球痢清等药物对人工感染兔肠球虫病的疗效观察

４８只３０日龄的大耳白杂种兔，试验接种感染兔肠球虫的５种混合的孢子化卵囊，将球痢清Ⅰ、球痢清Ⅱ、莫能霉素和氯苯胍分别拌在饲料中饲喂以比较它们的抗兔肠球虫的效果。通过临床观察，分析克粪便卵囊数的变化，记录增重、计算饲料转化率和对每组扑杀兔作病理组织学检查，结果表明：球痢清在抑制卵囊产生，减轻肠道病变、增重及饲料转化率方面效果明显，与莫能霉素相近，并显著优于氯苯胍．氯苯肌效果较差，几乎与接种不给药组相同，无显著性的差异。     

球痢清等药物对人工感染肠球虫病的疗效观察

４８只３０日龄的大耳白杂种兔，试验接各感染兔肠球虫的５种混合的孢子化卵囊，将球痢清Ｉ、球痢清ＩＩ、莫能霉素和氯苯胍分别拌在饲料中饲喂以比较它们的抗兔肠球虫的效果。通过临床观察，分析克粪便卵囊数的变化，记录增重，计算饲料转化率和对每组扑杀兔作病理组织学检查，结果表明：球痢清在抑制卵囊产生，减轻肠道病变，增重及饲料转化率方面效果明显，与莫能霉素相近，并显著优于氯苯胍。氯苯胍效果较差，几乎与接种不给药组     

几种药物对兔球虫病的疗效试验

选用40只45日龄左右、严重自然感染兔球虫的日本大耳白兔,随机分成5组,即兔球灵组(1500mg/kg)、地克珠利组(2mg/kg)、拉沙洛菌素组(150mg/kg)、氯苯胍组(300mg/kg)、不给药对照组,分别将药物按一定比例混匀在饲料中,制成颗粒料让兔自由采食,以比较其对兔球虫病的治疗效果.通过临床观察,分析每克粪便卵囊数的变化,记录增重,计算饲料转化率并对每组兔剖杀作剖解观察.结果表明:兔球灵、地克珠利和拉沙洛菌素对抑制兔球虫卵囊产生,减轻肠道病理损害,降低幼兔死亡率,保护兔只增重和提高饲料转化率的作用极显著优于氯苯胍(P＜0.01);氯苯胍抗球虫效果较差,与不给药对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);但较长时间连续使用拉沙洛菌素对兔有较大的毒副作用.试验证明氯苯胍不宜单一长期使用,应选用新型高效抗球虫药或变换用药或联合用药.     

鸡球素防治柔嫩艾美尔球虫的疗效试验

试验对15日龄无球虫海赛克斯雏鸡人工接种感染柔嫩艾美尔球虫孢子化卵囊10×10~4个,用鸡球素5mg拌饲进行预防,有很好的效果;试验期平均增重与不感染不给药(健康组)相近,雏鸡存活率100％,抗球虫指数(ACI)172.25。鸡球素与氯苯胍联合使用,表现有相加作用,雏鸡存活率100％,抗球虫指数(ACI)180.25;而氯苯胍单用防治效果很差,表明该株球虫已对氯苯胍产生了抗药性。     

中草药预防兔球虫病的效果试验

选用80只35—40日龄健康的齐卡大型新西兰白兔，随机分成4组，即中草药Ⅰ组、中草药Ⅱ组、氯苯胍Ⅲ组和对照Ⅳ组。通过临床观察，记录增重、发病率、死亡率、粪便中卵囊的数量、饲料用量及饲料成本分析等。结果表明：中药Ⅱ组、氯苯胍Ⅲ组对抑制兔球虫卵囊产生，降低发病率、死亡率，促进增重和提高饲料转化率的作用显著优于中草药Ⅰ组和对照组，而Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组之间无明显差异。试验表明，中草药预防兔球虫痛的效果理想。     

三种抗球虫药对兔球虫病的治疗效果

32头断奶兔，随机分成四组，每组8头。试验兔分别用添加氯苯胍、地克珠利或盐霉素的颗粒饲料饲喂。抗球虫药的添加量分别是氯苯脱，每公斤颗粒饲料合66mg；地克珠利，每公斤颗粒饲料含ling；盐霉素，每公斤颗粒饲料含20mg；对照组颗粒饲料不含任何抗球虫药。对各组试验兔的粪便检测球虫卵囊，试验组各兔的球虫发病率均低于对照组。在试验结束时，试验组每组均发现有一只免感染球虫病。上述王种抗球虫药的防制球虫病治疗效果，以盐霉素最佳，这个组的试验兔比其他两组增重多，而每公斤体重耗料少；地克珠利试验组与对照组和添加氯苯孤试验组…     

