Characterization of Salmonella isolates from beef cattle, broiler chickens and human sources on Prince Edward Island

Non-typhoid Salmonella serovars remain a potential threat to human health, and beef cattle and broiler chickens are possible sources of these organisms on Prince Edward Island (PEI). In this study, the ceca of beef cattle belonging to fasted and non-fasted groups, and broiler chickens were examined for Salmonella at the time of slaughter. The characteristics of the isolates, including antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence genes, were studied along with the isolates obtained from cases of human salmonellosis on PEI during the study period (1996–97). The prevalence of Salmonella in beef cattle was 4.6% (11/240). The rate was significantly higher in fasted cattle (7.46%), than in non-fasted cattle (0.94%). The prevalence rate in chickens was 32.5% (39/120). In beef cattle, Salmonella typhimurium phage type (PT) or definitive type (DT) 104 which was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline, was the most predominant type (64%). In chickens, S. heidelberg, with resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin and sulfisoxazole, predominated. Of 26 isolates from humans, the most common serovar was S. typhimurium, including a multidrug-resistant strain of DT104. Examination by PCR revealed presence of the virulence gene invA in all serovars, and the spvC gene in all S. typhimurium isolates, of both beef cattle and human origin. Among the other serovars the latter gene was found in 7 human isolates, but in none of the chicken or beef isolates. All but 3 of the spvC-positive isolates possessed a 90 kilobasepair (kbp) plasmid suggesting that the 3 isolates had the spvC gene on their chromosome. These findings were confirmed by plasmid DNA isolation using 3 different protocols and by sequence analysis of the spvC-PCR product.     

Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for Leptospiral Antibodies among Cattle in the State of Yucatan,Mexico

Sera obtained from cattle in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, were screened using the microscopic agglutination test against 13 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. A total of 62.8% (461/734) cows were positive for one or more serovars. This seroprevalence probably reflects infection because vaccination against leptospirosis has not been practised in Yucatan. The most common antibodies detected were those against antigens of serovars hardjo (54.1%) and tarassovi (53.3%). Region was the only risk factor associated with the seroprevalence of leptospirosis (p < 0.05). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica infection in senegalese broiler-chicken flocks

Our objective was to assess the association of managerial practices, general hygiene and Salmonella infection in Senegalese broiler flocks. Seventy broilers farms were studied from January 2000 to December 2001 around Dakar. A questionnaire was submitted to the farmers and samples of fresh broiler droppings were taken. A 28.6% of the flocks were infected by Salmonella (mainly Hadar and Brancaster serovars). Salmonella infection of the previous flock (OR=6.82) and of day-old chicks (OR=3.73), frequent poultry farmers’ visits (OR=5.38) and keeping sick birds inside the farm (OR=5.32) increased the risk of Salmonella infection. But, using antibiotics on day-old chicks (OR=0.17) and a detergent for cleaning (OR=0.16) decreased the risk.     

四川省甘孜州牦牛梨形虫感染情况的调查

试验旨在调查甘孜藏族自治州（甘孜州）全部18个县（市）牦牛梨形虫的感染情况。2018年6月至11月采集甘孜州18个县（市）临床健康牦牛全血1 381份,采用靶向18S rRNA的巢式PCR进行梨形虫核酸检测,并挑选梨形虫核酸检测阳性样本PCR产物共计124份测序鉴定虫种。结果显示,1 381份牦牛样本中梨形虫核酸阳性样本438份,平均阳性率为31.72%,其中半农半牧业县1 093份牦牛样本中梨形虫核酸阳性样本385份,平均阳性率为35.22%,纯牧业县288份牦牛样本中梨形虫核酸阳性样本53份,平均阳性率为18.40%;124份牦牛梨形虫核酸阳性样本中鉴定出感染的虫种有中华泰勒虫76份、吕氏泰勒虫25份、东方泰勒虫3份、绵羊泰勒虫2份、双芽巴贝斯虫1份和水牛泰勒虫1份,其中中华泰勒虫感染率为61.29%,吕氏泰勒虫感染率为20.16%。本试验结果表明,甘孜州牦牛梨形虫感染率较高,不同地区之间存在差异,优势虫种为中华泰勒虫和吕氏泰勒虫,为甘孜州牦牛梨形虫病防控提供了重要参考。     

