波尔山羊和山西省地方山羊品种微卫星DNA多态性分析及群体间杂种优势预测

（方法）利用5个微卫星标记对山西省5个山羊品种遗传多态性进行分析，（目的）以预测波尔山羊与地方山羊品种的杂种优势，为山西省肉用山羊新品种培育及波尔山羊在山西省合理杂交利用提供理论依据。（结果）5个山羊品种共检测到70．0个等位基因，各位点的等位基因数在9．0～21．0之间；经群体遗传统计分析，5个山羊品种平均有效等位基因数4．94～6．05个，平均多态信息含量0．7053～0．7982，平均基因杂合度0．7592～0．8316。5个山羊品种间遗传分化系数0．0607；波尔山羊与吕梁黑山羊的标准遗传距离最大（0．5083），其余依次为阳城白山羊（0．4474）、洪洞奶山羊（0．4332）、黎城大青羊（0．3301）。（结论）5个微卫星位点均为高度多态位点，可用于5个山羊品种遗传多样性评估；5个山羊品种在5个微卫星位点多态性丰富，遗传变异大，品种间遗传分化小。据品种间遗传距离推测，波尔山羊与吕梁黑山羊的杂种优势最大，与阳城白山羊和洪洞奶山羊的杂种优势次之，与黎城大青羊的杂种优势最小。     

山羊MSHR基因G676A突变在不同毛色群体中的变异

研究了MSHR基因G676A突变在22个山羊群体634个个体中的变异，发现白色山羊群体166个个体绝大多数为GG纯合子，G为优势等位基因，频率为0．99。以红棕色为主色调山羊群体的197个个体中A为优势等位基因，频率为0．33，且国外引入品种具有更高的A等位基因频率（0．89）。以黑色为主色调山羊群体的271个个体中，A等位基因频率为0．21，处于白色山羊群体（0．01）和以红棕色为主色调的山羊群体（0．33）之间。研究结果显示AA基因型可能与山羊的棕色皮毛形成有关，而GG基因型可能与白色被毛形成有关。遗传多样性分析表明，G676A突变位点表现出丰富的遗传多样性，只是在以黑色为主色调的建昌黑山羊、雷州山羊、武安山羊、都安山羊和青色的济宁青山羊中表现出遗传多样性的缺乏。遗传分化结果显示，国内外山羊群体间的基因分化（0．449）明显大于国内品种间的分化（0．237），国内南北地区山羊群体间分化程度较低，以黑色和棕红色为主色调的山羊群体间具有较大的基因流动。聚类分析结果也与毛色变异基本一致。     

闽南黄牛的微卫星多态性研究

：用8个微卫星标记对闽南黄牛的等位基因频率、多态信息含量、杂合度和有效等位基因数等指标进行统计分析，并在此基础上对其进行聚类分析和分类研究。结果：8个微卫星标记在所检测的闽南黄牛群体中都表现出较丰富的多态性，在4个群体8个微卫星座位共有58个等位基因，每个微卫星标记平均检测到7．2个等位基因（3～11）；8个微卫星标记的平均多态信息含量（PIC）为0．6471，各群体的平均多态信息含量（PIC）差并不显著；全部群体平均杂合度为0．2930；各群体平均有效等位基因数为3．37。此表明闽南黄牛在微卫星位点上具有丰富的遗传多样性；根据奈氏标准遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类分析，结果表明4个群体间的遗传变异不大。     

利用微卫星标记对六个羊群体性的研究

采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法采集了67只洼地绵羊样品，并用PCR—PAGE电泳技术检测了其7个微卫星位点（oarFCB11，oarFCB128，oarFCB48，oarFCB304，MAF33，MAF70和oarAEl01）的遗传多态性，同时引用了小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊（参照群体）相同资料进行群体遗传关系分析。研究结果表明：7个微卫星标记在洼地绵羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊及长江三角洲白山羊6个品种中均存在多态性，可以用于绵羊群体遗传多样性的评估；7个微卫星标记在6个群体中的多态信息含量、平均有效等位基因数和平均杂合度分别为0．9182、13．9839、0．9511、0．9250、14．5013、0．9579、0．9157、12．9416、0．9446，0．9249，15．1723，0．9639，0．8835，10.0377，0.9333，0.8880，12.5156，0.9550，0.9078、12．1543、0．9389，其中oarFCB304遗传变异最大，oarAEl01最小；6个绵（山）羊群体中小尾寒羊和洼地羊的遗传变异较大，对照群体（山羊）最小。通过计算DA距离和DS标准遗传距离，采用非加权配对算术平均法（UPGMA）绘制聚类图，得出洼地羊先和小尾寒羊聚为一类，然后和滩羊合并为一类；同时湖羊和同羊聚为一类；绵羊五个品种为一类后与山羊合并为一类。     

