槲皮素的生理功能及其在鸡生产上的应用

槲皮素是一种天然的黄酮类有机化合物,其自然资源丰富、安全无毒,具有多种生理功能：如可直接清除细胞内的自由基,激活抗氧化酶系统,抑制氧化应激通路的信号转导,发挥抗氧化功能;可通过抑制炎症通路的激活、降低白细胞活化来限制炎症因子产生,从而起到抗炎功效;可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁徙和入侵促进其细胞凋亡,发挥抗肿瘤的作用;还可破坏潜在致病菌菌体细胞壁和细胞膜的结构、阻碍潜在致病菌的蛋白质和核酸合成,竞争菌体内的ATP结合位点等生物膜形成有关的途径,发挥抗菌功能。在鸡生产中,槲皮素可通过增加回肠对营养物质的转运和吸收减少肠道氧化应激引起的损伤,进而改善肉鸡的生长;可通过促进蛋鸡生殖器官发育以及生殖和生长相关激素分泌来提高产蛋性能;可提高鸡蛋和鸡肉品质;调节机体钙、蛋白质和脂代谢;改善机体免疫功能;调控肠道微生物区系。作者就槲皮素抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌等重要生理功能及其作用机制,以及近些年槲皮素在鸡生产中的应用进展进行综述,以期为促进槲皮素在鸡生产上的应用及其在鸡饲料中的开发提供理论依据。     

Structure and clinical implications of the coronary horn stratification with special consideration of horn maturation, aging and decay processes in the equine hoof

The three superimposing strata of the coronet and the ageing process and decay of the hoof horn were studied in 56 fore hooves of 28 domestic horses of different age and sex. Except for horn clefts at the weight bearing margin, their hooves did not show any signs of pathological changes. Their hooves did not show any signs of pathological changes. The investigation comprised the analysis of the structure and the mechanical-physical measurement of horn hardness. The own results showed that the functional and clinical importance of the three strata of the coronet concerns the absorption and distribution of the horizontal and vertical pressure and the resilient-elastical fixatia of the suspensory apparatus of the coffin bone to the inner spongiforme Stratum medium. Disruptive pathological changes may spread out between the different horn layers which sometimes leads to the phenomenon of the "Hollow Wall". The hard and stable coronet is composed of tubular and intertubular horn. Distal of the crest of the coffin bone the horn hardness decreases and clefts are visible which are interpreted as ageing processes. The medullar horn decays much faster in certain regions, thus enabling ascending infections especially in the white line area, causing "White Line Disease". Under consideration of the references the own results proved, that regular and professional trimming of the hoof can prevent these diseases and improves the pododermal blood circulation and the orthokeratotic cornification. By improving the stable hygiene and adequate nutritional supply with minerals and vitamins these measures can be supported.     

大狼毒对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应研究

为探究大狼毒(Euphorbia jolkinii)是否会对其它物种产生化感作用,促进大狼毒蔓延区退化草地的恢复治理,本研究以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为受体材料,采用培养皿滤纸法和穴盘培养法,开展大狼毒对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应研究,结果表明:大狼毒对紫花苜蓿种子萌发率和萌发进程体现为"化...     

Histomorphological findings and expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue specific inhibitors (TIMPs) in normal tricuspid valves and in chronic tricuspid valvular disease in dogs

The histomorphological findings and immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs-1, 2, 9 and 14) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs-2, 3 and 4) are reported in the parietal (pTV) and septal leaflets (sTV) of the tricuspid valves in normal dogs and dogs with chronic valvular disease (CVD). The layers of the normal sTV were not as well defined as in the pTV and the spongiosa of the sTV contained abundant mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and adipocytes. In CVD, there was expansion of the spongiosa of the pTV due to deposition of MPS, leading to formation of nodules along the free edge. In CVD, there was fibrosis of the atrialis of the sTV and formation of nodular deposits of MPS in the spongiosa and ventricularis, mainly affecting the proximal and middle parts of the leaflet. In dogs with normal pTV and sTV, MMPs-1 and 14 and TIMPs-2, 3 and 4 were expressed, while MMPs-2 and 9 were absent. In mild CVD, expression of MMPs-2, 9 and 14 were increased in the pTV, whereas small foci within the spongiosa contained MMP-9 and TIMP-3 positive cells. In advanced CVD, MMP-14 also was increased in the pTV. In mild CVD, there was increased expression of MMPs-1 and 2 and TIMP-2, but decreased expression of TIMP-4, in the sTV. Small foci with expression of MMP-14 and TIMPs-2, 3 and 4 were also present in the sTV in mild CVD. In advanced CVD, there was increased expression of MMPs-2 and 9 and TIMP-2 in the sTV. In CVD there is upregulation of various MMPs in the pTV, whereas there is a complex alteration in expression of MMPs and TIMPs in the sTV.     

