紫花苜蓿叶片形态结构及其与抗寒性的关系

对7个紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种的叶片组织结构进行解剖观察、比较、描述,并测定了叶片结构参数。结果表明,各品种间叶片长、叶片宽长比、叶片厚度、气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片组织结构紧密度、疏松度和叶脉突起度等指标差异较大;叶宽、表皮厚度、角质层厚度、气孔长度、气孔宽度各品种间无明显差异;其中叶宽长比小、气孔密度大,叶片组织紧密度大、疏松度小,叶脉突起度大者抗寒性较强。     

费约果不同品种叶片形态结构及光合特性研究

本试验以Coolidge、Mammoth、Unique、Apollo、Gemini 和Triumph 6个费约果品种为材料，采用形态观察、显微观察、仪器分析、相关回归分析等方法对费约果不同品种的叶片形态结构及其光合特性进行比较研究，以期为品种适应性评估提供依据。本研究结果表明6个品种费约果叶片的长度、宽度、形状、面积和重量均有所不同；其叶片为典型的异面叶，栅栏组织层数较多，为3层，具有较强的光合能力。但6个品种费约果的角质层厚度、上下表皮厚度、第一层栅栏组织细胞密度和主脉厚度均有所差异，其中Triumph在角质层厚度、上下表皮厚度、第一层栅栏组织细胞密度和主脉厚度几个指标上均显著大于其它品种；Coolidge、 Mammoth和Gemini次之；Unique和Apollo最小。6个费约果品种的日平均净光合速率(Pn)、日平均气孔导度(Gs)、日平均胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和日平均蒸腾速率(Tr)4个指标间均无显著差异，但都呈现出规律性的变化, 其日变化趋势多数相似，其中净光合速率（Pn）日变化趋势不同。     

叶片微形态结构特征与柑橘溃疡病抗性相关性研究

为了研究叶片微结构特征与柑橘溃疡病抗性的关系。选用罗浮金柑、新生系3号椪柑、纽荷尔脐橙及星露比葡萄柚这四个分别被认为是对柑橘溃疡病具有高抗、抗、耐和高感特性的品种,通过涂抹接种法来在实验室验证其抗病性;采用扫描电镜及树脂包埋半薄切片等技术对上述品种的成熟叶片下表皮气孔及叶片显微解剖结构进行观察测量;将健康叶片浸泡在菌液中,采用细菌分离法来观察同样条件下通过气孔进入不同柑橘品种叶片体内的活细菌数。结果：四个品种对溃疡病抗性存在显著差异;不同品种间气孔密度、气孔大小、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、下皮层厚度也存在差异,其中气孔密度差异达到极显著;健康叶片浸泡接种溃疡病后,分离到的单菌落数的顺序依次是星露比葡萄柚>纽荷尔甜橙>新生系3号碰柑>罗浮金柑。因此,气孔密度对柑橘品种抗病性的解释量极高。     

草地早熟禾叶片表皮特征、解剖结构及光合特性对不同施氮量的响应

为探究草地早熟禾叶片表皮特征、解剖结构及光合特性对施氮量的响应特性，本试验以6份草地早熟禾为材料，分别为3份美国引进品种：Merit、Jackrabbit和Park,2份山西本土野生居群：应县和浑源，1份由山西野生居群选育的‘太行草地早熟禾’品系，按照两个施氮水平N₁:10 g·m^-2(低氮)和N₂:40 g·m^-2(正常)进行处理，采用徒手切片法和石蜡切片法制片，光学显微镜下拍照并测定叶片上下表皮厚度、细胞长宽比、细胞密度、气孔指数、气孔长宽比、气孔密度，叶片厚度、厚壁组织厚度、维管束面积以及气孔导度和净光合速率等指标。结果表明：N₁处理下，草地早熟禾叶片的上下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、厚壁组织厚度、维管束面积、气孔导度和净光合速率显著低于N₂处理，而气孔大小与N₂处理无显著差异；N₂处理下，Jackrabbit和Park的叶片厚度显著高于浑源和应县，其中Park的叶片厚度最大，为173.39μm,Jackrabbi...     

