利用SYBR Green real-time PCR方法监控鸡外周血淋巴细胞中马立克病毒的载量

建立基于SYBR Green Ⅰ的real-time FQ-PCR方法检测并定量鸡外周血淋巴细胞(peripheral blood leukocytes,PBLs)中马立克病毒(Marek's disease virus,MDV)的载量(以meq基因为定量标准),并将此技术的敏感性与标准PCR方法进行对比.应用PCR技术从MDV-1攻毒后的霞烟鸡PBLs中扩增MDV meq基因的部分片段,纯化上述基因的DNA扩增产物,然后克隆到pGM-T载体,重组质粒通过PCR和EcoR Ⅰ酶切及测序分析进行确认；将浓度梯度的meq基因的重组标准品质粒DNA进行real-time FQ-PCR,建立其相应的标准曲线.同样以质粒DNA为模板,real-time FQ-PCR方法的最低检出率为10拷贝,而标准PCR的最低检出率则为32拷贝.结果表明,在检测MDV时,real-time FQ-PCR敏感度比标准PCR要高.     

鸡马立克氏病病毒在鸡淋巴细胞和羽髓中的复制动力学分析

马立克氏病（MD）是由鸡马立克氏病病毒血清1型（MDV1）引起的鸡高度接触性淋巴细胞增生性疾病,MDV1在体内的复制状况与其致病性强弱及传播能力直接相关。本实验选择近几年从国内不同地区MD暴发鸡场分离的6株MDV1强毒株、弱毒疫苗“814”株和国内标准MDV1强毒J-1株,分别人工感染SPF鸡,采用双重实时荧光定量PCR（FQ—PCR）方法,检测感染后1d～28d病毒在淋巴细胞和羽髓中的复制状况。结果显示,接种1d后即可在淋巴细胞中检测到MDV1（10^2.6 copies～10^5.2 copies／10^6 cells）;在检测期间,淋巴细胞中病毒载量略有上升的趋势,总体呈现不规律变化,而且变化并不明显。接种7d后羽髓中病毒载量开始显著增加,14d～21d达到峰值,超强毒株峰值处病毒载量可达到10^7 copies／10^6 cells,峰值期病毒载量是感染前期（1d～7d）的100～10000倍。强毒株在体内的病毒载量高于弱毒株,即复制能力高于弱毒株。研究表明,MDV1国内流行的毒株有增殖速度快,病毒载量高的新特点;MDV1致病性的高低与在其在体内的复制能力的高低呈正相关。     

超强马立克病病毒株的致病性研究

拟对一株超强马立克病病毒(MDV)SD2012-1株的致病性进行研究。将60只SPF鸡平均分成未免组、HVT免疫组和CVI988疫苗免疫组3组。于1日龄时对其进行马立克病(MD)疫苗免疫,于10日龄时进行SD2012-1攻毒;每天观察攻毒鸡临床症状,对病死鸡进行病理剖检和组织学观察;用PCR反应对感染鸡进行MDV跟踪监测。病理学研究结果显示:攻毒后第2周,试验鸡有轻微组织病变;攻毒后第6周,试验鸡有眼观病变,镜检有散在的肿瘤细胞团块;攻毒后第9周,试验鸡有明显的眼观肿瘤病变,镜检有大量肿瘤细胞聚集;SD2012-1可以突破CVI988疫苗免疫,引起高达30%的鸡发病。PCR跟踪监测结果显示:攻毒后第5天,未免组和HVT免疫组可检出MDV;攻毒后第10天,未免组和HVT免疫组阳性检出率均为100%,CVI988免疫组阳性检出率为30%;攻毒后第20天,3组试验鸡阳性检出率均为100%;用PCR检测病死鸡的肝、肾、肌胃、肠系膜、十二指肠、心和法氏囊样品的结果均为MDV阳性;攻毒300d后,健康存活鸡的羽髓PCR检测结果均为MDV阳性。结果表明,HVT疫苗对于SD2012-1株几乎无保护作用,超强马立克病病毒SD2012-1株能够长期在免疫鸡体内存在,突破免疫保护,引起发病,这对国内防控鸡马立克病提出了严峻挑战。     

