高寒地区燕麦根际联合固氮菌研究Ⅲ固氮菌对燕麦生长的影响及其固氮量测定

利用稳定性15N同位素稀释法研究了接种固氮菌株对燕麦生长的影响及固氮量.结果表明,接种不同供试固氮菌株对燕麦生长的影响不同,大多数菌株明显促进燕麦生长(株高、根长、根表面积和生物量),部分菌株则对燕麦生长影响不明显.菌株固氮百分率和固氮量差异较大,固氮百分率为13.78%～63.96%,大于50%的有5株(Azotobacter sp.ChO7、Pseudomonas sp.ChO3、Azotobacter sp.ChO4、Azotobacter sp.ChO5和Azospirillum lipoferum ChO6);固氮量为0.065 3～0.315 8 mg/株,Azotobacter sp.ChO4最高,其次是 Pseudomonas sp.ChO3、Azotobacter sp.ChO7、Azotobacter sp.ChO5和A. lipoferum ChO6等.综合固氮量和对燕麦生长影响认为,菌株A. lipoferum ChO6、Azotobacter sp.ChO4、Pseudomonas sp. ChO3、Azotobacter sp.ChO5和Azotobacter sp.ChO7等可作为燕麦固氮菌肥研制的菌种.     

固氮菌对燕麦不同生育期促生作用的研究

研究了固氮菌对兰州地区燕麦不同生育期的促生作用。结果表明,假单胞菌属Pseudomonas sp. N4,动胶杆菌属Zoogloea sp. W6,生脂固氮螺菌Azospirillus lipoferum C6,固氮菌属Azotobacter sp. O5和Azotobacter sp. W5对燕麦有促生作用。拔节期,接种固氮菌后燕麦株高增加0.73%~12.11%,叶绿素增加1.14%~39.43%,地上植物量增加21.45%~43.55%,地下植物量增加51.85%~130.86%,根冠比增加7.7%~76.9%,总植物量增加2.00%~45.36%,粗蛋白增加3.02%~25.57%;半量化肥 固氮菌处理的株高增加1.96%~5.82%,叶绿素和地上植物量没有增加,地下植物量增加3.47%~33.17%,根冠比增加15.38%~30.76%。成熟期,各个处理促生作用降低,处理间差距缩小,Pseudomonas sp. N4和Azotobacter sp. O5促生效果好。     

高寒地区燕麦根际联合固氮菌研究Ⅰ固氮菌分离及鉴定

结合气相色谱仪,利用乙炔还原等方法对高寒地区重要饲用植物--燕麦(Avena sativa)根际联合固氮菌进行了分离和鉴定.结果表明,该地区燕麦根际联合固氮菌株较少(8株),菌株分布以根系表面(RP)最多,根表土壤(RS)次之,距根系较远的土壤(NRS)和根内(HP)最少,即:RP>RS>NRS≥HP;菌株固氮酶活性相差较大(C2H4 112.5～1 147.9 nmol/mL*h),具有较高固氮酶活性的菌株较少(C2H4大于500 nmol/mL*h只有2株);菌株均为革兰氏阴性菌,经鉴定分属Azotobacter(3株)、Pseudomonas(3株)和Azospirillus(2株)3个属.相对于其它生境和植物,高寒地区燕麦根际联合固氮菌种类较为单一.     

高寒地区燕麦根际联合固氮菌研究 Ι固氮菌分离及鉴定

结合气相色谱仪,利用乙炔还原等方法对高寒地区重要饲用植物——燕麦(Avenasativa)根际联合固氮菌进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明,该地区燕麦根际联合固氮菌株较少(8株),菌株分布以根系表面(RP)最多,根表土壤(RS)次之,距根系较远的土壤(NRS)和根内(HP)最少,即:RP>RS>NRS≥HP;菌株固氮酶活性相差较大(C2H4112.5～1147.9nmol/mL·h),具有较高固氮酶活性的菌株较少(C2H4大于500nmol/mL·h只有2株);菌株均为革兰氏阴性菌,经鉴定分属Azotobacter(3株)、Pseudomonas(3株)和Azospirillus(2株)3个属。相对于其它生境和植物,高寒地区燕麦根际联合固氮菌种类较为单一。     

联合固氮菌株分泌能力及其对燕麦的促生效应测定

测定了分离自草坪草和燕麦根际的固氮菌株的分泌植物生长素(IAA)能力及其对燕麦的促生效应。结果表明:11株固氮菌都能分泌IAA,其中加前体(色氨酸)浓度在2.16~22.3μg/mL的有9株浓度大于10μg/mL;不加前体浓度在0.81~13.8μg/mL的有6株浓度大于10μg/mL,有6株能够溶解有机磷,3株能够溶解无机磷,且溶磷强度在58~82μg/mL,1株既能溶解有机磷,又能溶解无机磷;试管试验中除了2株效果比对照差外,其他9株株高增加62.8%~142.8%、叶绿素增加2.78%~63.89%、地上植物量增加21.45%~150.48%、地下植物量增加2.04%~70.75%、总根长增加2.27%~41.27%、根表面积增加11.32%~84.9%;另外I017和I012两个菌株分泌激素能力较好,I016菌株综合能力较好。     