3种抗球虫药对兔斯氏艾美尔球虫的敏感性试验

为比较3种抗球虫药物对兔斯氏艾美尔球虫病的疗效,将20只家兔随机分成5组,Ⅰ组为球虫血痢散,Ⅱ组为兔血痢灵,Ⅲ组为球虫血痢清,Ⅳ组为不感染、不给药空白对照组,Ⅴ组为感染不给药对照组。用药组饲喂含抗球虫药3 d后,人工感染卵囊5×105个/只,定期临床观察,分析每克粪便卵囊数的变化,记录增重,并对每组兔做解剖观察。结果表明,球虫血痢清无抗药性,球虫血痢散为中度抗药,兔血痢灵为完全抗药。     

饲料中添加中草药抗球虫效果观察

试验选择 78只 1日龄蛋用公雏 ,随机分为氯苯胍拌料组 ( 组 ,添加量为 4 0 mg/ kg饲料 )、地克珠利饮水组 ( 组 ,添加量为 0 .0 0 2 5 % )、球必克组 ( 组 ,添加量为 1.0 % )、灭球散组( 组 ,添加量为 1.0 % )、感染不给药组 ( 组 )和不感染不给药对照组 ( 组 )。于无球虫条件下饲养 ,从 1日龄起饲喂混有药物的饲料或用药物饮水 ,除 组外 ,其他各组均在 19日龄接种 1× 10 5个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊 ,根据各组的存活率、相对增重率、病变记分、血便记分和抗球虫指数观察药物的疗效 ,结果表明氯苯胍和球必克有中等抗球虫效果。     

五种抗球虫药物对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的疗效观察

210只14日龄817肉杂鸡公雏随机均分为7组,每组30只,除白对照组外,每只鸡接种2×105个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,同时选择百球杀二代、球痢速治、海南霉素、球虫宝,海南地克珠利5种常用抗球虫药,通过饮水给药的方式,观察其疗效,试验期为10 d。结果表明,百球杀二代的抗球虫指数(ACI)为197.7,属高效抗球虫药。抑制卵囊繁殖和减轻肠道病变效果以海南霉素组为显著,整个试验期内的增重分别比红对照组、白对照组、其他药物组均高。球痢速治、海南霉素、球虫宝的抗球虫指数(ACI)分别为184.6、174.9、165.2,均为中效抗球虫药。地克珠利的抗球虫指数(ACI)为142.9,判为低效抗球虫药。红对照组的法氏囊指数与其他各组之间差异不显著(P0.05),脾脏指数与白对照组差异不显著(P0.05),与百球杀二代组,汇鑫球痢速治组和海南霉素组差异极显著(P0.01),与球虫宝组和海南地克珠利组差异显著(P0.05)。     

复方马杜霉素防治鸡球虫病的试验观察

用马杜霉素与氯苯胍配合制成复方制剂对人工诱发鸡球虫病进行了药效研究。结果表明复方制剂中剂量组（马杜２．５５ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋氯苯胍３３ｍｇ／ｋｇ）的抗球虫指数（ＡＣＩ）、卵囊值、病变值、血便计分、相对增重率（％）分别为１９５．５１，０，１，０，９６．５１。显著优于其他各试验组，是本试验中临床效果最好的抗球虫药     

Ovine coccidiosis: comparison of the effects of monensin and aureomycin on lambs infected with coccidia

Lambs naturally infected with mixed species of Eimeria were fed monensin (30 mg/kg of feed) and aureomycin (10 mg/kg of feed) separately and in combination. An evaluation was made of the efficacy of the treatments in the suppression of oocyst production. Comparisons were made of the parasitic damage to the intestinal surface. Performance of the lambs was measured by weight gains and feed efficiency. Monensin given separately or in combination with aureomycin produced decreases in oocyst counts that were not significantly different from those in the lambs given only aureomycin. Body weight gains and feed efficiency were best in the aureomycin-treated group, and less so in the monensin-treated and the control groups. Animals fed the monensin-aureomycin combination had the poorest weight gains and feed efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the groups fed monensin or aureomycin separately had morphologically normal intestinal surfaces. This was in contrast to the control group and the group fed the monensin-aureomycin combination, wherein there was disrupted intestinal surface morphology.     

Oocyst Discharge, Rumen Metabolism and Performance of Early Weaned Lambs with Naturally Occurring Coccidiosis Fed Monensin

Ninety-six 9.5 kg early-weaned lambs with naturally occurring coccidiosis were fed monensin either at 0, 11, 22, or 33 mg/kg of feed for 105 days. Fecal oocyst discharge during the first three days was highest with monensin 22 mg, lowest with monensin 33 mg and averaged 149.6 × 10³ oocysts per gram feces for all lambs. Monensin at 22 mg/kg of feed reduced Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and E. ahsata oocyst discharge.

Organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were highest (P ≤ 0.05) in lambs fed monensin 22 mg/kg of feed. Monensin increased (P ≤ 0.01) rumen ammonia and propionic acid and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) acetic acid. Feeding monensin 33 mg decreased (P ≤ 0.05) feed intake by 5% and had no effect on gain or feed efficiency. Optimal responses were observed with monensin at 11 mg, feed consumption was not affected, gains were 8% higher (P ≤ 0.05) and feed was utilized 9% more efficiently (P ≤ 0.05) than the controls. In conclusion, monensin was an effective therapeutic agent against naturally occurring coccidial infections in early weaned lambs. Performance responses were largest with monensin fed at the rate of 11 mg/kg of feed.

     

Efficacy of diclazuril in the prevention and cure of intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits

The efficacy of diclazuril against intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis was studied in artificially infected rabbits. Prophylaxis against intestinal coccidiosis was evaluated using a mixed infection of Eimeria intestinalis, Eimeria magna and Eimeria perforans. Continuous medication in the feed at 1 p.p.m. was 100% effective in reducing oocyst output and faecal scores, and weight gain and feed efficiency were normal. Hepatic coccidiosis induced by Eimeria stiedai was prevented at 0.5 and 1 p.p.m. as shown by negative oocyst counts, normal liver weight, absence of liver lesions, and normal body-weight gain and feed efficiency. Medication at 1 p.p.m. for 7 consecutive days during the prepatent phase of hepatic coccidiosis resulted in large reductions in oocyst counts and lesion scores with a normal liver weight and growth performance. Diclazuril at 1 p.p.m. in the feed prevented both intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits and can be advocated for safe mass medication.     

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ANTIDOTES AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL NITRATE INTOXICATION IN RABBITS

The antidotal efficacy of aqueous garlic extract, methylene blue, and velenium (Vitamin E + sodium selenite) was compared against experimental nitrate intoxication in rabbits. Forty-two, albino rabbits of identical age, gender, and body weight were randomly divided into 7 groups (A to G) and subjected to experimental treatments for a period of 40 days. Rabbits of group A were offered only normal feed and served as negative control, while, rabbits of group B constituted the positive control group and received feed supplemented with sodium nitrate at 400 mg/kg body weight. Sodium nitrate-containing feed and intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight were administered to group C. Rabbits of group D were given sodium nitrate-supplemented feed and aqueous garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight through oral route. Group E was treated with sodium nitrate-added feed, intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight, and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg. Velenium (25 mg of Vitamin E + 2.2 mg of sodium selenite per ml) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 ml/kg body weight to rabbits of group F along with the provision of sodium nitrate-supplemented feed. In addition to being fed with sodium nitrate-containing feed, group G obtained intraperitoneal injection of velenium at 1 ml/kg body weight and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of antidotes was assessed on the basis of changes in blood nitrite level, biochemical profile, and gross pathological lesions manifested by the treated rabbits. The combination of methylene blue and garlic extract was highly effective in treating nitrate toxicity followed by methylene blue, garlic extract, and velenium, respectively. Whereas, the concurrent administration of garlic extract and velenium was least efficacious in terms of antidotal efficacy. In conclusion, aqueous garlic extract can be effectively used either alone or in combination with methylene blue when treating rabbits diagnosed with nitrate toxicity.     

Efficacy of diclazuril in the control of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

The anticoccidial efficacy of diclazuril was studied in rabbits artificially infected with Eimeria flavescens, Eimeria intestinalis, Eimeria magna and Eimeria perforans. Continuous administration at 1 and 2 ppm in pelleted feed proved to be highly efficacious in controlling oocyst output and faecal scores. The weight gain was comparable and the feed efficiency slightly improved compared with the non-infected, non-medicated controls, and clinical signs were fully prevented. Medication of rabbits at 0.5 ppm also provided a significant improvement in all parameters compared with the infected, non-medicated controls. In order to obtain 100% effectiveness in the control of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits, continuous medication at 1 ppm is recommended.     

