Case dogs that received autologous transfusion via a cell salvage device were significantly more likely to experience a decrease in ionized calcium and magnesium levels post-transfusion than were control dogs. Calcium and magnesium levels should be closely monitored during and after autologous transfusion. Calcium and/or magnesium supplementation may be required.     

聚合猪血红蛋白在犬异源输血中的应用研究

对猪血红蛋白作为血液替代品的效果进行研究,提取猪血红蛋白,经PEG聚合及纯化,输给试验犬,检测、记录犬输入聚合血红蛋白前后的临床指标,并在输血后进行血常规和尿常规检测。结果表明,将聚合猪血红蛋白输入犬体内没有发生明显的溶血和凝血等输血反应,通过尿常规检测聚合血红蛋白在体内可存在7 d;第2次聚合血红蛋白输血也没有出现临床不良反应。结果显示聚合血红蛋白作为血液替代品有较好的临床应用前景。     

Titres of alloantibodies against A and B blood types in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey: assessing the transfusion reaction risk

The severity of a transfusion reaction depends on alloantibody titres within the recipients' blood. Determination of an agglutination titre of naturally occurring alloantibody may help to assess the risk of transfusion reactions following an unmatched transfusion in a cat population. In this group of 312 cats 227 had blood type A, 78 had blood type B, and seven had type AB blood. All type B cats tested showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti-A antibody with plasma titres ranging from 2 to 256. Among the 227 type A domestic cats tested for plasma anti-B alloantibody titres, 70% had gross agglutination with titres ranging from 2 to 16, while 17.6% had microscopic agglutination. The remaining 12.4% of the type A cats were negative for both gross and microscopic agglutination. Based on agglutinating titres, the relative risk of a transfusion reaction when type A or AB blood was given to a type B cat was 6.4% with acute severe reaction, acute mild reactions in 85.9% and premature red cell destruction in 7.7%. On the other hand, transfusion of type AB blood or type B blood to type A cats carries a potential risk of acute mild transfusion reaction in 4.4% and premature red cell destruction in 83.3%. Transfusion of type A or B blood to type AB cats results in no apparent clinical transfusion reactions.     

Massive transfusion in dogs: 15 cases (1997-2001)

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical characteristics of dogs that received massive transfusion and identify the underlying diseases, complications, and outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 15 dogs. PROCEDURE: Medical records of dogs receiving a massive blood transfusion were evaluated for transfusion volume, underlying disease process or injury, benefits and complications of transfusion, and outcome. A massive transfusion was defined as transfusion of a volume of blood products in excess of the patient's estimated blood volume (90 ml/kg [40 ml/lb]) in a 24-hour period or transfusion of a volume of blood products in excess of half the patient's estimated blood volume in a 3-hour period. RESULTS: Six dogs had intra-abdominal neoplasia resulting in hemoabdomen, 3 had suffered a traumatic incident resulting in hemoabdomen, and 6 had non-traumatic, non-neoplastic blood loss. Mean volumes of packed RBC and fresh-frozen plasma administered were 66.5 ml/kg (30 ml/lb) and 22.2 ml/kg (10 ml/lb), respectively. All dogs evaluated developed low ionized calcium concentrations and thrombocytopenia. Transfusion reactions were recognized in 6 dogs. Four dogs survived to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that massive transfusion is possible and potentially successful in dogs. Predictable changes in electrolyte concentrations and platelet count develop.     

Red blood cell transfusions in cats: 126 cases (1999)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of and reasons for RBC transfusions, incidence of acute transfusion reactions, prevalence of blood types, volume of blood administered, change in PCV, and clinical outcome in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 126 cats that received RBC transfusions. PROCEDURE: Medical records of cats that received whole blood or packed RBC transfusions were reviewed for signalment, blood type, pre- and post-transfusion PCV, volume of blood product administered, clinical diagnosis and cause of anemia, clinical signs of acute transfusion reactions, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Mean volume of whole blood administered i.v. was 172 mL/kg (7.8 mL/lb) versus 9.3 mL/kg (4.2 mL/lb) for packed RBCs. Ninety-four percent of cats had blood type A. Mean increase in PCV among all cats was 6%. Fifty-two percent of cats had anemia attributed to blood loss, 10% had anemia attributed to hemolysis, and 38% had anemia attributed to erythropoietic failure. Acute transfusion reactions occurred in 11 cats. Sixty percent of cats survived until discharge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: RBC transfusions resulted in an increase in PCV in cats with all causes of anemia in this study. The rate of death was greater than in cats that did not receive transfusions, but seriousness of the underlying disease in the 2 groups may not be comparable. Death rate of cats that received transfusions was not attributable to a high rate of transfusion reactions. Results confirm that pretransfusion blood typing or crossmatching is required to minimize the risk of adverse reactions.     