溶磷细菌的溶磷及分泌吲哚乙酸能力研究

为了研究细菌的溶磷和分泌IAA的能力,获得性状较优良的菌株资源,将从植物根际分离获得的109株细菌接种于Pikovskaky培养基,通过溶磷圈法筛选获得溶磷能力较强且效果稳定的菌株4株,应用钼锑抗比色法定量测定溶磷量,同时对其分泌生长素的特性进行了评价。结果表明:4株细菌溶磷量为56.77～283.69μg/mL,菌株MD2(2)溶磷能力最强,溶磷量达283.69μg/mL。4株细菌都具有分泌IAA的能力,分泌量为19.83～41.77μg/mL,MC2(2)分泌IAA的量最高,达41.77μg/mL;菌株MD2(2)和MC2(2)在提高土壤肥力、促进作物生长方面具有应用前景。经鉴定MD2(2)为克什米尔小陌生菌(Advenella kashmirensis subsp.methylica),MC2(2)为苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Ensifer meliloti)。     

菊芋内生固氮菌分离、鉴定及特性研究

通过气相色谱,结合乙炔还原法,对菊芋根系的内生固氮菌进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明,筛选得到的7株具有固氮酶活性的菌株,分别属于根瘤菌属,寡养单胞菌属,假单胞菌属和肠杆菌属。菌株之间固氮酶活性相差较大,固氮酶活性较高的菌株较少,100 nmol/(mL·h)以上的只有cho1和cho9两株菌。菌株cho4的耐盐性较高,可以在盐浓度为7%的条件下正常生长。分离得到的菌株中,有5株具有解磷活性,其中以菌株cho7的活性最高,为63.84 μg/mL。菌株全部都具有分泌生长素的能力,但差异较大,分泌IAA浓度最高的是cho2,达到13.49 μg/mL。     

溶磷菌溶磷和分泌IAA特性及对苜蓿生长的影响

植物根际溶磷菌不仅可以提高植物对土壤磷素的利用率,同时可以促进根瘤菌的结瘤和固氮作用。利用液体培养法对5株溶磷菌的溶磷特性和分泌IAA能力进行研究,并通过盆栽试验研究接种溶磷菌对苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)生长的影响。结果表明:各供试菌株溶磷能力差异较大,溶磷能力最强的是LM18(300.3 mg/mL);菌株都有分泌IAA特性,最大分泌量为17.95μg/mL(LM12)。接种溶磷菌后苜蓿株高、茎粗、干重、干鲜比和叶茎比都比对照明显增加。因此,溶磷能力和分泌IAA能力较强的菌株(LM12和LM18)可作为研制微生物肥料的优良菌株。     

植物根际促生菌对两种真菌病害病原的抑制作用及其鉴定

利用钼蓝比色法、乙炔还原法和高效液相色谱法分别测定了分离自5种植物根际的19株细菌溶磷、固氮和分泌生长素特性;用平板对峙生长法测定了19株细菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌和小麦根腐病菌的抑制作用;结合菌株形态、生理生化反应,利用分子生物学方法鉴定了其中8株优良细菌。结果表明,菌株Bacillus subtilis LM4-3固氮酶活性较高[244.88 nmol C₂H₄/(mL·h)];菌株B. subtilis LHS11-1溶磷能力较强(205.77 mg/L);菌株PGRS-3分泌IAA能力较好(40.78 μg/mL)。5株菌株能够有效拮抗黄瓜枯萎病菌,其中B. subtilis FX2-1抑菌活性较强(活菌抑制率69.07%,发酵液抑制率51.73%)。7株菌株能够有效拮抗小麦根腐病菌,其中B. subtilis FX2-1抑菌活性较强(活菌抑制率 78.17%),B. subtilis LHS11-1发酵液抑制率高达81.52%。其他具有较好促生或拮抗上述两种病原真菌的菌株经鉴定,分别属于蜡样芽孢杆菌(B. cereus,菌株XX1)、短小芽孢杆菌(B. pumilus,菌株F1-4和LX22)、简单芽孢杆菌(B. simplex,菌株XX6)和荧光假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens,菌株XX5)。     

鸭茅根际溶磷菌溶磷性和分泌植物生长素能力的研究

从鸭茅根际不同部位分离具有溶磷能力的菌株,通过溶磷圈法筛选出9株溶磷能力较强的菌株进行深入研究。利用钼蓝比色法测定其溶磷能力。结果表明：磷酸钙为磷源时溶磷量在109.47～270.40μg/mL,磷酸铝为磷源时溶磷量在0.00～25.86μg/mL。以磷酸钙为磷源进行动态研究,2次测定的溶磷量不同,测定最佳时间为9～12d。菌株分泌IAA测定结果显示,大部分菌株具有分泌IAA能力,加前体物质色氨酸时菌株分泌IAA能力较未加时大,菌株Da11、Da15在无前体物质条件下分泌IAA量分别达到10.60、10.69μg/mL。综合菌株的溶磷、分泌IAA,认为Da8、Da11、Da15、Da19和Da20等5个菌株具有较大的应用潜力。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。