微滴式数字PCR定量检测鸡毒支原体方法的建立

为建立微滴式数字PCR（droplet digital PCR,ddPCR）定量检测鸡毒支原体（Mycoplasma gallisepticum,MG）方法,以MG的mgpc基因序列为目的序列,在其保守区域内设计合成了1对特异性引物和1条探针,通过各反应条件优化,建立了检测MG的ddPCR方法,并测定了建立方法的特异性、敏感性以及重复性。结果显示：建立方法的最佳引物浓度为20 μmol/μL,探针浓度为10 μmol/μL,退火温度为55 ℃;该方法只检出MG,没有检出鸡滑液囊支原体、禽衣阿华支原体、禽流感病毒、鸡新城疫病毒、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、禽脑脊髓炎病毒、禽偏肺炎病毒、禽呼肠孤病毒、鸡沙门氏菌和鸡大肠杆菌,且相互间没有交叉反应;本方法最低检测MG重组质粒标准品的检测限为3.9拷贝/μL。重组质粒标准品浓度在3.9~41 025拷贝/μL范围内,绘制的ddPCR绝对定量曲线与测得值呈良好的线性关系（R2 = 0.999）;3次重复检测试验结果的变异系数均小于5%。对采集的60份病鸡喉拭子、气囊拭子及肺样品进行MG检测,结果ddPCR方法的阳性检出率（15.0%）高于荧光定量PCR方法（13.3%）。结果表明,本研究建立的ddPCR方法定量检测MG特异性强,灵敏度高,重复性好,为绝对定量检测MG提供了技术手段。     

表达马立克氏病病毒CV1988／Rispens株糖蛋白B基因的重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的免疫保护研究

用鸡痘病毒载体表达马立克氏病病毒（MDV）糖蛋白B（gB)基因构建成重组鸡痘病毒（rF-PV)。以MDV GA或Md5和RBIB混合攻毒，在不同品种的鸡中评价rFPV-gB/R单价苗和与火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）组成的二价苗的免疫保护效力。试验结果表明，MDV疫苗和FPV母源抗体阴性的SPF鸡和母源抗体阳性的商品鸡中，rFDV-gB/R均能提供免疫保护作用，且其中一种商品蛋鸡中rFPV-gB/R与HVT液氮苗或HVT冻干苗结合使用，均有显著的免疫协同保护作用。免疫学研究指出，rFPV-gB/R与常规疫苗一样，可显著地降低疫苗免疫攻毒鸡的病毒血症和羽囊排毒。     

表达马立克氏病病毒CVI988／Rispens株糖蛋白B基因的重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的免疫保护研究

用鸡痘病毒载体表达马立克氏病病毒（MDV）糖蛋白B（gB）基因构建成重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV）。以MDV　GA或Md5和RBIB混合攻毒，在不同品种的鸡中评价rFPV－gB／R单价苗和与火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）组成的二价苗的免疫保护效力。试验结果表明，MDV疫苗和FPV母源抗体阴性的SPF鸡和母源抗体阳性的商品鸡中，rFDV－gB／R均能提供免疫保护作用，且其中一种商品蛋鸡中rFPV－gB／R与HVT液氮苗或HVT冻干苗结合使用，均有显著的免疫协同保护作用。免疫学研究指出，rFPV－gB／R与常规疫苗一样，可显著地降低疫苗免疫攻毒鸡的病毒血症和羽囊排毒。     

实时定量PCR对猪圆环病毒2型感染猪体内病毒分布规律的研究

根据发表的猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）ORF2基因序列设计了一对特异引物,并以克隆重组质粒作为阳性标准品,采用SYBR-GreenⅠ嵌合荧光染料建立了一种用于检测PCV2的实时定量PCR方法。该方法在10^7～10^1范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为R2=0．997,扩增效率为E=0．920;对质粒标准品检测下限值为8．2拷贝／μL,检测变异系数低于2．0％。该方法与常规PCR及过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（IPMA）比较,其敏感性提高10^3倍以上。采用该法对PCV2人工感染猪的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、腹股沟淋巴结等组织中病毒核酸载量检测结果表明,在多种脏器中均可检9n,4到病毒,其中腹股沟淋巴结、扁桃体和脾脏中病毒含量较高（为3．4×10^9拷贝儋～1．7×10^10拷贝／g）,这表明病毒主要在免疫器官增殖,导致淋巴细胞耗损。对来自国内不同地区的28份临床发病猪病料进行病毒DNA定量检测,有半数以上病料的病毒载量达到10^9-10拷贝／g。实验表明,实时定量PCR可用于PCV2核酸定量检测,为该病毒体内外定量检测提供了一种技术手段。     