河北省唐山市奶犊牛病毒性腹泻流行病学调查

试验旨在掌握河北省唐山市13个县（市、区）奶牛场奶犊牛病毒性腹泻病原的流行状况,有效防控奶犊牛腹泻。采集唐山市不同地区38个奶牛场腹泻犊牛粪便样品788份,提取腹泻粪便样品中的基因组RNA。根据GenBank公布的牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）E2基因、牛轮状病毒（Bovine rotavirus,BRV）VP6基因、牛冠状病毒（Bovine coronavirus,BCV）N基因序列,利用Primer Premier 5.0软件分别设计特异性引物,采用PCR方法检测粪便样品中这3种基因,利用Excel 2007对不同地区、不同季节和混合感染病原检测结果进行汇总分析。在采样范围内的788份犊牛腹泻粪便样品中,BVDV、BRV和BCV阳性检出率分别为29.82%（235/788）、29.44%（232/788）和18.02%（142/788）;在所有被检地区,滦南县BVDV感染率最高,阳性检出率为45.38%（59/130）,汉沽区BRV和BCV感染率最高,阳性检出率分别为55.00%（22/40）和37.50%（15/40）;从采样季节来看,春季、夏季和秋季BRV感染率最高,阳性检出率分别为27.71%（46/166）、39.58%（114/288）和19.89%（39/196）,冬季则以BVDV感染为主,阳性检出率为52.17%（72/138）;从混合感染情况来看,以BRV＋BCV二重混合感染为主,感染率为8.37%（66/788）。河北省唐山市各地区腹泻犊牛群中均存在BVDV、BRV和BCV感染,以BVDV、BRV单一感染为主。     

副猪嗜血杆菌小鼠毒力和仔猪毒力的相关性分析

旨在对我国最为流行的血清4、5、12和13型副猪嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus parasuis， HPS）（共36株）进行BALB/c小鼠和仔猪毒力试验的比较研究。小鼠毒力试验结果表明，4种血清型菌株的LD₅₀分别介于9.80×10⁷~4.60×10⁹、2.10×10⁸~8.85×10⁹、4.81×10⁷~7.01×10⁹和1.75×10⁸~8.45×10⁸ CFU；整体毒力表现强弱依次是13、4、12、5型，但仅在5型与13型菌株之间毒力具有显著差异（P<0.05）。仔猪毒力试验结果表明，同一血清型中不同菌株的毒力具有明显差异，均存在强毒和弱毒菌株；整体毒力表现强弱依次是5、13、4、12型；但5型与4型（P=0.039）和12型（P=0.033）之间具有显著差异（P<0.05），与13型差异不显著（P=0.241）。综合对比分析HPS的小鼠和仔猪毒力试验结果，可以得出3个结论：1）4种国内流行性血清型菌株的整体毒力由强到弱依次是5、13、4和12型；2）但同一血清型中均存在强毒和弱毒菌株，HPS的血清型与其毒力之间不具有相关性；3） HPS虽能致死BALB/c小鼠，但其毒力结果与仔猪毒力试验结果并不一致，表明其作为替代模型具有一定的缺陷。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella infections in free-range pigs

The prevalence of Salmonella spp. infection was determined in 67 free-range pig herds in southern Spain. Microbiological assessment was performed on ileocolic lymph nodes collected at slaughter according to ISO 6579:2002 procedures. Overall, 33% of herds were infected and the prevalence of infection was 5.3%. Salmonella spp. serovars most frequently isolated were Anatum and Typhimurium, although uncommon serovars such as Hessarek and Mikawasima were also detected. Isolates were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents and exhibited resistance to streptomycin (46%), tetracycline (30%), sulphonamides (25%) and ampicillin (23%) by the break-point method. Multi-drug resistance, defined as resistance to ≥ 4 antimicrobials, was 36%.     

