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1.
本文利用系统聚类法对牦牛部分功能基因进行了密码子偏好性的聚类分析,并同普通牛和猪的相关基因作了对比。结果表明:不同物种间,类型或功能相似的基因具有相近的密码子偏好性;三个物种的基因在类型或功能上的差异决定了其密码子使用偏好性的聚类结果;在功能或类型相近的前提下,物种间的差异在一定程度上决定了密码子使用的偏好性。  相似文献   

2.
哺乳动物低氧适应性基因EGLN1的密码子偏好性与聚类分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了研究哺乳动物低氧适应性基因EGLN1的密码子偏好性和进化关系,试验采用多种分析软件对18种哺乳动物的EGLN1基因进行了分析。结果表明:18种哺乳动物共同偏好使用的密码子有7个,藏羚羊和山羊偏向使用以A或U结尾的密码子,其余物种均偏向使用以G或C结尾的密码子。EGLN1基因在不同物种编码时偏好使用的密码子存在差异;AGU、CUU、CCA、GCU是野牦牛、藏羚羊、山羊共有的偏好性密码子;UCU、AGU、CUU、CCA、GCU、GAA、GCU是藏羚羊、山羊共有的偏好性密码子;CCA、GCU、AAA是藏羚羊、马共有的偏好性密码子;这些密码子主要在野牦牛、藏羚羊、山羊、马中偏好使用,在其他物种中使用较少。野牦牛对编码Tyr、Cys的密码子没有偏好性,藏羚羊、山羊对编码Asn的密码子没有偏好性。基于EGLN1基因密码子偏好性的聚类与基于EGLN1基因CDS序列的分类结果不完全一致,总体上亲缘关系相近的物种密码子偏好性差异小。说明密码子使用的偏好性可以作为物种分类的一种指标。  相似文献   

3.
试验选取27头河流型水牛和41头沼泽型水牛,以从NCBI数据库中下载的家牛、野牦牛、野牛、绵羊、山羊、小鼠和人的序列作对照,对编码瘦素受体(leptin receptor,LEPR)基因的密码子偏好性及水牛与其他物种间密码子使用的差异和进化关系进行了深入分析。结果发现,所有的密码子在河流型水牛和沼泽型水牛LEPR基因中均有使用,两种类型水牛偏好使用的密码子有28个,其中使用偏好性较强的密码子为AGA(RSCU≥2),表明河流型水牛和沼泽型水牛LEPR基因密码子使用特征相似。水牛及参考物种LEPR基因均偏好使用以A/U结尾的密码子,但水牛与其他参考物种间偏好使用密码子的种类和数目有差异。密码子使用偏好聚类分析表明,河流型水牛与沼泽型水牛亲缘关系最近,先聚为一类,然后与家牛、野牦牛和野牛聚为一类,再与绵羊、山羊、小鼠和人等物种聚为一类。在密码子使用频率上,河流型水牛LEPR基因与酵母密码子偏好性差异小于与大肠杆菌和小鼠密码子偏好性差异,从而揭示酵母更适合作为水牛LEPR基因的外源表达系统。  相似文献   

4.
为了了解影响泌乳性状的重要编码基因LEP基因的密码子使用特征,试验以27头河流型水牛和41头沼泽型水牛为研究对象,并以从NCBI数据库中下载的普通牛、野牦牛、野牛、绵羊、山羊、小鼠和人的序列作对照,对两类水牛LEP基因的同义密码子使用偏好性及水牛与其他物种间LEP基因密码子使用的差异和进化关系进行深入分析。结果表明:两种类型水牛LEP基因密码子使用特征相似,河流型和沼泽型水牛LEP基因均有25个偏好使用的密码子;其中两类水牛LEP基因偏好性较强的密码子均为UUC、CUG、AUC、GUC、UCC、ACC、GCC、CAC、CGG、AGG和GGG(RSCU≥2.00)。河流型水牛CCA和CCG密码子的RSCU值分别为0.09和0.35,而沼泽型水牛分别为0.34和0.10。此外,所有物种LEP基因均偏好使用以G/C结尾的密码子,但不同物种之间偏好使用密码子种类和数目均有差异。密码子使用偏好聚类分析表明,河流型与沼泽型水牛亲缘关系最近,聚为一类,然后依次与其他牛、绵羊、山羊、小鼠和人等物种相聚。在密码子使用频率上,LEP基因与小鼠密码子偏好性差异小于与大肠杆菌和酵母密码子偏好性的差异,说明小鼠更适合作为水牛LEP基因的外源表达系统。  相似文献   

