牛羊四种寄生虫病联合诊断技术应用总结

为了巩固血吸虫病防治成果，了解血矛线虫、锥虫和肝片吸虫在我市的流行情况，我们从1998年开始，推广浙江省农科院畜牧兽医研究所研制的牛羊四种寄生虫病联合诊治技术。三年来，共推广应用于牛1557头，羊19477头。1998年检出血矛线虫的阳性率，肉牛及奶牛为29.73%，湖凌晨为30.27%，牛锥虫病阳性率为18.01%（主要为外来菜牛），湖羊为0%。牛肝片吸虫阳性率为22.7%，湖凌晨为30.8%。治疗后，2000年检测血矛线虫的阳性率牛为2.78%，湖羊2.1%，锥虫病阳性率牛为1.17%，湖羊0%，肝片吸虫阳性率牛为2.05%，本地湖羊3.81%。每头牛增重45kg，每头羊增重3.75kg，每头奶牛增乳550kg，并节省了大量的劳力、化验费和医药费用，全市共计增加经济效益225.67万元，有力地保护了本市的畜牧业安全生产和人民身体健康。     

阿维菌素治疗家畜寄生虫病的临床体会

笔者应用北京农业大学国家农业微生物工程工业试验基地研制的最新抗寄生虫兽药虫克星对家畜体内外寄生虫的驱杀作用进行了临床观察。虫克星是阿维菌素的商品名，该药对猪、牛、羊、兔等的体内外寄生虫均有极强的驱杀作用，具有广谱、高效、低毒、用量小、安全、不产生交叉抗药性等特点。1试验动物兽医院来诊患畜，来自各牧场、饲养专业户、劳改猪场等，共治疗猪46头、牛31头、羊59只、兔86只。2药品及用法2．11％虫克星针剂：1ml含阿维菌素10mg，采用皮下注射。剂量：牛、羊、免用阿维菌素0．2mg／kg体重；猪用0．3mg／kg体重。2．20．2％虫…     

动物寄生虫病调查报告

1999年4月在荣县的观山乡。五宝镇和贡井、大安的两个养殖场采集牛、猪、羊、犬、鸡、鸭、鹅、兔八种动物粪便1555头（只）份,实验室用漂浮法、沉淀法检出被感染的动物有581头只,总感染率为37．36％。检出的寄生虫有线虫、球虫、吸虫、螨虫、绦虫、棘头虫等6类虫种。其中牛主要有肝片吸虫、前后盘吸虫;猪有球虫、线虫;羊有线虫、球虫、吸虫;犬有线虫、螨虫;鸡有线虫、螨虫;鸭有球虫、线虫;鹅有球虫、线虫;兔有球虫、线虫等。经过调查基本摸清了这两个乡镇和养殖场危害动物的主要寄生虫,为全市防制寄生虫工作提供了科学依据。1材料…     

江津市牛、羊寄生虫区系调查

为摸清江津市牛、羊寄生虫的感染情况，按寄生虫完全剖检法和粪便检查法进行寄生虫区系调查，共剖检12只水牛、12只黄牛、40只山羊。结果：检出牛感染的寄生虫28种，隶属3门5纲7目16科21属，其中吸虫12种，绦虫2种，线虫9种，蜘蛛昆虫5种；羊感染的寄生虫30种，隶属4门6纲8目17科21属，其中吸虫8种，绦虫3种，线虫8种，蜘蛛昆虫5种，原虫6种。对牛危害严重的寄生虫是肝片形吸虫、菲策吸虫、鹿前盘吸虫、捻转血矛线虫、蛇形毛形线虫、水牛痒螨；羊的优势虫种为肝片形吸虫、枝睾阔盘吸虫、鹿前后盘吸虫、细颈囊尾蚴、捻转血矛线虫、蛇形毛形线虫、阿氏艾美耳球虫、克氏艾美耳球虫、柯雅艾美耳球虫。     

辽宁省羊寄生虫区系调查及高经济效益驱虫方案的研究：—辽宁省家畜寄生虫病综合防治技术推广

1999年1－12月，在全省七市、县设立31个调查点，进行了辽宁省羊寄生虫的区系调查。经调查了解了我省羊体内、外寄生虫的种类；优势虫种及其消长规律，体内寄生虫的优势虫是肝片形吸虫和消化道圆形线虫，体外寄生虫的优势虫种是蜱和螨。肝片形吸虫和消化道圆形线虫的排卵高峰期在3，7和11月份，在排卵高峰期前的2、6和10月末，用阿维菌素以0．2mg/kg体重剂量口服，7天后，再用丙硫本咪唑以10mg/kg体重剂量口服。用这两种药物复合应用进去驱虫，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