中国南方地区7个山羊群体的遗传分化与基因流分析

利用23对微卫星标记分析了中国南方7个山羊群体的遗传分化、基因流、遗传分化程度与地理距离之间的关系,同时利用DC遗传距离构建系统树和STRUCTURE进行动态聚类。结果表明：7个山羊群体总近交系数（Fis）为-7．73％,群体内近交系数（Fis）为-26．5％,群体间基因分化系数（Fis）为14．84％,3个指标均达到极显著水平（P〈0．001）,说明这7个山羊群体总体上和群体内杂合度较高,群体间遗传分化较明显,14．84％的遗传变异来自于群体间,85．16％遗传变异来自于群体内个体间的差异。7个山羊群体每世代两群体间有效迁移个体数（Nem）变化范围为0．8313（宜昌白山羊与黄淮山羊）到3．4103（马头山羊与湘东黑山羊）,平均为1．5770。7个山羊群体间的基因分化程度与地理距离和遗传距离相关不显著（P〉O．05）。宜昌白山羊、马头山羊、湘东黑山羊、福清山羊、戴云山羊、黄淮山羊、长江三角洲白山羊群体中属于各自采样群体的概率分别为99．1％、98％、96．2％、96．6％、98．7％、98．7％和98．7％。同时,STRUCTURE软件通过变化的分群数体现的聚类情况与用DC遗传距离所构建的系统聚类图结果一致。研究结果表明：这7个山羊群体间的遗传分化主要是自然选择作用的结果。     

成都麻羊和波尔山羊生长激素基因HaeⅢ多态性的比较研究

利用PCR-RFLP技术检测了成都麻羊和波尔山羊生长激素（Growth Hormone，GH）基因的HaeⅢ酶切多态性。结果表明：成都麻羊和波尔山羊2个山羊群体中均存在GH基因HBeⅢ酶切位点的多态性，且均有A、B两个等位基因。成都麻羊群体等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0．6216和0．3784；波尔山羊群体中等位基因A和B的基因频率分别为0．5345和0．4655。GH基因HaeⅢ酶切住点的基因型分布在两个山羊群体中均极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡定理（P〈0．01）。但两个群体间不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

山东境内五个山羊种群生化遗传多态性研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法（PAGE），对山东省境内山羊种群的血液生化遗传标记多态性进行分析。结果表明，所测5个山羊品种中，Tf、Akp及EsⅠ基因座均表现出多态性，Hb和EsⅡ基因座仅分别在崂山奶山羊和莱芜黑山羊品种中表现出多态性，Amy未表现出多态性；平均杂合度为0．2876，基因纯合系数在0．6以上，群体的遗传分化系数为0．02614，说明这些山羊群体的遗传变异较低，其97．386％来自群体内遗传多态现象。基于31个多态位点基因频率的系统发育分析证明，带有共同遗传基础的济宁青山羊、鲁北白山羊和崂山奶山羊遗传距离较近，引进的南非波尔山羊与4个地方山羊品种遗传距离最远。     

内蒙古绒山羊4个群体微卫星特征

利用30个微卫星标记,对内蒙古绒山羊4个群体(阿尔巴斯、二狼山、乌珠穆沁、阿拉善),共计176个个体的遗传多样性进行了分析和研究.计算了各群体的等位基因频率,并以其为基础获得了各群体的平均杂合度、平均多态信息含量和平均有效等位基因数,分别为0.367～0.467、0.533～0.624、2.571～4.915.这些数据为进一步对山羊品种的保存和利用提供了科学的依据.     

利用微卫星分析中国家兔的遗传多样性

利用10个微卫星DNA标记对七个家兔品种进行了遗传检测。利用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测微卫星的PCR扩增产物,计算了七个家兔品种（9个家兔群体）样本在10个微卫星基因座上的等位基因频率、微卫星的多态信息含量（PIC）、各群体遗传杂合度、群体间的遗传距离、并根据遗传距离对这几个群体进行了聚类分析。结果表明：所选择的10个微卫星位点在所检测群体中均表现了较好的多态性,平均多态信息含量为0．569905。平均杂舍度范围在0．5885～0．6826。表明所研究的家兔品种的遗传多样性较丰富,还可以做进一步的选择利用。根据遗传距离所做的聚类分析图表明吉戎-Ⅰ系和吉戎-Ⅱ系、哈尔滨大白兔、塞北兔的亲缘关系依次较近,与它们的培育历史相吻合。     

