高效液相色谱－串联质谱法检测猪肝组织中氯霉素残留的研究

建立了猪肝组织中氯霉素残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法.液相色谱条件为色谱柱为Alltech Altima C18柱(150 mm×3.2 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-水(1∶ 1,V/V);柱温为30 ℃;流速为0.3 mL/min;进样量为20 μL.质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI-),多反应离子监测(MRM)方式进行采集;监测离子质荷比为320.60＞52.20,320.60＞194.15.以氯霉素的同分异构体间位氯霉素作内标,内标法定量.结果表明,氯霉素的线性范围为0.5～10 ng/mL,相关系数R2＝0.999 9;方法检测限为0.1 μg/kg,定量限为0.2 μg/kg;从0.1、0.2、0.4和1.0 μg/kg四个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,方法的平均回收率为96.6%～116.6%(n＝6),批内批间RSD均小于20%.     

饲料中安定的残留分析

本实验建立了饲料中安定的液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)检测方法。液相色谱条件为分析柱WatersSunfireTMC18150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm,流动相为乙腈-0.2%甲酸(体积比55∶45),流速:0.2mL/min。质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI ),选择离子监测(SIR)质荷比(m/z)为285,228,154带正电荷的准分子离子和碎片离子。在此条件下安定的线性范围为1～1000μg/L,方法最低定量检测限为1.0μg/kg,安定的回收率为75%±10%。     

牛奶中吡利霉素残留检测高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立了牛奶中吡利霉素残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法。液相色谱条件为:色谱柱为Waters XBridge C18柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.01mol/L乙酸铵溶液(30∶70,V/V),柱温为30℃,流速为0.2 mL/min,进样量为10μL。质谱条件为:电喷雾离子源(ESI ),多反应监测(MRM)方式进行采集;监测离子质荷比(m/z)为411.5>112.0,411.5>363.4。以吡利霉素的同分异构体异吡利霉素作内标,内标法定量。结果表明:吡利霉素的线性范围为20~400 ng/mL,相关系数R2=0.999 9;方法检测限为2 ng/mL,定量限为5ng/mL;从50、100和150 ng/mL三个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,方法的平均回收率为90.4%~104.3%(n=6),批内、批间RSD均小于5%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饲料中的己烯雌酚

本文建立了饲料中己烯雌酚的高效液相色谱—串联质谱检测方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。色谱条件:色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱2.1mm×50mm1.7μm;流动相为乙腈—水(50:50,v/v),流速0.2mL/min;进样体积10μL;柱温35℃。采用负电喷雾离子源,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行分析,外标法定量,3对定性离子对分别为:m/z320.90151.85、320.90256.92和320.90193.90,定量离子对为320.90151.85。在0.1～500μg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性,相关系数r0.999。在1、5、20mg/kg3个添加水平,平均回收率75.2%～97.6%,日内变异系数在2.1%～6.3%之间,日间变异系数在3.2%～9.7%,检测限为10μg/kg。     

牛奶中七种氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立了牛奶中氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、达氟沙星、二氟沙星和沙拉沙星等七种氟喹诺酮类药物(FQs)残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)方法。液相色谱条件为:色谱柱Waters XBridge C18柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm);流动相为0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液 0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;柱温为35℃;流速为0.2 mL/min;进样量为20μL。质谱条件为:电喷雾离子源(ESI ),多反应监测(MRM)方式进行采集;外标法定量。结果表明:七种FQs在5~250 ng/mL浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R2均大于0.997;方法检测限为2 ng/mL,定量限为5 ng/mL;从10、20和100 ng/mL三个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,方法平均回收率为70.2%~119%,批内RSD为1.8%~16%,批间RSD为9.1%~18%。     

猪肉组织中四环素类药物残留检测——高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立了猪肉组织中四环素类药物残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法.色谱条件为色谱柱为XBridge C18柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm),流动相为0.3%甲酸乙腈溶液 0.3%甲酸水溶液;柱温 20 ℃,流速0.2 mL/min;进样量20 μL.质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI );多反应监测(MRM)方式采集.外标法定量.结果表明,四环素、土霉素和金霉素在10～400 ng/mL浓度范围内呈现良好线性,相关指数R2均大于0.999;方法检测限为5 ng/g,定量限为10 ng/g.50、100和200 ng/g三个添加浓度的平均回收率为72.3%～94.6%,批内批间RSD均小于20%.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测猪尿中四种β-受体激动剂残留的研究

建立了猪尿中克仑特罗、莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇和西马特罗残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法(HPLC-MS/MS).液相色谱条件为色谱柱为XBridge C18柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm);流动相为0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液 0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;柱温为30 ℃;流速为0.2 mL/min;进样量为20 μL.质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI ),多反应监测(MRM)方式进行采集;同位素内标法定量.结果表明,四种β-受体激动剂在1～50 ng/mL浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关指数R2均大于0.998;方法检测限为0.3 ng/mL,定量限为0.5 ng/mL;从0.5、1和2 ng/mL 3个添加浓度检测结果可以看出,方法平均回收率为86.6%～110%,批内RSD为1.1%～8.4%,批间RSD为2.0%～6.2%.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛羊肉中7种β-内酰胺类抗生素的残留量

建立了牛羊肉中7种β-内酰胺类药物(青霉素G、青霉素V、苯唑西林、氯唑西林、萘夫西林、头孢喹肟、头孢氨苄)残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法。样品经水和乙腈提取后,用正己烷去除脂肪,再用C18固相萃取柱净化,浓缩定容后,供超高效液色谱-串联质谱法分析。色谱条件:Waters BEH C18色谱柱(50mm×2.1mm,1.7μm);流动相1mL/L甲酸水和乙腈进行梯度洗脱;柱温为40℃;进样量为10μL;流速为0.3 mL/min。质谱条件:电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在5μg/L~500μg/L的基质匹配标准溶液内7种β-内酰胺类药物均有良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.99;样品中7种β-内酰胺类药物的检出限(LOD)均为1ng/g,定量下限(LOQ)均为2ng/g;7种β-内酰胺类药物的平均回收率为80%~108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。本方法能够快速、准确的检测出生鲜牛羊肉中7种β内酰胺类药物,为检测牛羊肉中β内酰胺类药物提供了技术支持。     

高效液相-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中利巴韦林残留研究

本研究采用同位素内标法建立了蜂蜜中利巴韦林残留液相色谱-串联质谱方法。样品经提取后经混合型阳离子交换固相萃取净化后上机测定,色谱柱为Hypercarb多孔石墨碳色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以0.1%(V/V)甲酸甲醇-0.1%(V/V)甲酸水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子(ESI⁺)和多反应监测(MRM)模式测定,同位素内标法定量。结果显示,利巴韦林进样浓度在2～100 ng/mL浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(R²=0.9995);方法检出限和定量限分别为1μg/kg和2μg/kg;2、4、20μg/kg三个添加水平下,回收率在67.6%～112.7%之间,批内、批间相对标准偏差均小于15%。本方法简便、准确、快速、灵敏,适用于蜂蜜中利巴韦林残留检测。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定鸡蛋中三聚氰胺残留

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定了鸡蛋中三聚氰胺残留。样品匀浆后,用三氯乙酸去蛋白提取,MCX柱净化,BSTFA和TMCS衍生化后,气相色谱-质谱检测。质谱定性离子为m/z342、327、171和99,定量离子为m/z327。方法定量限为0.5μg/g,添加浓度为0.5、2μg/g和10μg/g时的回收率在89.2%~96.2%之间,变异系数在2.9%~5.6%之间。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.