猪圆环病毒2型SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR检测方法,采用PCR扩增PCV2 ORF2基因242 bp片段,并克隆入pMD18-T载体中,以纯化的重组质粒为模板作荧光定量PCR扩增,建立了PCV2荧光定量PCR检测方法,该方法检测灵敏度可达1.2×101拷贝/μL,与猪圆环病毒1型（PCV1）、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）、猪蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）、猪细小病毒（PPV）、猪伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）、乙型脑炎病毒（JEV）核酸均不发生扩增反应,具有很好的特异性和重复性。结果表明：建立的PCV2实时荧光定量PCR检测方法具有特异、敏感、快速、定量、重复性好等优点,可用于临床PCV2的检测。     

应用聚合酶链反应鉴别诊断马立克氏病病毒及免疫效果监测

应用３对引物建立了３套聚合酶链反应检测体系。用该技术分别检测马立克氏病毒１型，３型毒株，并能鉴别１型致癌性强毒株和非致癌性弱毒株；可从强毒感染 病鸡病变脏器和弱毒免疫的ＳＰＦ雏鸡不同时期采集的弱髓中检测到ＭＤＶ１型病毒的ＤＮＡ；可鉴别强毒发病鸡羽髓和弱毒免疫鸡羽髓。以羽髓为检测材料，应用上述ＰＣＲ技术可以ＭＤＶ１型弱毒疫苗免疫鸡群进行免疫效果监测。     

鸡减蛋综合征病毒Hexon基因SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

用PCR方法扩增出鸡减蛋综合征病毒（EDSV）Hexon基因保守片段,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳及序列测定分析扩增产物的特异性。以构建的阳性重组质粒作为标准品,建立SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR反应的扩增曲线和溶解曲线,并绘制标准曲线。结果表明,建立的EDSV荧光定量PCR标准曲线Ct值与1×10^1～1×10^6拷贝/μL的基因拷贝数呈现良好线性关系,灵敏度可达10拷贝,且特异性及重复性良好;说明本试验建立的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法可用于EDSV的诊断及病原的定量分析。     

Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction method to detect oncogenic Marek's disease virus from feather tips.

For the easy survey of Marek's disease virus (MDV), feather tip-derived DNA from MDV-infected chickens can be used because feather tips are easy to collect and feather follicle epithelium is known to be the only site of productive replication of cell-free MDV. To develop a diagnostic method to differentiate highly virulent strains of MDV from the attenuated MDV vaccine strain, CVI988, which is widely used, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect a segment of the meq gene in feather tip samples of chickens experimentally infected with MDV. In chickens infected with Md5, a strain of oncogenic MDV, the meq gene was consistently detected, whereas the L-meq gene, in which a 180-base pair (180-bp) sequence is inserted into the meq gene, was detected in CVI988-infected chickens. Moreover, the meq gene was mainly detected even in chickens co-infected with both Md5 and CVI988. These results suggest that this method is appropriate for the surveillance of the highly virulent MDV infection in the field.     

鸡马立克病病毒强毒与疫苗毒PCR鉴别检测方法的建立

在Ⅰ型马立克病病毒(MDV)基因组中针对132 bp串联重复序列的两侧合成一对引物,应用PCR技术对临床病例采集的疑似马立克病肿瘤病变鸡肝组织和1日龄接种CVI988弱毒疫苗的健康雏鸡羽髓样本进行检测。结果表明,从临床病例采集的10份肝脏组织,7份扩增出一条314 bp的条带,相当于2个拷贝数的132 bp串联重复序列;在接种疫苗健康雏鸡的羽髓样本中,扩增出与CVI988弱毒一致的PCR图谱,相当于6个~8个或更多拷贝数的132 bp串联重复序列。根据PCR图谱的差异即可鉴别MDV强毒株与CVI988疫苗弱毒株。     

Isolation and Identification of a Field Strain of Marek's Disease Virus and Analysis of Major Pathogenic Genes

In a certain area of Shandong province, Marek's disease (MD) occurred in diseased chickens that had been vaccinated by turkey herpesvirus.In order to isolate the virus strain and detect the virus pathogenicity, agar diffusion test, cell culture and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were used to isolate the Marek's virus from chicken's blood and feather marrow.The isolated strain was adapted to grow in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF).Genes involved in pathogenesis of MDV, such as meq, pp38 and 132 bp repeat sequence were amplified by PCR.The obtained sequences were compared with that of standard strains published in GenBank by DNAStar software.The results showed that pp38 gene of the SDAU-1 shared homology from 100% with standard virulent sequence.Analysis of 132 bp repeat sequence and meq gene sequences of the viral genome showed that the isolated virus belongs to the highly virulent MDV strains.     