Effects of intermittent and continuous administration of decoquinate on bovine coccidiosis in male calves

Male Holstein calves were each inoculated with 350,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria bovis. Two calves were given decoquinate (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) continuously in dry feed for 29 days, and 2 calves each were given 0.5, 1, or 1.5 mg of decoquinate/kg on an every 2nd-or 3rd-day schedule for 29 days. Calves given decoquinate continuously did not discharge oocysts but had slightly loose feces. In general, the number of oocysts discharged increased and fecal consistency decreased as the time between feeding of medicated feed increased. Calves given 0.5 or 1.5 mg of decoquinate/kg every 3rd day discharged more oocysts and had more diarrhea than did calves given 1 mg of decoquinate/kg every 3rd day. At postinoculation day 29, calves were euthanatized. At necropsy, intestinal tissues of calves given decoquinate were mostly normal. Apparently, reduced infections along with the elapsed time were sufficient to resolve most intestinal lesions caused by the coccidia. Decoquinate was most effective when fed continuously at 0.5 mg/kg. However, when fed at 1 or 1.5 mg of decoquinate/kg every 2nd day or 1.5 mg of decoquinate/kg every 3rd day, oocyst production was reduced and clinical coccidiosis was prevented.     

Assessment of dietary supplementation with probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella

We evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with different preparations of probiotics on the performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with 2 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella at 14 days of age. Three hundred, day-old, Cobb-500 chicks, as hatched, were separated into 10 equal groups with three replicates. Two of the groups, one challenged with E. tenella oocysts and the other not, were given a basal diet and served as controls without medication. The other challenged groups were given the anticoccidial lasalocid (60 mg/kg) or Enterococcus faecium (5 × 10(8) or 5 × 10(9)cfu/kg feed), Bifidobacterium animalis (5 × 10(8)cfu/kg feed), Lactobacillus reuteri (5 × 10(8)cfu/kg feed), Bacillus subtilis (5 × 10(8)cfu/kg feed), or a multi-species probiotic mix at 5 × 10(8) or 5 × 10(9)cfu/kg feed, respectively. The trial lasted 6 weeks. Individual body weight, feed intake per pen and feed conversion ratio values were recorded weekly, along with the extent of bloody diarrhea, excreta oocyst numbers and bird mortality. Caecal lesions were assessed and intestinal samples were taken for histopathological and bacteriological evaluation from ileum and caecum. Overall growth performance of chickens fed the multi-species probiotic mix at both levels was higher (P<0.05) compared to the infected control. Overall oocyst shedding was lowest (P<0.05) in the lasalocid supplemented group. Villous height was higher (P<0.05) in Bacillus supplemented groups compared to infected controls. The Lactobacillus supplemented group had the highest (P<0.05) numbers of both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in ileum and caecum. In conclusion, dietary probiotics are promising for further investigation on improving intestinal health and growth performance of broiler chickens experimentally challenged with E. tenella.     

The influence of the rumen fermoregulator monensin, on selected parameters of the metabolism of fattening bulls

In two feeding experiments fattening bulls received on average a daily supplement of 170 or 200 mg Monensin. In a further 8-week experiment the daily Monensin supplement was 0; 500 or 1 000 mg per day. Ergotropic Monensin supplements (experiments 1 and 2) did not change the blood count and the Ca, P and Mg content of blood serum and the activity of AP, AST and LAP in the serum remained unchanged. Net acid base excretion and the content of Na, K and Mg in urine were not significantly influenced either. The influence of 500 mg Monensin per animal and day on the feed intake of animals previously given lower supplements was insignificant. 1 000 mg Monensin per animal and day resulted in a 40% decrease of feed intake and permanent diarrhoea. It was connected with a diminishing of the glucose content in the blood and an increase of net acid base, Na and P excretion in urine. The blood count did not change after the Monensin overdose. In conclusion one can say that the ergotropic Monensin supplement did not change the metabolism parameters.     

Effect of subcutaneously administered diclazuril on the output of Eimeria species oocysts by experimentally infected rabbits

The effect of subcutaneously injected diclazuril on the output of Eimeria species oocysts was studied in experimentally infected rabbits. Diclazuril was administered either prophylactically at 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight two days before each rabbit was inoculated with 20,000 oocysts of a mixed-species field isolate of Eimeria or therapeutically at 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg bodyweight five days after they were inoculated. The prophylactic treatments significantly reduced (P<0.05) the output of oocysts in faeces and the numbers in the rabbits' livers at all doses. The therapeutic treatment at 4 mg/kg also caused a significant reduction (P<0.05) in oocyst shedding, but the lower doses resulted in only a moderate reduction. The shedding of the pathogenic species Eimeria stiedae, Eimeria magna, Eimeria irresidua, Eimeria flavescens, Eimeria piriformis and Eimeria intestinalis was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all the treated groups. The burden of oocysts in the livers of the therapeutic groups (4000 to 9000) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than in the inoculated but untreated control group (23,000), but higher than in the prophylactic groups (around 1000).