精氨酸与高精氨酸的联系及其代谢产物一氧化氮对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的作用

一氧化氮（NO）既是妊娠期母体和胎儿体内平衡的关键调节因子，也是促进母体心血管变化、胎儿发育和生长以及适应宫内外生活的重要物质。精氨酸（Arg）与高精氨酸（h-Arg）是一对同源氨基酸，h-Arg是非必需的阳离子氨基酸，其可能由赖氨酸分解代谢或其前体Arg的氨基转移合成。它们均为NO的前体物质，对孕体具有相似的功能。在母猪妊娠期补饲Arg或h-Arg，能够增加孕体NO的含量。NO通过调控激素、血管的生成与增加养分供给等增加胚胎附植、减少胚胎死亡、增强胎儿发育，进而改善胎儿宫内发育受限（IUGR）与母猪繁殖性能。随着妊娠的进行，孕体氧化代谢增加，会产生大量的自由基。Arg或h-Arg代谢产生的NO通过上调Nrf2通路刺激谷胱甘肽（GSH）代谢相关基因的表达，增强孕体抗氧化能力，保证孕体与胎儿的健康发育。作者针对母猪妊娠期补充Arg或h-Arg，通过其代谢产物NO改善母猪IUGR、提高繁殖性能、增强机体抗氧化能力的作用与可能存在的机制进行综述，旨在为Arg与h-Arg在妊娠母猪上的应用提供理论支持。     

The distal sesamoidean impar ligament: Comparison between its appearance on magnetic resonance imaging and histology of the axial third of the ligament

Reasons for performing study: There is limited knowledge about the interpretation of alterations in the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL) detected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their correlation with histopathology. Hypotheses: There would be: 1) a correlation between histopathology and MRI findings; and 2) a relationship between MR abnormalities at the origin and the insertion of the DSIL, between insertion and body; and origin and body. Methods: Fifty limbs from 28 horses were examined using high‐field MRI and histopathology. MR abnormalities of the DSIL, its origin on the navicular bone and its insertion on the distal phalanx were graded. Sections of the axial third of the DSIL were examined histologically and graded according to fibre orientation, integrity of fibroblasts, collagen architecture and vascularity. Associations between MRI and histology findings were tested by Spearman rank correlation and Chi‐squared tests. Results: There were significant correlations between the presence of a cystic structure in the distal third of the navicular bone, or a distal border fragment, or increased signal intensity in fat suppressed images at the insertion of the DSIL on the distal phalanx and the histological grade of the body of the DSIL. There were significant associations between a cystic structure in the distal third of the navicular bone and the presence of either a distal border fragment or entheseous new bone at the insertion of the DSIL, swelling of the DSIL and increased signal intensity in the DSIL in fat suppressed images; between distal elongation of the flexor border of the navicular bone and the presence of one or more distal border fragments and between swelling of the body of the DSIL and irregularity of its palmar border or increased signal intensity in fat suppressed images in the DSIL. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The presence of a cystic structure in the distal third of the navicular bone detected using MRI, a distal border fragment or increased signal intensity at the insertion of the DSIL are suggestive of significant alterations in the infrastructure of the DSIL.     

Fractions of the semen of red deer (Cervus elaphus)--their occurrence and characteristics in different periods of season

During a complete season 145 ejaculates were collected from 4 red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) using a modified artificial vagina. Differences found in characteristics of ejaculates allowed to identify four different types of ejaculates: pre-mating, mating, transitory, and post-mating ejaculate. These types of ejaculates occurred exclusively during corresponding periods of the season in the sequence mentioned above. Three fractions of ejaculates were identified: grey, white, and yellow. Pre- and post-mating ejaculates were homogenous and grey. The mating- and transitory ejaculate consisted of two fractions; the mating ejaculate consisted exclusively of white and yellow fractions and the transitory one contained exclusively the white and grey fraction. Respective fractions of ejaculates differed also in consistency. Pre- and post-mating ejaculates as well as the grey fraction of the transitory ejaculate were watery, the white fraction of the mating and transitory ejaculate were milky and the yellow fraction was honey-like. All respective fractions of ejaculates contained spermatozoa, except the yellow fraction. Volume, sperm concentration and pH of the respective fractions of ejaculates were examined. The yellow fraction had the largest volume and contributed most to differences between the ejaculates as concerns the volume. Sperm concentration was highest in the white fraction of the mating and the transitory ejaculate. The objective of this report was to confirm the previous findings about occurrence of distinguishable fractions and to describe their characteristics in respect to different periods of the season.     

