规模养殖场综合防控措施

<正>规模化养殖是养殖业发展趋势,在市场经济中占有非常突出地位。随着种畜禽大量调入,商品动物的频繁调运,给动物疫情带来巨大的风险和压力,使养殖场效益降低。为此,我们必须采取综合防控措施,提高规模养殖场效益。1建立健全生物安全管理制度生物安全是预防疫病进入养殖环节水平传播的有效措施。因此,规模养殖场建立健全生物安全管理制度,是降低疫病发生风险,提高规模     

提高生物安全意识促进保山市动物疫病防控工作

生物安全与动物疫病病原传入、扩散和疫情发生流行有着高度的关联性,提高养殖业生物安全水平,有效防控动物疫病,必须落实免疫、检疫、隔离、消毒、病死畜禽无害化处理等综合防疫措施。为探讨生物安全对保山市动物疫病防控的影响,在分析保山市畜禽养殖业生物安全现状及存在隐患的基础上,提出注重生物安全、提高疫病防控水平的对策和措施,为全市落实防疫措施、加强养殖业生物安全、控制动物疫病提供参考。     

关于补齐动物疫情防控突出短板的思考与建议

动物疫情防控是国家生物安全风险防控的重要组成部分。近年来,我国动物疫情防控工作取得了显著成效,但疫情形势依然严峻复杂,多种重大动物疫病和重点人兽共患病不同程度暴发流行,新发动物传染病不断出现,境外动物疫病传入风险持续加大,严重影响养殖业生产安全、公共卫生安全、动物产品供给安全和动物源性食品安全。有效应对动物疫情风险挑战,应深入贯彻落实习近平总书记关于生物安全的重要指示精神,坚持系统治理和全链条防控,深入梳理解决制约动物疫情防控的关键性和深层次问题,聚焦突出短板弱项,探索有效的解决方案,推动形成高质量、高水平、高效率的动物卫生安全保障格局。     

简述研究综合防控技术应用于非洲猪瘟疫情的价值

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性动物传染病,目前尚无有效预防的疫苗和治疗技术,只能通过综合防控措施,构建生物安全体系来阻击非洲猪瘟疫情的传播。     

防控非洲猪瘟生物安全体系建设

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性动物传染病,目前尚无有效预防的疫苗和治疗技术,只能通过综合防控措施,构建生物安全体系来阻击非洲猪瘟疫情的传播。文中就笔者参与南平市延平区生物安全体系建设实践,谈相关措施及体会。     

有效阻隔非瘟的三端生物防御

非洲猪瘟,自侵入我国以后,肆虐横行,来势汹汹,至今尚无有效的疫苗和治疗方法,只能通过扑杀、无害化处理及严格的生物安全措施来进行防控!众所周知做好生物安全措施、切断传播途径就能够有效预防,但是还是不断涌现新的疫情,连特大型养猪集团都出现发病,究竟是生物安全没有用还是其措施没有严格执行?     

非洲猪瘟背景下猪场生物安全措施

2018年8月3日,全国首次确诊非洲猪瘟,随后全国各地均出现疫情。非洲猪瘟严重影响了中国生猪养殖业的持续性发展,给中国生猪产业带来了巨大的经济损失。现阶段,非洲猪瘟疫苗的研发虽取得了阶段性的进展,但暂时无法推广使用。猪场拥有一套相对科学、合理和完善的生物安全防控体系尤为重要。通过识别生猪生产过程中所存在的各种危险因素,防止或阻断病原菌或病毒在生猪间的侵袭和传播,维持生猪养殖业健康、稳定和持续发展的综合措施。本文主要介绍了中国非洲猪瘟背景下的养猪现状,并从动物、人员、饲料、水环境和环境等五个方面阐述了猪场生物安全防控体系建立对的重要性,以期为养猪产业在生物安全防控提供理论参考。     

2020—2022年全球牛结节性皮肤病流行状况

为防止牛结节性皮肤病（LSD）危害我国畜牧业，简述了LSD全球流行史，分析了2020—2022年全球LSD流行状况及特点。2020—2022年全球共有39个国家/地区通报发生4 714起LSD疫情，累计54.7万头家畜被感染；疫情主要集中于亚洲和非洲，其中亚洲占61.1%，非洲占35.9%；亚洲新发病国家数量持续增多，报告疫情数持续增长；全球上半年疫情数量是下半年的3倍多。总体看，欧洲LSD疫情得到有效控制，但南亚和东南亚地区的LSD疫情持续传播，全球LSD疫情形势总体呈加重趋势。全球LSD疫情启示我国应持续加大LSD防控力度，强化免疫、监测和虫媒控制，做好流行病学、鉴别诊断和防控等方面的技术研究和储备，加快研发安全高效新型疫苗，防止LSD对我国养牛业造成重大影响。     

2013—2016年全球牛结节性皮肤病流行状况分析

2013以来,全球共有60个国家报告发生牛结节性皮肤病（LSD）疫情。其中,非洲多数国家仍呈地方流行性,在中东地区进一步蔓延,传入伊拉克、伊朗等国家,并再次出现跨湖传播,传入部分亚欧交界国家和欧洲国家。LSD主要有以下特点：一是持续向北扩散,再次出现跨湖传播,全球疫情形势持续恶化;二是以散发为主,季节性差异较大,受气候环境因素显著影响;三是传播途径广泛,传播媒介众多,但以感染动物移动和蚊子苍蝇等节肢媒介机械传播为主;四是LSD发病国家采取了一系列防控措施,但疫苗免疫是控制LSD传播的最主要措施。目前,该病传入我国的风险不断加大,提示应做好进口监管、监测、宣传培训和技术研究等储备工作。     

综合防控口蹄疫的关键技术——疫苗免疫

口蹄疫的发生和流行严重危害畜牧业的发展,造成惨重的经济损失,因此防控和消灭口蹄疫成为许多国家共同关注的问题。疫苗免疫是特异性预防和控制该病的有效手段。本文从免疫方式、动物种类、地域因素、生物模型4个方面对疫苗防控措施的建立加以论述,提出了常规免疫策略以及非疫苗预防免疫策略,并对紧急疫苗接种与感染动物扑杀进行了时效性分析,旨在面临疫病挑战时制订具有针对性的疫病防控措施,从而使疫苗免疫在控制、消灭和防止口蹄疫传播等方面更能有效地发挥作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。