中国不同地区羊吕氏泰勒虫分子流行病学调查及遗传进化分析

为了解吕氏泰勒虫在中国不同地区山羊和绵羊中的流行情况,本研究应用基于吕氏泰勒虫18S rRNA基因位点的PCR检测方法,对采自中国河南、甘肃、陕西、山西、贵州、云南、新疆7个地区的281份羊血液样品进行检测,并对阳性样品测序以进行序列分析。结果显示,羊吕氏泰勒虫总感染率为35.23%（99/281）。不同采样点羊吕氏泰勒虫感染率差异极显著（P<0.01）,其中河南省羊吕氏泰勒虫感染率最高（98%,49/50）,新疆最低（0）。绵羊和山羊吕氏泰勒虫感染率分别为51.67%（31/60）和30.77%（68/221）,差异极显著（P<0.01）;放牧羊吕氏泰勒虫感染率（41.55%,86/207）极显著高于舍饲羊（17.57%,13/74）（P<0.01）;羊吕氏泰勒虫感染率在春、夏、秋及冬四季分别为56.00%（28/50）、42.75%（59/138）、9.43%（5/53）和17.50%（7/40）,差异极显著（P<0.01）;≥ 12月龄和<12月龄羊吕氏泰勒虫感染率分别为33.50%（67/200）和39.51%（32/81）,差异不显著（P>0.05）。此外,遗传进化分析表明,本研究获得的羊吕氏泰勒虫分离株与中国流行的吕氏泰勒虫分离株同源性高达99.60%以上,且位于同一分支上。本研究为进一步了解中国不同地区羊吕氏泰勒虫的流行现状及分布提供了重要参考依据。     

Prevalence of Theileria spp. infection in sheep in South Khorasan province, Iran

The prevalence of Theileria spp. infection was studied in sheep in the South Khorasan province in Iran from 2003 to 2004. A total of 840 sheep from 34 flocks were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of Theileria spp. in the appropriate blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. In this study, 11.9% of sheep were infected with Theileria spp., with a parasitemia of 0.02–0.1%. Differences in the infection rates were statistically significant among different areas of the South Khorasan province. The highest prevalence was found in the Ferdows area (31.4%) and the lowest rate in the Nehbandan area (0.7%). The prevalence of Theileria spp. infection in males and females and between different age groups of sheep were not statistically significant. Seasonally, the prevalence of Theileria spp. infection in sheep reached its highest level in June (26.3%), whereas it decreased in July and August. It was found that 50.5% of the animals harbored Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 48.5% harboured Hyalomma anatolicum and 0.89% harboured Hyalomma dromedari.     

Sero-epidemiology of canine leptospirosis in Trinidad: serovars, implications for vaccination and public health

A sero-epidemiological study on canine leptospirosis was conducted in house, stray, farm and hunting dogs, as well as in suspect cases of clinical canine leptospirosis. Serum samples were collected from apparently healthy (vaccinated and non-vaccinated), house dogs. A questionnaire was administered to the owners to elicit information on risk factors for leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test was used to screen for leptospirosis using 17 international serovars. Reciprocal titres of between 100 and <800 were considered as evidence of past exposure while reciprocal titres of 800 or greater were classified as suggestive of acute/current infection. Of a total of 419 serum samples tested, 61 (14.6%) were seropositive for Leptospira agglutinins, 23 (5.5%) had mixed infections and 16 (3.8%) had current infection. Amongst 50 suspected cases of clinical leptospirosis, 24 (48.0%) were seropositive and only 13 (26.0%) had current infection compared with 10 (6.3%) and three (1.9%) of 160 apparently healthy house dogs respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05; chi2). Twelve (25.5%) of 47 hunting dogs, 10 (20.4%) of 49 farm dogs and five (4.4%) of 113 stray dogs were seropositive (P < 0.05; chi2). Overall, a total of nine serovars were detected with serovars mankarso, icterohaemorrhagiae RGA, autumnalis and copenhageni being involved in 29 (47.5%), 20 (32.8%), 25 (41.0%) and 10 (16.4%) respectively in 61 seropositive dogs (P < 0.05; chi2). Serovar mankarso was most predominant in seropositive apparently healthy dogs, 37.8% (14/37), suspected clinical cases of leptospirosis, 62.5% (15/24) compared with serovar icterohaemorrhagiae with a frequency of 21.6% (8/37) and 50.0% (12/24), the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05; chi2). Although all vaccines used for prevention of canine leptospirosis in the country contain serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae, serovar mankarso was mostly associated with infection and disease and may be a good candidate for inclusion in the vaccine used locally. The public health risk posed to owners of dogs infected with Leptospira cannot be over-emphasized considering the zoonotic nature of the disease.     

