DTT延缓绵羊卵母细胞老化的研究

探讨在培养基中添加二流苏糖醇(DTT)能否延缓卵母细胞的老化进程。采用孤雌激活、单精子注射、体细胞核移植、Real-time-PCR方法研究了DTT对绵羊老化卵母细胞后续发育效率以及母源基因表达水平的影响。结果表明:DTT处理后的老化卵母细胞其核移植重构胚的受精率显著升高(P<0.05),囊胚率差异不显著(P>0.05);DTT显著增加了老化卵母细胞其单精子注射胚的囊胚率(P<0.05);DTT处理后的老化卵母细胞除Zar1水平稍低于老化卵母细胞外(P<0.05),其他3个母源基因(Mater、Dnmt1和GDF9)表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结果显示,DTT能在一定程度上延缓卵母细胞老化进程,改善老化卵母细胞的质量。     

Psammaplin A对牛老化卵母细胞体外发育的影响

为探讨组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂Psammaplin A(PsA)对牛老化卵母细胞体外发育的影响,本试验将卵母细胞随机分为对照组、老化组和50mmol/L PsA处理的老化组(PsA组)。应用免疫荧光染色和JC-1检测牛卵母细胞孤雌激活后的囊胚率、囊胚中的细胞数、细胞凋亡、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和胚胎线粒体膜电位强度。结果显示,老化组囊胚率显著低于PsA组及对照组(P<0.05),PsA组囊胚率与对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组及PsA组囊胚内细胞数显著高于老化组(P<0.05),PsA组囊胚内细胞数与对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05);老化组细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组及PsA组(P<0.05),PsA组细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。老化组MⅡ期卵母细胞的GSH水平显著低于对照组与PsA组(P<0.05),对照组与PsA组的GSH水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。老化组1细胞期胚胎ROS水平显著高于对照组和PsA组(P<0.05),PsA组ROS水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。老化组4-8细胞早期胚胎的线粒体膜电位强度显著低于对照组和PsA组(P<0.05),对照组线粒体膜电位强度显著高于PsA组(P<0.05)。综上所述,PsA可有效延缓牛卵母细胞的老化并提高卵母细胞和胚胎质量。     

老化卵母细胞组蛋白翻译后修饰改变研究进展

哺乳动物的繁殖能力通常会随着年龄的增长而下降，同时伴随着卵母细胞质量变差。表观遗传变化是哺乳动物老化的标志，由于年龄增长或者排卵后未及时受精均会产生老化的卵母细胞，而组蛋白修饰改变是卵母细胞老化的重要原因。在老化卵母细胞内组蛋白乙酰化、甲基化的改变会影响卵母细胞成熟及后续胚胎发育，使其在体细胞核移植时表现为发育不佳。在实际生产中，年龄较大的动物易产生老化卵母细胞，使其繁殖能力降低，导致畜禽饲养经济效益下降。为了提高老龄动物繁殖能力，增加畜牧养殖场经济效益，笔者主要从组蛋白乙酰化、甲基化方面阐述老化卵母细胞中组蛋白修饰的改变，旨在为更好地探究卵母细胞老化机制提供参考。     

银狐卵母细胞发育和老化过程的细胞学研究

在繁殖季节，取健康母狐卵巢，抽取卵母细胞，并从初配后27h、50h屠宰的母狐输卵管内冲取卵母细胞；初配后15d从子宫角回收的已分裂的母细胞，分别通过光镜和电镜观察，研究卵母细胞成熟变化和老化过程，从而可以确定15d从子宫角回收的已分裂的卵母细胞，分别通过光镜和电镜观察，研究卵母细胞成熟变化和老化过程，从而可以确定卵母细胞质和核的成熟时间、进程和发育特征，及卵母细胞老化的时间和机理。     

基于表达谱芯片技术分析老龄化对小鼠卵母细胞发育能力的影响

探讨了生殖老化对小鼠卵母细胞后期发育及基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,与青年小鼠相比,老龄小鼠MII期卵母细胞经体外受精后早期胚胎原核形成的时间发生延迟(1 h),囊胚发育率有显著差异(61.98%vs.70.95%,P0.05)。提取老龄和青年CD1小鼠MII期卵母细胞总RNA,使用基因表达谱芯片对其进行分析。结果表明,生殖老化导致1 737个基因表达表现出显著差异,其中64.9%的基因表达上调,35.1%的基因表达下调,生殖老化导致Hdac10等基因产生极显著的表达差异,小鼠卵母细胞质量下降,最终影响其后期发育能力。     