不同居群狗牙根的叶片解剖结构比较研究

对20个不同生长环境的狗牙根叶片进行了比较解剖学的研究。结果表明,参试材料在角质层厚度、表皮细胞厚度、叶表皮细胞的长宽、气孔的大小及密度、叶片厚度、维管束个数及直径大小,机械组织厚度等方面有显著的差异。其中变异系数较大的是气孔密度及中脉维管束与上表皮间的机械组织厚度,气孔密度的变幅为77.49～335.46个/mm²,变异系数达36.93%,机械组织厚度的变幅为7.50～45.00μm,变异系数达64.20%。将测定的数量指标进行了聚类分析,20个不同居群的狗牙根可分为4大类。聚类结果与狗牙根的生境分布相互吻合。     

白三叶叶片解剖可塑性及其对光强的响应

探讨不同光照强度下白三叶叶片解剖特征,叶片可塑性及其对光强环境的响应。结果表明:白三叶叶片结构具有一定的可塑性,其中表皮和叶肉的可塑性较大,而中脉则相对较为稳定;在全光照条件下,叶片为阳生叶特征,叶片较厚,上表皮外切向壁平展,气孔密度大,栅栏组织发达,栅栏细胞长柱形,排列紧密,海绵组织较薄,细胞较小,排列疏松,中脉较厚;在弱光照条件下,叶片为阴生叶特征,叶片较薄,上表皮细胞凸透镜状,气孔密度较小,栅栏组织极不发达,栅栏细胞不规则或漏斗形,海绵组织发达,细胞较大,排列紧密,中脉较薄;非参数相关性分析结果表明,上表皮厚度、海绵组织厚度与相对光照强度呈显著负相关,而上表皮气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织海绵组织厚度比、栅栏细胞长宽比和中脉厚度等性状与相对光照强度呈显著正相关。     

空间飞行对不同紫花苜蓿品种叶片显微结构的影响

利用神舟3号飞船搭载的4个紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种的种子,返回后对搭载组和对照组植株叶片显微结构进行分析。结果表明:4个品种叶片厚度均显著大于对照,叶脉突起度均显著小于对照(P<0.05);栅栏组织厚度显著大于对照(P<0.05);阿尔冈金的海绵组织厚度显著小于对照,其他品种均显著大于对照(P<0.05);与对照相比,德福的细胞结构紧密度、细胞结构疏松度与对照差异均不显著,阿尔冈金的细胞结构疏松度与对照差异不显著,其他品种细胞结构紧密度、疏松度与对照均有显著差异(P<0.05)。这些变异的产生可能影响其抗性表现,故可作为进一步抗性选育的依据。     

新麦草愈伤组织多倍体诱导与倍性鉴定

以新麦草幼胚形成的胚性愈伤组织为材料,在悬浮培养基中添加不同浓度秋水仙素和1.5%DMSO诱导愈伤组织染色体加倍,并对处理后的愈伤组织再生幼苗进行根尖染色体倍性鉴定。在25℃下用100mg/L秋水仙素和1.5%DMSO处理72h的愈伤组织再生植株,平均加倍细胞比例最大,为53.58%。比较分蘖期加倍幼苗与二倍体幼苗形态差异,结果除分蘖数无显著差异外,四倍体叶片长、宽均显著高于二倍体,与混倍体叶长差异不显著。四倍体新麦草叶片气孔保卫细胞长度比二倍体增加13.52%,差异显著。同时四倍体叶表皮气孔之间距离也显著大于二倍体,混倍体以上气孔特征介于四倍体与二倍体之间。     

土壤含水量对芒果叶片解剖结构的影响

为探明不同土壤含水量对芒果叶片解剖结构的影响，采用石蜡切片技术，对不同土壤含水量下贵妃芒叶片4个不同生长发育时期的叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、叶片组织紧密度等进行了观测。结果表明：芒果叶片在不同发育时期其解剖结构存在一定程度的差异，由新叶长至成熟叶，叶片厚度、栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度逐渐增厚。经过不同土壤含水量处理后，在叶片厚度、栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度方面，CK处理的新叶、幼叶均大于其他处理，CK的成熟叶均小于其他处理，T4处理的成熟叶叶片最厚；随着叶片生长发育，T1处理的叶片上表皮及上角质层厚度逐渐减少，而T4处理逐渐增加，T1处理叶片的CTR（组织结构紧密度）逐渐下降、SR（组织结构疏松度）逐渐增加，而其他处理的CTR先下降后上升，SR则先升高后下降。T1处理的成熟叶下表皮及下角质层最厚，T3处理最薄。     

复合重金属胁迫下5种植物微观结构的变化

为探明植物在复合重金属胁迫下微观结构的变化,采用徒手切片法,对矿渣堆放地和自然地两种生境中的5种植物:蓖麻、刺苋、鬼针草、空心莲子草和紫茎泽兰的茎叶解剖结构进行观察,并测量其叶片厚度、气孔长度和宽度、叶脉厚度、叶脉突起度、茎表皮细胞长度和宽度、茎皮层厚度等指标.结果表明:5种植物的气孔宽度、叶脉厚度和叶脉突起度在两种生境中无显著差异;除刺苋外,矿渣地生境中的其他4种植物的气孔长度均明显大于自然地生境中的植物,其中鬼针草的气孔长度变化最为明显;与自然地植物相比,矿渣地5种植物以较为细长的气孔器、较厚的茎皮层组织等特征来适应重金属环境.矿渣地生境对紫茎泽兰的影响较小.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。