Comparative study of the body surface electrocardiogram in double-muscled and conventional calves.

The purpose of this work was to study electrocardiographic features of double-muscled beef cattle. Electrocardiograms were recorded on one to six occasions from each of a group of 18 conventional calves of the Friesian breed and 29 double-muscled calves of the Belgian White and Blue breed. Ages of the calves at the times of examination ranged from eight to 348 days. The Holmes semi-orthogonal lead system was used. The waves and interval durations and the tridimensional P, QRS, and T modal vector orientation and amplitude were calculated. The magnitude of the cardiac vectors was significantly lower and the ventricular waves and QT interval duration significantly shorter in the double-muscled than in the conventional calves. The P modal vector pointed significantly less downwards and the QRS modal vector pointed significantly more forwards and less up- and rightwards in the Belgian White and Blue, than in the Friesian group. Most of the observed differences might be a consequence of the bodily, and more specifically the thoracic, conformation of the former calves. However, the lower cardiac vector magnitude and shorter wave and interval durations might also reflect lower cardiac mass in the double-muscled subjects.     

青藏高原高寒草原放牧方式对植被、土壤及微生物群落的影响

为探究牦牛、藏羊六种不同组合放牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响，本试验选择青藏高原高寒草原为研究对象，基于基因组扩增子技术，分析相同放牧强度不同放牧方式下植被、土壤以及土壤微生物的差异。研究结果显示，放牧显著降低植被地上生物量，其中豆科生物量降幅达到90.9%，放牧对植被地下生物量以及盖度影响较小。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量在牛、羊混合放牧下增加，在牛、羊单牧下降低；各放牧方式对土壤真菌Shannon指数、Simpson指数和pielou指数均没有显著影响，单牛放牧增加真菌Chao1指数和细菌的Shannon指数，而单羊放牧和混合放牧均降低细菌多样性指数；放牧显著降低了真菌担子菌门比例，不同放牧方式对细菌门水平丰度影响不大。本研究结果表明相同放牧强度下，不同牛、羊放牧组合对草地植被指标的影响差异不大，但显著改变了土壤养分含量、土壤细菌和真菌的群落组成，相比牛、羊单牧，牛羊混合放牧有助于提高土壤碳氮磷含量。     

Molecular and serological prevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in water buffaloes in the northeast region of Thailand

Bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted hemoprotozoan disease that is mainly caused by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina and is characterized by significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease is widespread in the northeastern region of Thailand, where an increasingly large part of the livestock is composed of water buffaloes. The present study was therefore conducted to investigate the epidemiological distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina in water buffaloes in the northeastern region of Thailand. A total of 305 buffalo blood samples were randomly collected from five provinces and simultaneously analyzed by the nested PCR (nPCR) assay, ELISA, and IFAT techniques. The overall prevalence of B. bovis and B. bigemina was 11.2% and 3.6% by nPCR, 14.7% and 5.9% by ELISA, and 16.8% and 5.6% by IFAT, respectively. The high concordance between the molecular and the serological detection tests revealed the specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic assays used for the detection of infection as well as the endemic stability status of the parasites in the surveyed areas. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of the two infections were observed on the basis of age and location but not gender. Our data provide valuable information regarding the epidemiology of B. bovis and B. bigemina infection in water buffaloes in the northeastern region of Thailand which will likely be very beneficial for management and control programs of this disease.     

The influence of boar pheromones on the contractile reactivity of the isolated superficial veins of the nose and face in ovariectomized prepubertal gilts and in gilts during sexual maturation