5.
为了确定河流型与沼泽型水牛促卵泡素受体(FSHR)基因密码子的使用模式,试验采用PCR产物直接测序法对9头河流型水牛、15头沼泽型水牛、6头大额牛和6头中甸牦牛的FSHR基因编码区序列进行了群体变异检测和单倍型划分,并结合已发表的普通牛、野牛、山羊、绵羊、人和黑猩猩的同源序列,对河流型与沼泽型水牛FSHR基因密码子使用的偏好性及与其他物种的差异进行了探讨。结果表明:两类水牛FSHR基因的密码子使用特征较为相似,河流型与沼泽型水牛分别有28个和27个偏好使用的密码子,对于编码Pro的4个密码子CCC、CCA、CCU和CCG而言,河流型水牛偏好使用CCC和CCA,而沼泽型水牛偏好使用CCC。水牛与其他物种共同偏好使用的密码子有20种,均偏好使用以G/C结尾的密码子。基于密码子的同义密码子相对使用度(RSCU)构建的聚类树显示河流型水牛与沼泽型水牛先聚为一类,再与大额牛、牦牛聚为一类,普通牛与山羊、绵羊和野牛聚为一类,人和黑猩猩聚为一类,揭示聚为一类的物种间在密码子使用上的偏好性较相似。  相似文献   

6.
为了明确Sox9基因密码子的使用特征,揭示山羊和其他物种Sox9基因的进化规律,为建立骨科腰椎间盘退变动物模型提供基础研究试验依据,此研究利用生物信息学软件CodonW、Usage Codon和DNAMAN分析山羊Sox9基因完全编码区密码子偏爱性,比较不同物种Sox9基因密码子偏爱指标,基于完整编码区序列生成了亲缘关系进化聚类图,计算出每个物种Sox9基因的总变异值。分析显示山羊Sox9基因中有26个偏好使用密码子以G/C为第三位碱基;夜猴、家犬、原鸡、大猩猩、人、恒河猴、小家鼠、家兔、绵羊、黑猩猩、婆罗洲猩猩和褐家鼠等12个物种在密码子使用上与山羊Sox9基因基本相似,但是在编码丙氨酸、脯氨酸和苏氨酸等个别氨基酸时,原鸡和小家鼠及褐家鼠与其他物种的密码子偏爱性存在差异。Sox9基因偏好使用以G/C结尾的密码子。亲缘关系进化聚类图和不同物种RSCU值显示Sox9基因密码子偏好性与亲缘关系的远近存在关联性。  相似文献   

7.
【目的】探究Toll样受体5(TLR5)基因的密码子使用模式,并分析TLR5基因密码子使用偏好性的影响因素。【方法】综合运用CodonW、BioEdit和R等软件对筛选的15个不同物种TLR5基因完整编码区(CDS)序列核苷酸组成和密码子使用模式进行计算和统计,再基于同义密码子相对使用度(RSCU)和CDS分别进行聚类分析,推测TLR5基因发挥相似生物学功能的物种,并通过ENC-plot、Neutrality-plot和PR2-plot 3种绘图分析造成密码子偏好性现象的可能因素。【结果】9个物种TLR5基因CDS密码子第3位碱基GC含量(GC3)>0.5,14个物种有效密码子数(ENC)值>35,15个物种密码子AU偏斜度(AU skew)和GC偏斜度(GC skew)值<0;不同物种TLR5基因CDS有31个高频密码子,其中21个以G或C结尾,此外GCC、AGA、AGG和CUG表现为较高的RSCU值,为优势密码子;RSCU层次聚类和系统发育聚类结果不完全相同,但两种聚类方法均提示猪、牛和羊TLR5基因的密码子使用特点相似,鸡和绿头鸭相似,虹鳟和鲫鱼相似;ENC-p...  相似文献   