白藜芦醇对猪卵母细胞体外老化的抑制作用

旨在研究白藜芦醇(RES)对猪卵母细胞体外老化的影响及机制。添加不同浓度RES(0、1、2、4μmol/L),体外培养猪卵母细胞44 h后,通过卵丘扩散和第一极体排出率筛选出最佳有效浓度为2μmol/L。卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(cumulus-oocyte complexes, COCs)成熟培养44 h作为对照组,连续培养68 h作为体外老化组,置于含2μmol/L白藜芦醇成熟培养液中培养68 h,为白藜芦醇处理组。激光扫描共焦显微镜检测染色体和纺锤体,Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax表达水平。结果表明:RES处理组和对照组的猪卵母细胞染色体与纺锤体异常率均较老化组显著降低(P<0.01)。用2μmol/L RES处理后,猪卵母细胞Caspase-3和Bax蛋白表达量均有下降,显著低于老化组(P<0.001);Bcl-2蛋白表达量有所升高,但差异不显著。试验表明,RES可明显抑制猪卵母细胞的老化,这一作用可能主要通过抑制线粒体凋亡途径来实现的。     

线粒体在调控卵母细胞成熟和发育中的作用

线粒体是真核生物细胞重要的细胞器,其不仅通过氧化代谢为细胞发育提供能量,而且与生长、发育、衰老和凋亡等重要生物过程密切相关。许多研究表明,动物卵母细胞成熟期间积累了丰富的线粒体,其分布、mt DNA拷贝数和代谢活性均能影响卵母细胞的发育潜能,并能支持胚胎发育通过基因组激活阶段。线粒体功能异常将导致卵母细胞老化,降低其受精后的胚胎发育能力,进而影响动物的繁殖力。本文就卵母细胞线粒体的产生和分布、mt DNA及其对卵母细胞成熟、发育调控作用等方面进行了综述。     

ROS诱导山羊卵母细胞核质同步成熟

利用周期依赖性蛋白激酶抑制剂(roscovitine,ROS)诱导体外培养山羊的卵母细胞核质同步成熟。用40μmol/L的ROS预处理山羊卵母细胞8h后转入常规成熟培养8,12,16h,记为(8+8,8+12和8+16),统计0,8,8+8,8+12,8+16h卵母细胞核成熟情况;用彗星试验检测8+16h时卵母细胞的老化程度;在激光共聚焦显微镜(Olympus,Tokyo,Japan)下观察8+16h时卵母细胞的皮质颗粒迁移情况;对体外培养8+16h卵母细胞进行孤雌激活和体外培养,统计孤雌激活胚的体外发育情况;以上试验都以常规培养相同时间为对照。结果显示:山羊卵母细胞在体外核成熟抑制培养8h时,处于GV期的卵母细胞为59.16%,与对照组(25.75%)差异显著(P<0.05);8+8h和8+12h时,到达MⅡ期的卵母细胞的比率为19.75%和28.93%,与对照组(40.78%,53.10%)差异显著;8+16h时,到达MⅡ期的卵母细胞比率(73.20%)与对照组(74.36%)无显著性差异(P>0.05);(8+16h)组有老化倾向的卵母细胞的比率(21.67%)显著低于对照组(35.67%);(8+16h)组卵母细胞的皮质颗粒完全迁移率(81.84%)与对照组(78.89%)差异不显著;(8+16h)组卵母细胞孤雌胚的囊胚发育率(38.60%)高于对照组(32.80%)(P>0.05)。结果表明:成熟液中添加40μmol/L ROS对山羊卵母细胞短时间(8h)核成熟抑制培养,然后转入常规成熟培养16h,即不改变山羊卵母细胞体外成熟的时间(24h),可有效延迟部分卵母细胞生发泡破裂(GVBD)的发生,不影响山羊卵母细胞核质的成熟,不降低MⅡ期的卵母细胞比率,可以降低有老化倾向卵母细胞的比率,提高山羊卵母细胞的后续发育能力。     

卵泡直径对辽宁绒山羊卵母细胞体外培养的影响

本试验以屠宰场绒山羊卵巢为材料,采用抽吸法收集不同直径卵泡卵母细胞,研究卵泡直径对卵母细胞回收效果和体外成熟、体外受精的影响。结果表明,卵泡直径直接影响卵母细胞的回收效果及随后的体外成熟、体外受精;卵母细胞的回收率和可用卵的比率及成熟率与卵泡直径呈正相关;直径2.1～5 mm卵泡的卵母细胞由于处于生长旺盛期,受精率和卵裂率分别为59.15%和42.50%,显著高于直径5 mm卵泡和≤2 mm卵泡,适合体外胚胎的生产,而直径≤2 mm卵泡的卵母细胞因未发育充分体外发育潜能最差;直径5 mm卵泡的卵母细胞可能因体外培养成熟过度而老化导致受精率和卵裂率降低,缩短其体外成熟时间可能会提高其体外发育潜能。     