利用微卫星标记对7个山羊品种的遗传多样性研究

为了研究小香羊与相邻产区山羊品种之间的亲缘关系,利用7个微卫星位点,以波尔山羊为对照,对中国6个山羊群体进行了遗传检测,计算了各品种群体的等位基因频率、平均杂合度(He)、平均多态信息含量(PIC)和平均有效等位基因数(Ne),同时分析了各品种群体内和群体间的遗传变异,并根据遗传距离进行了NJ聚类。结果表明,各群体的He、PIC、Ne分别为0.778~0.823、0.766~0.809、4.707~5.767;川东黑山羊和川东白山羊聚为一类,乌羊和南江黄羊聚为一类,其次是马头山羊、小香羊,最后是波尔山羊。微卫星标记分析结果与它们的地理分布及品种形成相一致。     

我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化的微卫星分析

为进一步了解我国绵(山)羊群体的品种特性及其遗传分化,本文利用微卫星标记对我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化进行了分析。采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测乌珠穆沁羊7个微卫星位点,并引用同实验室小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、长江三角洲白山羊(参照群体)的相关资料进行群体遗传分化水平分析。研究表明:7个微卫星位点在乌珠穆沁羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、山羊这6个品种中均存在遗传多态性,各座位等位基因均较丰富。根据标准遗传距离、DA遗传距离以及模糊相容关系进行聚类分析,湖羊与同羊首先聚为一类,乌珠穆沁羊和小尾寒羊聚为一类,然后与滩羊聚为一类,5个绵羊品种最后与山羊相聚。     

Microsatellite Analysis of Six Chinese Indigenous Sheep Breeds

This article described the relationship among six Chinese indigenous sheep breeds.There were six microsatellite loci which used to analyze the genetic diversity.Based on the allele frequency of six sheep variations, we calculated the mean heterozygosity (Ho), which were from 0.5446 to 0.7140;The polymorphism information content (PIC) in six sheep breeds were from 0.5211 to 0.7732.Genetic variations within breed were analyzed in the study, and we clustered the UPGMA tree according to the DA genetic distance.The results showed that six breeds had relatively abundant genetic diversity, and MXB had the highest genetic variation, while SW had the lowest genetic variation.The inbreeding coefficient of SW was higher than other breeds, which revealed a higher inbreeding degree in this breed.Phylogenetic tree was constructed using UPGMA, which showed that LZD and MXB were classified as a class, HZK and GF were classified as a class, SIH and SW were classified as a class.The results revealed the genetic structure of breeds correlated with geographical distribution and history of domestication.     

Genetic diversity in Egyptian and Italian goat breeds measured with microsatellite polymorphism.

Seven microsatellite markers were used to study genetic diversity of three Egyptian (Egyptian Baladi, Barki and Zaraibi) and two Italian (Maltese and Montefalcone) goat breeds. The microsatellites showed a high polymorphic information content (PIC) of more than 0.5 in most of the locus-breed combinations and indicated that the loci were useful in assessing within- and between-breed variability of domestic goat (Capra hircus). The expected heterozygosity of the breeds varied from 0.670 to 0.792. In the geographically wider distributed Egyptian Baladi breed there were indications for deviations from random breeding. Analysis of genetic distances and population structure grouped the three Egyptian goat breeds together, and separated them from the two Italian breeds. The studied Mediterranean breeds sampled from African and European populations seem to have differentiated from each other with only little genetic exchange between the geographically isolated populations.     

Genetic variability of six indigenous goat breeds using major histocompatibility complex-associated microsatellite markers

The present study aimed at analyzing the genetic variability of indigenous goat breeds (Capra hircus) using the MHC-associated microsatellite markers BF1, BM1818, BM1258, DYMS1, and SMHCC1. The following breeds were included: Chinese Xuhuai, Indian Changthangi and Pashmina, Kenyan Small East African (SEA) and Galla, and Albanian Vendi. To examine genetic variability, the levels of heterozigosity, degrees of inbreeding, and genetic differences among the breeds were analyzed. The mean number of alleles ranged from nine in the Galla to 14.5 in the Vendi breed. The mean observed heterozygosity and mean expected heterozygosity varied from 0.483 in the Vendi to 0.577 in the Galla breed, and from 0.767 in the SEA to 0.879 in the Vendi breed, respectively. Significant loss of heterozygosity (p < 0.01) indicated that these loci were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The mean F_IS values ranged from 0.3299 in the SEA to 0.4605 in the Vendi breed with a mean value of 0.3623 in all breeds (p < 0.001). Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 7.14% and 4.74% genetic variation existed among the different breeds and geographic groups, whereas 92.86% and 95.26% existed in the breeds and the geographic groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The microsatellite marker analysis disclosed a high degree of genetic polymorphism. Loss of heterozygosity could be due to genetic drift and endogamy. The genetic variation among populations and geographic groups does not indicate a correlation of genetic differences with geographic distance.     