Rapid detection of Marek's disease virus in feather follicles by loop-mediated amplification

Marek's disease (MD) remains a serious problem in the production of poultry. The disease is caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), and despite the ubiquitous use of vaccination to control losses, MD still affects poultry farming worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the simple and inexpensive detection of MDV in feather tips of chickens. Two pairs of specific primers complementary to the meq oncogene of MDV were designed, targeting the sequence of the very virulent MDV strain, RB1B. Bst polymerase was used for the isothermal amplification of viral DNA at 65 C for 90 min in a water bath. The fluorescence signal was identified in MDV-positive samples after the addition of SYBR Green and ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The sensitivity of LAMP was 2 log 10 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml of HPRS16 and 10(3) copies/il of plasmid containing the target gene (meq) and was equal in sensitivity to PCR amplification. Due to the use of three sets of primers, LAMP was highly specific for MDV-1 DNA. The developed LAMP technique is a rapid and simple tool for the specific detection of MDV in samples of feathers taken from live chickens. Since the use of thermocyclers is not necessary for LAMP assay, it can be conducted by small laboratories and even field veterinarians.     

High virus titer in feather pulp of chickens infected with subgroup J avian leukosis virus

Subgroup J avian leukosis viruses (ALVs), which are a recombinant virus between exogenous and endogenous ALVs, can spread by either vertical or horizontal transmission. Exogenous and endogenous ALVs can be detected in feather pulp. In this study, virus titers in feather pulp of chickens infected with subgroup J ALV were compared with those of plasma and cloacal swab. All of the broiler chickens inoculated with subgroup J ALV at 1 day old were positive for virus from feather pulp during the experimental period of between 2 wk and 8 wk of age. Virus titers in feather pulp of some broiler chickens infected with subgroup J ALV were very high, ranging from 10(7) to 10(8) infective units per 0.2 ml. Virus titers in feather pulp were usually the highest among the samples of plasma, cloacal swab, and feather pulp tested. In another experiment in which layer chickens were inoculated with subgroup J ALV at 1 day old, virus was detected in feather pulp from 2 wk until 18 wk of age, and virus persisted longer in feather pulp than in plasma. Almost all of the layer chickens tested were positive for virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA extracted from feather pulp samples at 2, 4, and 10 wk of age, and the PCR from feather pulp was more sensitive than virus isolation from plasma, cloacal swab, and feather pulp. All above results indicate that samples of feather pulp can be useful for virus isolation and PCR to confirm subgroup J ALV infection.     

The detection of the meq gene in chicken infected with Marek's disease virus serotype 1

In the genome of strains of very virulent Marek's disease virus serotype 1(vvMDV1), such as Md5 and RB1B, the meq open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 339-amino-acid bZIP protein, is present, while a slightly longer meq ORF, termed as L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the meq ORF is found in other strains of MDV1, such as CV1988/R6 and attenuated JM. When chickens were infected with vvMDV1 strains and the meq gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the meq gene was detected throughout the experimental period for 7 weeks post inoculation (pi). However, the L-meq gene was also detected at 3 to 5 weeks and 3 to 4 weeks pi. in Md5-infected and RB1B-infected chickens, respectively. In the case of chickens infected with an attenuated MDV1, the JM strain, the L-meq gene was detected at 2 to 7 weeks pi., and the meq gene was also detected at 2 to 6 weeks pi. Both L-meq and meq genes were detected in chickens infected with an attenuated nononcogenic vaccine strain of MDV1 (CVI988/R6), throughout the experimental period. Though quantitative PCR was not performed, a larger amount of the PCR products corresponding to the L-meq than the meq gene was amplified from chickens infected with JM or CVI988/R6. These results suggest that a dynamic population shift between the MDV subpopulations displaying meq and L-meq genes occurs in chickens during the course of MDV infection. Since the MDV subpopulation that displays the L-meq gene only displays it during the latent phase, the L-meq and its gene product, if any, might contribute to the maintenance of the MDV latency.     

