披碱草×野大麦杂种F_1幼穗培养再生体系的建立

以披碱草×野大麦杂种F_1幼穗为外植体,诱导出胚性愈伤组织,建立了植株再生体系,对影响愈伤组织诱导、分化、生根的基本培养基、激素种类及质量浓度等进行筛选。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导以MS为基本培养基+3mg/L 2,4-D较好;外植体在MS+3mg/L 2,4-D+30g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂的诱导培养基上经过20d培养,小穗愈伤组织诱导率达28.3%;愈伤组织的分化培养基为MS+1mg/L 6-BA+1mg/L NAA+30g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂,愈伤组织分化率达78%;生根培养基以1/2MS+0.5mg/L IBA+0.5mg/L NAA+蔗糖+7g/L琼脂为最佳,生根率可达86.7%,移栽后成活率可达100%。     

维多利亚菠萝组培快繁技术研究

以“维多利亚”菠萝品种的冠芽为外植体,采用6－BA、NAA、IBA等激素配比对芽诱导、愈伤诱导、继代增殖和生根培养。结果表明, 愈伤组织诱导率最高的为MS BA2.0 mg/L NAA0.2 mg/L。愈伤诱导不定芽最理想配比为MS 6-BA3 mg/L NAA0.1 mg/L。芽的继代增殖系数较高和芽较粗壮的培养基配比为MS 6-BA2.0 mg/L NAA0.1 mg/ L,适宜生根培养基为MS＋IBA0.5 mg/L＋NAA 1 mg/L。生根率达100%。     

多年生黑麦草愈伤组织诱导与芽分化的研究

对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne的2个品种特拉华(Delaware)与尤文图斯(Juventus)进行了愈伤组织诱导以及芽分化的研究.结果表明,在种子和成熟胚2种外植体中,成熟胚的出愈率高,是较好的愈伤诱导材料.愈伤诱导培养基采用MS基本培养基,附加激素4 mg/L 2,4-D 0.025 mg/L 6-BA.特拉华和尤文图斯较适宜的芽分化培养基是MS基本培养基分别附加0.4 mg/L ZT 0.3 mg/L NAA和0.2 mg/L ZT 0.5 mg/L NAA.特拉华在愈伤诱导和芽分化两方面均优于尤文图斯.     

早开堇菜组织培养及植株再生体系的建立

以野生早开堇菜为材料,研究了不同外植体类型(子叶节、叶片、叶柄)和不同激素配比对其不定芽诱导、愈伤组织诱导和分化的影响,成功建立了早开堇菜组织培养植株再生体系。结果表明,1) 诱导子叶节和叶柄不定芽诱导的最适培养基为 MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA,叶片不适合作为直接诱导不定芽的外植体。2) 3种外植体均能诱导愈伤组织,子叶节愈伤组织诱导的时间最短,其次为叶柄,叶片最晚。子叶节和叶柄愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D,诱导率分别为98.3%和96.7%;叶片愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.05 mg/L NAA,诱导率可达88.3%。3) 最适愈伤组织分化培养基为:MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA,分化率为100%。4)不定芽增殖的最佳培养基为:MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.075 mg/L NAA,增殖率为4.68。 5)再生苗移植到添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA的1/2 MS培养基上,生根率92.3%。6)组培苗移栽到珍珠岩∶河沙∶腐殖质(1∶2∶2)的混合基质时,100%成活,且植株长势好。     

两性株番木瓜愈伤组织分化初探

以番木瓜两性株的愈伤组织为材料,以MS 为基本培养基,研究了不同人工激素种类、不同组合对愈伤组织诱导不定芽和无菌芽诱导生根的影响,初步建立了两性株番木瓜愈伤组织诱导分化体系。结果表明,6-BA和TDZ对番木瓜愈伤组织分化都有一定的诱导作用,而6-BA的作用更优于TDZ,最适浓度为 0.05 mg/L。GA3具有促进6-BA诱导愈伤组织分化的作用,诱导番木瓜愈伤组织分化出芽的最佳培养基为MS + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L + GA31.0 mg/L。相对NAA而言,IBA更适于诱导不定芽生根,生根培养基以MS + IBA0.3 mg/L为好。     