This study was designed to establish: a) whether boar pheromones, 5alpha-androstenone and 5alpha-androstenol, may affect the contractile reactivity of superficial veins of the face in prepubertal gilts deprived of ovarian hormones, and b) what is the influence of ovarian hormones secreted during sexual maturation on the contractility of these veins. The isolated rings of frontal, facial and dorsal nasal veins were treated with androstenone (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one), androstenol (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-ol) and testosterone (17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one) in concentrations of either 1 or 10 microM. Changes in the contractile activity of the isolated vein segments were measured using isometric transducer and recorded on HSE-ACAD W software. Sex boar pheromones androstenol and androstenone affected the contractility of the superficial veins of the face and nose in both of the prepubertal ovariectomized gilts and prepubertal intact animals. The way these veins reacted to pheromones differed between animal groups, particular vessels and even their parts and was also dose - dependent. In prepubertal ovariectomized gilts, androstenol had stronger action and caused the constriction of the facial vein, dorsal nasal vein and the distal part of the frontal vein. Androstenone produced constriction of the nasal vein, distal part of the frontal vein and proximal part of facial vein, but relaxation of the proximal part of the frontal vein and the distal part of the facial vein. In prepubertal untreated gilts, androstenone was more effective and strongly influence on the constricted of the frontal vein and facial vein and produced the relaxation of the nasal vein. Androstenol influence on the constriction the frontal vein and the distal parts of the facial vein and nasal vein, and influence o the relaxtion their proximal parts. Testosterone used as a control androgen affected both superficial veins of the face veins in a dose-dependent manner, and, at a higher dose, increased the contractility more effectively. Only the nasal vein did not react to this hormone. The present results suggest the existence in prepubertal gilts of frontal and facial veins' specific reactivity which may participate in the regulation of blood flow from the nasal cavity to the perihypophyseal vascular complex and play a role in the humoral pathway for the male pheromone priming functions in the central nervous system. This reactivity was displayed by the vessels in prepubertal gilts without ovarian hormones. The presence of active ovaries in maturing gilts changed the reactivity of these veins to pheromones and testosterone.     

甘肃药用蒿属植物区系地理研究

根据对蒿属植物野外调查及标本的收集、整理和系统鉴定,甘肃蒿属植物共有73种、5变种,隶属于2亚属,在甘肃省内有陇南地区和河西走廊地区2个分布丰富区。分析表明,蒿属植物可分为7个分布型和4个变型,其中以中国分布最多（占25.6%）,除世界分布和中国特有外,均为温带性地理成分,说明本区系的主要特征为典型的温带性质。根据植物区系分区的原则和方法,将甘肃蒿属植物区系划分为走廊小区、祁连山小区、中部小区、甘南小区和陇南小区,其中走廊小区和陇南小区不仅是本区藜科植物主要分布区,也是甘肃省重要的农业区和畜牧业基地。笔者等对各小区的区系特征进行了论述,并提出相应的生产实践建议,以期为甘肃省防风固沙、植被恢复和草场建设等提供理论依据。     

不同播量、行距及播种方式对青燕1号燕麦饲草产量的影响

为明确青燕1号燕麦（Avena sativa L.）饲草生产适宜播量、行距和播种方式,本研究采用播量和行距两因素试验设计,设4个播量水平和5个行距水平,探究不同播量、行距下饲草产量变化,完善该品种在生产推广中的高产栽培技术。结果表明：播量和行距对鲜草和干草产量影响显著（P<0.05）,同一播量下,二者产量随行距增大而减小,相同行距下,鲜草和干草产量随播量增大而增大;各处理间以播量S4、行距R1最优。不同播种方式下撒播以播量S4鲜草和干草产量最高,分别达36.324 t·hm^-2和11.330 t·hm^-2;与撒播相比条播增产效益明显,条播鲜草、干草最高产量、最低产量均显著高于撒播最高产量。不同收获时期下,以乳熟期鲜草和干草产量最佳,分别达102.562 t·hm^-2和30.504 t·hm^-2,较抽穗期高4.51倍和3.81倍。不同播量、行距下,株高、茎粗、叶面积和总分蘖数随播量增加先增大后减小,随行距增加株高、茎粗呈上升趋势,叶面积则先升高后降低,总分蘖数变化规律不明显。     

Cartilage canals and lesions typical of osteochondrosis in growth cartilages from the distal part of the humerus of newborn pigs

Vessels in cartilage canals supplying the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex and growth plate of the distal part of the humerus of pigs between on day and 15 weeks old were examined in perfused and cleared specimens, and histochemical preparations. An extensive capillary network surrounded the arterioles and venules and probably maintained the circulation of blood as the ends of the cartilage canals underwent involution. Pits and grooves were in predilection sites for osteochondrosis and osteoarthrosis and were typical of early lesions of these conditions. Some ghosts that were observed mesoscopically were chondrified cartilage canals or remnants of cartilage canals in histological sections, and were considered to be the result of a normal process. However, abnormal involution may predispose to chrondrolysis, and the presence of involuting transverse cartilage canals at predilection sites implicated damaged canals in the aetiopathogenesis of osteochondrosis and osteroarthrosis in some pigs. Cleared specimens provided the most useful demonstration of the form and distribution of cartilage canals, ghosts, and pits or grooves. The association of cartilage canals with areas of chondrolysis, and the distribution of ghosts in the predilection sites for lesions, warrant further investigation of blood vessels within cartilage canals.     