PCR扩增TK基因检测鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒的研究

根据已发表序列设计一对包含鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）TK基因全长核苷酸的1259bp引物，对2株ILTV强毒和1株ILTV疫苗毒进行PCR扩增，均能扩增出预期大小的目的片段，酶切分析证实了目的片段的特异性，而其它禽病原体的扩增均为阴性。PCR检测ILTV DNA的最小检测量为75pg。此方法检测人工接种鸡的气管棉拭样品，均能检测到ILTV，因此可用于临诊样品鸡传染性喉气管炎病的检测和诊断。     

Diversity (polymorphism) of the meq gene in the attenuated Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 1 and MDV-transformed cell lines

The meq gene encoding a 339-amino-acid bZIP transactivator protein has been identified as a candidate oncogene of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1), which induces malignant lymphomas in chickens. We have previously reported that, in addition to meq, L-meq, in which a 180-bp sequence is inserted into the region encoding the transactivation domain of meq, is also detected in chickens experimentally infected with MDV. To further analyze the diversity in meq, PCR was performed using a primer set which specifically amplify the proline-rich repeat (PRR) region in the transactivation domain of meq. In CVI988/R6, a vaccine strain of MDV1, and JM, an MDV1 strain attenuated by prolonged passage in vitro, a major band of a 0.8 kb corresponding to L-meq as well as a minor band of 0.6 kb corresponding to meq was detected by PCR. Furthermore, extra 0.5- and 0.3-kb bands, corresponding to genes termed as short meq (S-meq), and very short meq (VS-meq), respectively, were also detected. These genes were also detected in MDV-transformed cell lines, MSB1 and MTB1. In Md5, an oncogenic MDV1, attenuated by prolonged passage in vitro, the 0.6-kb meq was consistently detected, and 0.5-kb S-meq was occasionally detected. This diversity in meq was due to the difference in the copy number of the PRR region: L-meq and meq contained 9 and 6 copies of PRR while 4 and 2 copies of PRR were present in S-meq and VS-meq, respectively. Thus, the meq gene is polymorphic in the attenuated MDV1 and the MDV-transformed cell lines, and gene products from different meq genes may have different functions from each other.     

检测伪狂犬病毒gB基因荧光定量PCR方法的建立

利用DNAMAN软件对GenBank登录的伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）各毒株gB基因序列进行比对分析,选择其保守区域设计合成特异性的引物和TaqMan探针,同时利用普通PCR技术扩增获得全长的伪狂犬病毒gB基因,并克隆到pMD20-T载体上作为阳性标准品。通过对荧光定量PCR反应条件的优化,建立了一种快速检测伪狂犬病病毒的荧光定量PCR技术。该检测技术具有较高的灵敏性、特异性和可靠性。对制备的pMD-gB阳性标准品的检测结果表明,所建立的伪狂犬病毒TaqMan荧光定量PCR最低检测极限可达1.50×102拷贝/反应;同时相比于普通PCR方法其灵敏度高100～1 000倍以上,并且重复性好。在对60份临床样品的检测中,荧光定量PCR不仅检出了普通PCR检测为阳性的样品,且检出了2份普通PCR未检出的样品,进一步证实了该方法快速、灵敏性好,可用于PRV感染的早期快速定量检测和肉类食品进出口检疫。     

Differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses (MDVs) by the polymerase chain reaction amplification of the tandem direct repeats within the MDV genome.

There are no simple, direct methods to reliably distinguish oncogenic serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses (MDVs) from their attenuated variants. The present study was an attempt to apply polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to develop a rapid and sensitive assay for the presence of the MDV genome. PCR oligos were chosen to flank the 132-base-pair tandem direct repeats in the serotype 1 MDV genome. The PCR reaction was specific for serotype 1 MDVs, amplifying fragments corresponding to one to three copies of the tandem repeats present in Md11/8, JM/102W, and GA viruses. A high-molecular-weight DNA smear was observed when the DNA from an attenuated Md11/100 was PCR-amplified. Use of the PCR technique allowed the detection of two copies of the 132-base-pair repeat in the DNA extracted from MDV-induced lymphomas removed from two chickens. No DNA was amplified from the DNA extracted from lymphomas induced by either an avian leukosis virus (RAV-1) or reticuloendotheliosis virus (chick syncytial virus).