Transmission of Leishmania infantum via blood transfusion in dogs: potential for infection and importance of clinical factors

Blood transfusion is an important routine practice in veterinary medicine that generally involves the use of whole blood. Permanent blood donors must be vaccinated against viral infections that affect dogs and submitted periodically to clinical and serological examinations to detect blood-transmitted diseases. There is a very high risk of transmission of infectious agents, particularly protozoans due to their long incubation periods, subclinical persistence in infected animals and likelihood of remaining viable in bloodstocks. The aim of the present study was to identify the potential of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic dogs for Leishmania infantum transmission as a result of transfusional practice. Nineteen Leishmania-seropositive adult dogs of both sexes and indeterminate breeds were selected as donors. The animals were classified as symptomatic, oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic after clinical examination and evaluated by ELISA, IFAT and bone marrow puncture biopsies. Whole blood and monocyte cells were collected and used for dog's serological evaluation and inoculation in culture medium as well as in hamsters. All but three dogs were positive for IFAT, ELISA and parasite demonstration in bone marrow aspirates, irrespective of their clinical conditions. Parasites were detected in 77% of the whole blood and 90% of the monocyte cultures. Six months after inoculation with whole blood or monocytes, hamsters developed infection and clinical symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis, as well as positive titres measured by ELISA. These results suggest that blood donors should be monitored periodically and rigorously for Leishmania infection, to prevent dissemination of the disease through blood transfusion.     

Feline blood transfusions: A pinker shade of pale

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: blood transfusions are a potentially life-saving procedure that are within the reach of most small animal practitioners. Only minimal equipment is required. PATIENT GROUP: any cat with clinical signs attributable to a reduced red blood cell mass that is affecting oxygen transport (as a result of reduced packed cell volume or acute blood loss) is a potential candidate for a transfusion. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: although the principles of transfusion medicine are not complicated, there can be fatal consequences if certain steps are omitted. DIAGNOSTICS: blood typing kits and blood filters are readily available from veterinary wholesalers, laboratories and blood banking services. EVIDENCE BASE: over the past three decades, a substantial body of clinical research and reports has built up covering feline blood types and transfusion medicine. This article draws on that research to provide clinical guidance aimed at all veterinarians in feline or small animal practice who either currently practise transfusion medicine or plan to do so.     

Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction in an Abyssinian Cat With Blood Type B

After receiving a transfusion with unmatched blood, an anemic Abyssinian cat developed an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Similar to many other purebred cats, the recipient had type B blood with strong serum anti-A alloantibodies, whereas the donor had blood type A. Subsequent transfusions with type B blood proved effective and without adverse reactions. This case of a clinical A-B incompatibility reaction emphasizes the need for blood typing and/or crossmatching prior to transfusing cats.     

Transfusion medicine in exotic pets

The decision to transfuse a patient should always be based on the packed cell volume and clinical status of the patient. This article discusses indications for transfusion and blood substitutes in exotic animal patients. The administration of blood products requires careful donor selection, knowledge of blood groups, cross-matching, and use of anticoagulants. Collection sites, volume, and administration techniques are given for different species of animals including birds, rabbits, and ferrets. Blood-transfusion therapy is not without risk. The frequency with which transfusion reactions occur in exotic pets is unknown. The most common transfusion reactions seen in small animals, along with suggested treatment, are discussed. The availability of blood products is limited in exotic pet medicine; therefore, the use of blood substitutes (Oxyglobin) has the advantage of long storage potential, no need for cross-matching, and no potential for disease transmission. General principles of blood substitutes and administration techniques will be discussed.