黄花苜蓿愈伤组织诱导及分化培养条件的研究

以黄花苜蓿子叶和下胚轴为外植体,研究不同激素配比对黄花苜蓿愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响,结果表明:MS+2,4-D 2mg/L+6-BA0.5mg/L+蔗糖3％+琼脂0.7％为适宜的愈伤组织诱导培养基;MS+ KT0.5mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L+蔗糖2％+琼脂o.7％为适宜的分化培养基;生根培养基为:1/2MS+ NAA 0.1mg/L+蔗糖2％+琼脂0.7％.下胚轴是诱导愈伤及分化的最佳外植体,诱导率可达100％,分化率可达80％.     

紫花苜蓿组织培养再生体系的建立

以紫花苜蓿无菌苗的下胚轴、子叶、叶片和叶柄为外植体,研究了不同培养基、不同激素种类和配比对胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响以及不同分化培养基对胚状体分化的影响.结果表明:下胚轴外植体胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高;最佳胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为改良SH 2.0mg/L 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L 6-BA;最佳胚状体诱导培养基为MSO 2.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.5mg/L NAA;成苗培养基为1/2 MS 1% 蔗糖 0.7%琼脂.     

羊茅种子愈伤组织诱导及再生体系的建立

以羊茅(Festuca ovina)成熟种子为外植体材料,在改良的MS(MSM)培养基上分别添加不同质量浓度的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)、激动素(KT)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、奈乙酸(NAA),探讨不同的激素组合对愈伤组织诱导、植株分化以及植株生根的影响,以建立羊茅无性系的高效再生体系。结果表明,羊茅在MSM+6.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.02 mg/L KT的培养基中愈伤组织诱导生长最好;在MSM+2.0 mg/L6-BA+0.6 mg/L NAA培养基上植株分化率最高,达82%;在1/2 MSM+0.6 mg/L NAA培养基上生根率达100%。     

两个高羊茅品种成熟种子再生体系的建立

以2个高羊茅品种(“Plantation”和“沪坪1号”)的成熟种子为外植体,在MS培养基上分别添加不同浓度的2种植物生长调节剂,探索其愈伤组织的诱导、继代和分化的最佳激素配比及其相互间的影响,以建立简便高效的再生体系。结果表明,完整高羊茅种子最佳的愈伤诱导培养基为MS+2,4-D 3 mg/L,诱导率为71%;而把成熟种子进行纵切后得到的半粒种子的较优的愈伤诱导培养基为MS+2,4-D 2.5 mg/L,诱导率占半粒种子外植体的60%,占完整种子(2个半粒种子)外植体的90%以上;在最优诱导培养基上产生的愈伤组织的最佳继代培养基为MS+2,4-D 3 mg/L,其胚性愈伤诱导率为70%,而添加6-BA则抑制2,4-D对胚性愈伤组织的诱导;不同品种的最优的分化培养基不同——“Plantation”的最优分化培养基为MS+2,4-D 1 mg/L+6-BA 1 mg/L,而“沪坪1号”的最佳组合是MS+2,4-D 2 mg/L+6-BA 1 mg/L,分化率分别达到50%和56%。生根培养基采用已报道的组合1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L,生根率达100%。     

大针茅成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及分化的探索

为摸索大针茅成熟胚诱导、分化的最佳培养基,以大针茅的成熟胚为外植体,采用不同激素配比的培养基进行筛选.结果表明:在大针茅成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导和分化过程中,2,4-D,6-BA等激素的浓度对大针茅成熟胚的组织培养影响较大.大针茅愈伤组织诱导最佳培养基:培养基+2,4-D(2.0mg/L),平均出愈率为91.67%;继代培养基:N6+CH(500mg/L)+2,4-D(2.0mg/L)+6-BA(0.5mg/L),愈伤诱导率为80%;添加0.3mg/L ABA对非胚性愈伤组织转化为胚性愈伤组织有一定帮助,诱导率为23.3%.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.