A serosurvey for antibodies to Leptospira in dogs in the lower North Island of New Zealand

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of antibodies to endemic and exotic Leptospira serovars in samples from a serum bank, collected from dogs in the lower North Island of New Zealand. METHODS: Sera (n=466), which had been collected from apparently healthy dogs, were screened using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies to serovars L. borgpeterseni serovar hardjo, L. interrogans serovars pomona, copenhageni and canicola, and L. kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. RESULTS: Antibody to Leptospiral antigen was found in 14.2% of dogs tested. The highest level of reactivity was with serovar copenhageni, to which 9.5% (41/433) of sera were positive. Antibodies to serovars grippotyphosa and canicola were not detected in this population of dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospira infection is relatively common in dogs in the lower North Island . CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis should be considered using vaccine containing antigen to serovars hardjo, pomona and copenhageni. The presence of moderate levels of copenhageni antibody in dogs in the lower North Island raises the possibility that this serovar has become established in rodent populations in this region.     

江苏省规模化猪场蠕虫感染情况调查

为了解江苏省规模化猪场蠕虫的感染情况，笔者从徐州、泰州、宿迁、盐城、扬州和南通6个地区的12个规模化养猪场随机采集937份粪便样品，采用离心沉淀法、饱和氯化钠漂浮法和饱和硫酸镁漂浮法对粪便样品进行了检查。结果显示，在12个养殖场均发现寄生虫感染，粪便样品中蠕虫虫卵的检出率为7.6%。徐州地区的两个猪场感染率最高，合计达20.7%；泰州地区的两个猪场感染率最低，仅有1.7%。宿迁、盐城、扬州和南通地区的调查猪场感染率分别为6.5%、8.2%、5.4%和5.4%。调查显示，感染虫种包括蛔虫、鞭虫、后圆线虫、食道口线虫和类圆线虫，其中蛔虫和食道口线虫的感染率较高，分别为5.2%和3.6%。徐州、宿迁、盐城、扬州和南通5个地区的猪场内存在蛔虫和鞭虫、蛔虫和食道口线虫，以及蛔虫和后圆线虫混合感染的情况。经比较发现，妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪的肠道寄生虫感染率高于其他生产阶段，仔猪感染率最低。检查中未见绦虫、吸虫和棘头虫等虫卵。本研究结果表明，江苏地区的规模化猪场普遍存在线虫感染的情况，蛔虫、食道口线虫和鞭虫感染强度较高，定期驱虫有助于规模化猪场线虫病的防控。     

Deoxynucleotide sequence conservation of the endoflagellin subunit protein gene, flaB, within the genus leptospira

A Polymerase chain reaction was developed to amplify the entire open reading frame of flaB, the gene encoding the endoflagellin subunit protein. The 852 bp amplified products from 23 serovars of the genus Leptospira were subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis and the profiles correlated well with phylogenetic relationships between these serovars. The flaB deoxynucleotide sequences of L. hardjo-bovis, L. hardjo-prajitno and L. grippotyphosa were determined. The deduced primary amino acid sequences of each were highly conserved with only three amino acid residue differences observed. The deoxynucleotide sequences showed genetic drift with alternative bases in the third position of codons. The PCR product derived by amplification of flaB from L. grippotyphosa was cloned into the expression vector pGEX-2T and a recombinant FlaB fusion protein made. As predicted from the deduced amino acid sequences, the recombinant FlaB cross-reacted with heterologous antiserum derived from a rabbit infected with L. hardjo-bovis.     

Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis in representative Ontario swine herds

Tonsillar and nasal swabs were collected from weanling pigs in 50 representative Ontario swine herds and tested for the presence of 5 important bacterial upper respiratory tract pathogens. All but 1 herd (2%) tested positive for Streptococcus suis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 48% of herds were S. suis serovar 2, 1/2 positive. In all but 2 herds there was evidence of Haemophilus parasuis infection. In contrast, toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida were detected by a P. multocida--enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (PMT-ELISA) in only one herd. Seventy-eight percent of the herds were diagnosed positive for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by apxIV PCR. Sera from finishing pigs on the same farms were also collected and tested by ELISA for the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae antibodies. Seventy percent of the herds tested had evidence of antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae including serovars 1-9-11 (2%), 2 (4%), 3-6-8-15 (15%), 5 (6%), 4-7 (26%), and 12 (17%). This likely represents a shift from previous years when infection with A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 5, and 7 predominated. At least 16% and possibly as many as 94% of the herds tested were Actinobacillus suis positive; only 3 of the 50 herds were both A. pleuropneumoniae and A. suis negative as judged by the absence of a positive PCR test for apxII. Taken together, these data suggest that over the past 10 years, there has been a shift in the presence of pathogenic bacteria carried by healthy Ontario swine with the virtual elimination of toxigenic strains of P. multocida and a move to less virulent A. pleuropneumoniae serovars. As well, there appears to be an increase in prevalence of S. suis serovar 2, 1/2, but this may be a reflection of the use of a more sensitive detection method.     