牛羊驱虫药物的选择

驱线虫： 首选虫克星（阿维菌素），按0．2～0．3mg／kg体重给药，可选用内服、肌肉或皮下注射，对牛羊的多种线虫、蜱、螨、虱、蝇蛆等，驱杀率可达到95％～100％。虫克星为一种新型的抗寄生虫兽药，一次用药可同时驱杀牛、羊体内、外多种寄生虫；对其它驱虫药具有抗菌性的线虫，虫克星同样具有功效：对怀孕母畜、幼畜及公畜均无任何毒副作用。次选精制敌百虫：绵羊80～100mg／kg，山羊50～70mg／kg，牛20～40mg／kg，配成5％～10％的水溶液，一次胃管投服。配制敌百虫溶液时，切忌与碱性物质（如氢氧化钠、碳酸氢钠等）接触或混入，否则毒…     

磷酸伯氨喹和贝尼尔对人工感染羊泰勒虫病例的治疗试验

用感染羊泰勒虫的青海血蜱叮咬健康羊人工复制羊泰勒虫病病例6只，用贝尼尔和磷酸伯氨喹各治疗2只，结果，磷酸伯氨喹以1．5mg/kg体重剂连续肌肉注射3d,2只羊的染虫率分别为从15．0％和10．0％下降到0．5％，临床症状基本消失；贝尼尔以5．0mg/kg体重剂量连续肌肉注射3d仅1只羊的染虫率由12．0％下降到1．5％，临床症状基本消失，1只羊的染虫率由12．0％上升到15．0％，临床症状加重。     

玉溪市仔猪肠道寄生虫的调查

本文报道了玉溪市仔猪感染肠道寄生虫的情况及感染率，共查1055份粪样，阳性689份，阳性率65．3％，共检测到蠕虫虫卵6种、原虫病原体2种，其中61日龄以上仔猪中检出6种，蛔虫、食道口线虫、毛首线虫、布氏姜片吸虫、蛭形巨吻棘头虫、小袋纤毛虫；60日龄的内仔猪7种；蛔虫、食道口线虫、毛首线虫、球首线虫、布氏姜片吸虫、球虫、小袋纤毛虫、感染最普遍的蛔虫，食道口线虫、小袋纤毛虫，在61日龄以上和60日龄内仔猪的感染率分别为61．2％与14．2％、23．7％和23．4％、3．7％秘82．0％。     

伊维菌素干混悬剂对绵羊寄生虫的驱杀效果与安全性研究

选择1．5～2．0岁自然感染线虫和外寄生虫绵羊150只，分别按体重0．1、0．2、0．3mg／kg剂量口服伊维菌素干混悬剂，同时设口服伊维菌素片剂对照。结果显示，口服伊维菌素干混悬剂0．2、0．3mg／kg组绵羊的消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为93．3％和100％，减少率分别为99．2％和100％；原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为90．0％和100％，减少率分别为94．5％和100％；平均驱虫率分别为98．4％和99．9％；绵羊颚虱、绵羊足颚虱全部被杀死，羊蜱蝇的转阴率分别为83．3％和87．5％。口服0．1mg／kg组绵羊的线虫虫卵（幼虫）转阴率、减少率、驱虫率均次于0．2、0．3mg／kg剂量组，对绵羊颚虱、羊蜱蝇的杀虫率较低。绵羊口服0．5mg／kg伊维菌素干混悬剂未出现明显异常反应。表明伊维菌素干混悬剂与片剂有同等的驱虫效果与安全性。     

养殖场绵羊寄生虫病的控制技术

采用粪便寄生虫虫卵检测和虫体鉴定方法调查四川凉山半细毛羊原种场及周围的羊寄生虫，主要有血矛线虫、奥斯特线虫、仰口线虫、夏伯特线虫、食道口线虫、毛首线虫、肺线虫、细颈线虫、片形吸虫、前后盘吸虫。根据凉山州半细毛羊原种场的主要寄生虫发育史、流行病学和中间宿主及该地的气候等制订寄生虫痛的定期监测程序，即每年的2、5、8、11月各进行一次监测；根据该场主要寄生虫痛疫情、绵羊的抵抗能力等制订进行预防性驱虫的参考标准，即15％羊的片形吸虫虫卵EPG值大于300时或20％羊的线虫虫卵EPG值大于1000时进行驱虫；再根据“虫净灵”效果，制订驱虫效果考核参考指标，即口服药物后4d线虫虫卵转阴率95％以上、20d吸虫虫卵转阴率100％。从而建立起“定期监测、按需驱虫、及时评估”的控制技术，实施2年来的结果表明，该场绵羊的主要寄生虫痛即片形吸虫病和线虫病的感染率分别下降了80．51％和27．80％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.