《动物寄生虫病学》课程教学方法的改革与实践

动物寄生虫病学是一门由一般生物学和兽医学构成的综合性学科,是阐明寄生于动物的各种寄生虫及其对动物所发生影响和所引起疾病的科学,是动物医学和畜牧兽医专业的一门专业基础课。通过对以往教学方法的改革和教学过程的实践,在教学过程中不仅改进常规教学方法,同时还增加学术论文的使用和实践操作的类型及时间比例,获得良好的教学效果。介绍了《动物寄生虫病学》课程的教学现状,并阐述了该课程教学方法改革与实践工作中的几点体会。     

Enzyme histochemistry of the olfactory and vomeronasal sensory epithelia in the golden hamster.

Histochemical activities of several enzymes were investigated in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO) of the golden hamster. Activities of adenosine triphosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase were intense in the OE, and the sensory (VSE) and respiratory epithelium (VRE) of the VNO. The activity of acid phosphatase was intense in both the OE and the VSE, while that of non-specific esterase was intense in the VSE alone. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was detectable only in the VRE. Activities of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholine esterase were negative in all of the OE, VSE and VRE. These similarities and differences in the histochemical distribution of enzymes between OE and VSE may reflect the common olfactory function and/or functional specialization in these epithelia. On the other hand, the VRE was considerably different from the OE and VSE in the enzymatic distribution. This may reflect the non-olfactory function of this epithelium.     

中草药饲料添加剂对奶牛乳房炎的影响研究进展

奶牛乳房炎制约了奶牛养殖业的快速发展,目前奶牛乳房炎的预防与治疗主要依靠抗生素,抗生素的滥用和乱用对人、动物、生态环境的危害越发严峻,寻找安全有效的防治措施尤为重要。中草药及其提取物具有良好的抗菌、消炎等功效,且安全、绿色、无残留,能有效抑制病原菌,缓解炎症反应,改善泌乳功能,成为防治奶牛乳房炎的热点课题。因此,本文对中草药饲料添加剂对奶牛乳房炎的影响研究进展进行综述,为中草药及其提取物的开发利用、奶牛乳房炎防治提供可行的参考依据。 [关键词] 中草药|提取物|奶牛乳房炎|抗生素|饲料添加剂     

Review of the activities from the former State Institute for Serum Production

This article describes the foundation and development of the State Institute for Serum Production (Rijksseruminrichting) in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, during the period 1904-1959. It describes the work of Dr J. Poels, the founder of the Institute, and the production of antisera in terms of the selection of animals, immunization protocols, blood sampling and collection, and the preservation and use of antisera in practice. Attention is also paid to the production of vaccines and diagnostic tests and to research on animal diseases. Envisaged research goals were not achieved because of a lack of adequate financial support and staffing, and poor laboratory facilities.     

Modulations of bovine hepatic microsomal metabolism of benzimidazoles by secondary plant metabolites

The study was aimed to estimate the effect of plant secondary metabolites present in ruminants diet and phytogenic feed additives on liver microsomal metabolism of albendazole and fenbendazole. The selected phytocompounds comprised of flavonoids (apigenin, quercetin) and saponins (hederagenin, medicagenic acid). The experiments were performed on liver microsomal fraction obtained from routinely slaughtered cows. The intensity of albendazole and fenbendazole metabolism in the presence of flavonoids and saponins was analyzed in equimolar concentration (100 μM). The obtained results revealed that both flavonoids and saponins intensify the metabolism of albendazole and fenbendazole in bovine microsomes. In the case of albendazole, apigenin and quercetin doubled the amount of degraded drug and the amount of produced albendazole sulfoxide. Additionally, both flavonoids increased the amount of produced albendazole sulfone. Saponins, hederagenin, and medicagenic acid intensified the degradation of albendazole (1.8‐fold) and the production of albendazole sulfoxide (twofold). Medicagenic acid inhibited the production of albendazole sulfone. In the case of fenbendazole, the degradation of the drug and the production of oxfendazole were increased four and five times in the presence of saponins and flavonoids, respectively. The enhancement of benzimidazoles’ metabolism caused by the studied plant metabolites could change pharmacokinetics and the efficacy of benzimidazoles’ treatment in cattle.