Transduction of bla(CMY-2), tet(A), and tet(B) from Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg to S. Typhimurium

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp., especially resistance mediated by extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), is a growing public health concern. Understanding the mechanisms through which Salmomella spp. acquire the resistance genes can lead to the development of intervention and mitigation strategies. Thirty-one Salmonella isolates of bovine origin were analyzed by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage induction and bacterial host range determination, and phage transduction of antimicrobial resistance. The Salmonella isolates consisted of 12 serovars. Resistance to 1 or more antibiotics was detected in 12 isolates. Inducible phages were recovered from 19 Salmonella (61%) by spot lysis assay. Of the 19 phage samples, 13 were able to multiply in 2 or more Salmonella of various serovars. A cross-serovar transduction of antimicrobial resistance was observed from S. Heidelberg to S. Typhimurium. Transfection of an antimicrobial-susceptible strain of S. Typhimurium with a phage propagated in a S. Heidelberg resistant to multiple β-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline resulted in independent acquisition of bla_CMY-2, tet(A), and tet(B). These data indicate that inducible phages are common in Salmonella of bovine origin, many of them demonstrate a broad host range, and wild-type phage mediated transduction may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, including the resistance mediated by ESBL.     

弓形虫和新孢子虫交叉反应抗原MIC7A对小鼠的免疫保护效力分析

弓形虫和新孢子虫是两种亲缘关系接近的顶复亚门原虫，二者之间存在一定程度的交叉免疫保护作用，这种作用可能是基于交叉反应抗原产生的。本研究旨在表达并鉴定弓形虫和新孢子虫的交叉反应抗原TgMIC17A，通过将其应用于小鼠的免疫保护试验，评估该抗原对弓形虫和新孢子虫感染产生的交叉免疫保护作用。对TgMIC17A进行基因克隆和原核表达，通过免疫印迹试验鉴定其反应原性和交叉反应性。重组蛋白免疫小鼠后测定血清特异性IgG抗体水平，评价其免疫原性。二免后，分别用1×10³个弓形虫Pru速殖子、1.5×10⁷个新孢子虫Nc1速殖子攻虫，对小鼠的体重变化、存活率进行监测，并在攻虫30 d后检测各组存活小鼠的脑荷虫量，评价TgMIC17A重组蛋白免疫小鼠后对弓形虫和新孢子虫的交叉免疫保护效果。结果显示，rTgMIC17A可以被弓形虫和新孢子虫的阳性血清识别，相较于未免疫组小鼠，免疫组小鼠体内可产生高水平特异性IgG抗体(P＜0.01)，且感染弓形虫或新孢子虫的脑荷虫量均显著降低(P＜0.01)。本研究克隆并表达了TgMIC17A，鉴定其为新孢子虫和弓形虫的交叉反应抗原。该抗原可以刺激小鼠产生较好的体液免疫反应，并对弓形虫和新孢子虫的感染产生一定的交叉免疫保护作用，可以为弓形虫和新孢子虫共感染的防治，以及筛选具有交叉免疫保护力的重组疫苗提供可借鉴的研究资料。     

羊蜱蝇携带巴尔通体和斑点热群立克次体PCR检测及遗传关系分析

为了解四川省石渠县羊蜱蝇巴尔通体和斑点热群立克次体感染情况,采集藏绵羊体表羊蜱蝇,经形态学鉴定后,提取羊蜱蝇总DNA,PCR扩增巴尔通体gltA和rpoB基因、斑点热群立克次体OmpA和OmpB基因,对阳性产物测序、比对及构建进化树,从而确定羊蜱蝇感染巴尔通体和斑点热群立克次体的种类及感染率。在石渠县的4个乡镇总计采集到407只羊蜱蝇成虫,4个乡镇均检出了Bartonella melophagi,总感染率为14.0%（57/407）。在阿日扎镇、呷衣乡和长沙贡马乡检出了Rickettsia raoultii,总感染率为11.1%（45/407）,且长沙贡马乡感染率显著高于阿日扎镇和呷衣乡（P<0.05）;在新荣乡检出了Rickettsia sp.,感染率为6.6%（8/121）。本次试验中,未发现混合感染。石渠县藏绵羊源羊蜱蝇携带巴尔通体和立克次体,首次在石渠县藏绵羊源羊蜱蝇中检出了B.melophagi、R.raoultii和Rickettsia sp.。     

Seroprevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Garanhuns Municipal District,Pernambuco State,Brazil

The prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovars in dairy cattle was determined by analyzing 464 serum samples from cows on 15 properties in Garanhuns municipal district, Pernambuco State, Brazil. A microscopic seroagglutination test including 12 serovars of Leptospira interrogans as antigens was used. Samples with titres 100 were considered positive. Two hundred and twenty-one (47.63%) of the samples were positive to one or more serovars. The prevalence of the serovars was hardjo (21.98%), bratislava (15.73%), castellonis (11.64%), tarassovi (10.56%), pyrogenes (1.72%), icterohaemorrhagiae (1.08%), pomona (0.86%), wolffi (0.86%), grippotyphosa (0.86%), djasiman (0.43%), canicola (0.21 %), and copenhageni (0.21%).     

苜蓿根腐病生防真菌筛选鉴定及其防治效果研究

根腐病是苜蓿（Medicago sativa）生产中的重要限制性病害,应用生物技术对其进行防治对环境友好型可持续农业具有重要意义。本研究从不同地区苜蓿根际土壤中分离得到的95株真菌中筛选出了2株对根腐病病原菌抑菌率较高的菌株,经鉴定,2株拮抗真菌ZY56和GY37分别为哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）和康宁木霉（Trichoderma koningii）。对2株菌株的拮抗能力及盆栽防效的测定结果表明：2株菌株对4种镰刀菌（Fusarium spp.）均有较好的抑制效果,其7 d抑菌率在54.9%~75.3%之间,其中ZY56对尖孢镰刀菌（F.oxysporum）和半裸镰刀菌（F.semitectum）的抑菌率较高,而GY37对燕麦镰刀菌（F.avenaceum）和腐皮镰刀菌（F.solani）的抑菌效果更好;ZY56对盆栽苜蓿根腐病的防效显著高于多菌灵,达到66.4%,且促进生根效果明显,GY37也具有良好的防治效果,防效为55.1%。     

Herd-level risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in U.S. market pigs

Midwest U.S. herds (n = 63) were studied to identify risk factors for harboring Salmonella enterica among slaughter-weight pigs. Samples collected on farms (feces) and at slaughter (distal colonic content, cecal content and ileocolic lymph nodes) were cultured using conventional means. Approximately 15 pigs were studied per herd, for a total of 3754 samples. The proportion of pigs positive in one or more samples was calculated for each herd. Herd characteristics were described by a combination of interview and written survey. Logistic regression was used to detect relationships between the detection of Salmonella and potential herd-level risk factors. The mean individual pig prevalence was 5% for feces, 4% for distal colonic content, 15% for ileocolic lymph nodes, and 17% for cecal contents. One or more Salmonella isolates were detected in at least one sample type in every herd. The five most common serovars were S. Agona, S. Derby, S. Schwarzengrund, S. Typhimurium and S. Senftenberg, with 25 additional serovars detected. Salmonella prevalence estimates were positively correlated among all samples except distal colonic content and ileocolic lymph nodes. Pigs with culture positive fecal samples were at increased odds of being detected positive for each of the slaughter-collected samples examined, namely distal colonic content (OR = 30.5), ileocolic lymph nodes (OR = 12.9) and cecal content (OR = 23.2). Herds with positive fecal sample(s) had increased odds of having positive cecal content (OR > 1.5), distal colonic content (OR = 15.3) and ileocolic lymph nodes (OR = 12.7). Pigs from herds with at least some bowl drinkers had eight-fold higher odds of testing Salmonella positive than did pigs from herds with only nipple drinkers. Pigs from herds with only dry feeders had five-fold higher odds of testing Salmonella positive when compared with pigs from herds with combinations of wet/dry style feeders. Interventions at these two points should be considered when designing growing pig facilities to reduce Salmonella shedding.