8.
【目的】明确绵羊维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)基因密码子的使用特征,探究不同物种VDR基因进化规律,为骨代谢等相关疾病动物建模提供参考依据。【方法】利用CodonW、EMBOSS、Usage Codon和DNAMAN等软件对VDR基因CDS区的同义密码子相对使用度(RSCU)、密码子碱基含量、有效密码子数(ENc)及密码子偏好指数(CBI)等参数进行统计分析,并在多物种间进行比较,同时利用ENc-Plot关联分析和中性绘图等方法分析VDR基因密码子偏好性使用的主要影响因素,并基于多物种同义密码子相对使用度数据与系统进化聚类分析探究密码子使用模式与生物进化的内在联系。【结果】绵羊VDR基因中有23个偏好使用以G/C结尾的密码子;大猩猩、鸸鹋、褐家鼠等其他14个物种在密码子使用上表现出了与之较为相似的特征,而在半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸等个别氨基酸编码时,鸸鹋、褐家鼠和麻雀等部分物种显现出独有特点;ENc-Plot绘图和中性绘图分析显示,选择压力对VDR基因密码子偏好性的影响强于突变压力。【结论】以G/C结尾的密码子为VDR基因优势密码子,自然选择是导致其偏好性的主要力量,密码子偏好使用存在物种特异性,并与物种亲缘关系进化存在关联性。  相似文献   

9.
试验旨在研究猪蛋白质二硫化物异构酶(protein disulfide isomerase A4,PDIA4)基因的密码子使用特性及其与其他物种密码子使用的差异。试验以香猪子宫组织为试验材料,采用RT-PCR方法扩增获得猪PDIA4基因,参考从NCBI数据库中下载的18个不同物种PDIA4基因序列,对猪PDIA4基因的密码子使用特性及其与其他物种密码子的使用差异和进化关系进行分析,同时对猪PDIA4基因与4个模式生物密码子使用偏性进行比较。结果表明,猪PDIA4基因编码区长1 941 bp,共编码646个氨基酸。与NCBI数据库公布的野猪PDIA4基因(GenBank登录号:NM_001267834.1)的相似性达99%。猪PDIA4基因偏好使用G/C结尾的密码子,27种密码子为猪PDIA4基因的偏好密码子(RSCU1),其中使用频率最高的前3个密码子分别为CTG(RSCU=3.69)、GCC(RSCU=2.31)和CGC(RSCU=2.29)。比较19个物种PDIA4基因发现,不同物种间PDIA4基因的有效密码子数(ENc)、密码子适应指数(CAI)、GC含量以及T、C、A、G、G+C在密码子第3位含量(T3s、C3s、A3s、G3s、GC3s)均存在差异,且密码子偏好以G/C结尾;聚类分析发现,基于CDS序列的系统进化树更符合19个物种的真实分类系统。在密码子使用频率上,猪PDIA4基因与小鼠基因组间密码子使用偏好程度更为接近,故小鼠更适合作为猪PDIA4基因的遗传转化和异源表达的受体系统。  相似文献   

10.
试验旨在研究猪蛋白质二硫化物异构酶(protein disulfide isomerase A4,PDIA4)基因的密码子使用特性及其与其他物种密码子使用的差异。试验以香猪子宫组织为试验材料,采用RT-PCR方法扩增获得猪PDIA4基因,参考从NCBI数据库中下载的18个不同物种PDIA4基因序列,对猪PDIA4基因的密码子使用特性及其与其他物种密码子的使用差异和进化关系进行分析,同时对猪PDIA4基因与4个模式生物密码子使用偏性进行比较。结果表明,猪PDIA4基因编码区长1 941 bp,共编码646个氨基酸。与NCBI数据库公布的野猪PDIA4基因(GenBank登录号:NM_001267834.1)的相似性达99%。猪PDIA4基因偏好使用G/C结尾的密码子,27种密码子为猪PDIA4基因的偏好密码子(RSCU>1),其中使用频率最高的前3个密码子分别为CTG(RSCU=3.69)、GCC(RSCU=2.31)和CGC(RSCU=2.29)。比较19个物种PDIA4基因发现,不同物种间PDIA4基因的有效密码子数(ENc)、密码子适应指数(CAI)、GC含量以及T、C、A、G、G+C在密码子第3位含量(T3s、C3s、A3s、G3s、GC3s)均存在差异,且密码子偏好以G/C结尾;聚类分析发现,基于CDS序列的系统进化树更符合19个物种的真实分类系统。在密码子使用频率上,猪PDIA4基因与小鼠基因组间密码子使用偏好程度更为接近,故小鼠更适合作为猪PDIA4基因的遗传转化和异源表达的受体系统。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

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