中国山羊品种资源及其遗传多样性研究

本文论述了中国山羊的起源、品种遗传资源及其遗传多样性的研究进展。最新调查 显示中国的山羊品种达50个,其中43个为地方品种,4个培育品种,3个引入品种,许多品种 具有独特的生产性能或适应能力。大量研究表明,我国山羊遗传多样性较为丰富。     

贵州地方山羊品种遗传背景的微卫星分析

用15个牛微卫星位点,以波尔山羊为对照,研究了4个贵州地方山羊品种(贵州白山羊、贵州黑山羊、黔北麻羊、榕江小香羊)的遗传背景。结果:可分析的多态位点6个(BM1258、D1S104、ILSTS030、INRA063、INRABERN192、RM088),占40%(6/15),反应了牛微卫星位点与山羊有较高同源性;贵州地方山羊品种比波尔山羊具有较高的遗传多样性,高低顺序是贵州白山羊>贵州黑山羊>黔北麻羊>榕江小香羊>波尔山羊;群体遗传分化大,群体变异主要存在于品种内,而品种间的变异较小;贵州白山羊与贵州黑山羊遗传距离最近,其次是榕江小香羊、黔北麻羊,与波尔山羊遗传距离最远,这与它们的地理分布及品种形成相符。     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity of Anatolian indigenous domestic goats

Anatolia has been an important region for civilizations and agricultural revolution as a major domestication centre for livestock species. Goats (Capra hircus) were among the earliest domesticated animals in this region. In this study, genetic diversity of Anatolian goat breeds was characterized by comparison of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1. A total of 295 individuals, including 99 Anatolian Black goats, 96 Angora goats and 100 Kilis goats, were used. Haplogroup A was found to be the dominant haplogroup in all three breeds. The highest haplogroup diversity, including haplogroups A, B2, C and G, was observed in the Anatolian Black breed. Haplogroup D was only observed in Kilis and Angora goats. Haplogroup G was found in Angora and Anatolian Black breeds. The Anatolian goat breeds had high genetic diversity values and a weak phylogeographical structure. The nucleotide diversity values were found to be higher than those in previously studied goat breeds. The fact that Anatolia is a domestication centre and its geographical position as a junction of trade routes may have caused the higher genetic diversity of Anatolian goat breeds.     

利用mtDNA细胞色素b分析贵州山羊的系统发育

试验选取贵州山羊4个群体(共55只),设计引物对其mtDNA细胞色素b基因片段进行测序,测序结果与GenBank报道的8个山羊品种mtDNA细胞色素b基因进行比对分析。结果发现,在55只贵州山羊中有11个变异位点,其中转换10次,T/G颠换1次;10种单倍型中有7种单倍型为1个群体独享,3种单倍型为多个群体共享。4个山羊类群间存在较近的亲缘关系,既是独立的类群,其间也存在基因交流,其中贵州黑山羊和贵州麻羊的亲缘关系最近,与贵州白山羊的亲缘关系次之,与贵州小香羊的亲缘关系最远。从山羊品种间遗传距离构建的邻接树可见,贵州4个山羊类群均起源于镰刀状角羊骨羊。     

Drift across the Atlantic: genetic differentiation and population structure in Brazilian and Portuguese native goat breeds

Brazilian goat breeds are believed to derive mainly from animals brought by Portuguese settlers since the 16th century. We used microsatellite markers in a sample of 436 animals to study genetic variability and differentiation of the six Portuguese (PT) and six Brazilian (BR) goat breeds currently recognized in the two countries. These breeds were also compared with an outgroup represented by a sample of Alpine (ALP) goats. The effective number of alleles and allelic richness were slightly higher in PT than in BR breeds. The global F(ST) was nearly 0.11 when PT and BR breeds were considered, with a mean pairwise F(ST) of about 0.03 among PT breeds, 0.07 among BR breeds and 0.15 between PT and BR breeds. The dendrogram illustrating relationships between populations and the correspondence analysis indicate the existence of two very distinct clusters, corresponding to the countries of origin of the breeds studied, which are nearly equidistant from the Alpine outgroup. The analysis with structure confirmed the separation between PT and BR breeds but suggests that some BR breeds, especially Graúna and Canindé, may share a common ancestry with PT breeds. The divergence observed between PT and BR breeds may result from founder effects and genetic drift but could also reflect the introduction in Brazil of goats originating from other regions, e.g., West Africa.