6-DMAP对延边黄牛末期卵母细胞核移植的影响

为探讨6-二甲基氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）在延边黄牛末期去核的体细胞克隆中的作用,本试验主要研究了单独使用离子霉素处理与离子霉素联合添加6-DMAP处理对体外成熟的老化延边黄牛卵母细胞的激活率的不同影响;以及不同时期添加6-DMAP对重构胚后期发育能力的影响。试验结果显示,体外成熟的老化卵母细胞,使用离子霉素单独处理后91%被激活,而在离子霉素联合添加6-DMAP处理后却没有细胞被激活,也就是没有第二极体的排出。另外,融合后使用6-DMAP处理,所得重构胚的囊胚发育率最低,而激活后的卵母细胞立即用6-DMAP处理,所得重构胚的发育能力与无6-DMAP处理的相近。综上所述,离子霉素联合添加6-DMAP可抑制老化的延边黄牛卵母细胞的激活,阻止第二极体的排出,但对重构胚的后期发育没有影响。而融合使用添加6-DMAP的培养液,抑制了重构胚的后期发育。     

NAD+/SIRT2途径调节衰老卵母细胞成熟质量的分子机制

卵母细胞成熟质量不仅是哺乳动物繁殖能力的基础，更能直接决定后代的优劣。卵巢早衰通常引起卵子数量和质量下降，如何提高其成熟质量成为生殖衰老领域的研究热点。近年来，烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)依赖性去乙酰化酶家族Sirtuins(SIRT1-7)在生殖衰老中的功能愈发受到关注，尤其抗衰老因子SIRT2的乙酰化底物直接与卵母细胞成熟事件相关。本文从乙酰化修饰调控卵母细胞衰老与成熟的全新视角，重点综述了NAD+/SIRT2通过减数分裂、能量代谢、线粒体氧化应激、线粒体质量控制等重要生理环节改善衰老卵母细胞成熟质量的最新研究进展，以期为提高老龄母畜的卵母细胞质量及延长繁殖利用年限提供新思路。     

Sirt1 protects pig oocyte against in vitro aging

Sirtuins have been widely reported to be involved in multiple biological processes. However, their function during pig oocyte aging has not been reported yet. Here, we first identify that sirt1 expression is dramatically reduced in pig in vitro‐aged oocytes. Furthermore, by confocal scanning and quantitative analysis, we find the increased frequency of spindle defects and chromosome misalignment, disturbed redistribution of cortical granules and mitochondria during oocyte in vitro‐aging. Importantly, these aging‐associated defective phenotypes can be ameliorated through resveratrol (sirt1 activator) treatment during pig oocyte maturation, providing the evidence for the hypothesis that decreased sirt1 is one of a number of factors contributing to oocyte in vitro‐aging. In summary, our data indicate a role for sirt1 in pig oocytes and uncover a striking beneficial effect of sirt1 expression on aged oocytes.     

Post‐ovulatory aging of mouse oocytes in vivo and in vitro: Effects of caffeine on exocytosis and translocation of cortical granules

The developmental potential of post‐ovulatory oocytes decreases with aging in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a potent antioxidant caffeine on cortical granules (CGs) distribution in mouse oocytes aging in vivo and in vitro. We found that in vivo administration of 150 mg/kg caffeine caused ovulation of some morphologically abnormal oocytes showing premature exocytosis or congregation of CGs, but significantly decreased abnormal distribution of CGs in oocytes aging for 6 h, 12 h and 18 h in vivo compared to those without caffeine treatment. Unexpectedly, supplementation of oocyte culture medium with 10 mmol/L caffeine accelerated CGs release of oocytes and the normal CG distribution rate dramatically decreased from 6 h in oocytes aging in vitro. It appeared that oocytes showed a high degree of abnormal CG distribution by aging for 18 h, and caffeine might delay oocyte CG exocytosis in vivo, but accelerates CG exocytosis in vitro. Our findings may have implications for improving assisted reproduction technologies.     

Equine Aging and the Oocyte: A Potential Model for Reproductive Aging in Women

Numerous similarities in reproductive aging have been documented between the mare and woman. Aging is associated with a decline in fertility. In mares and women, oocyte transfer procedures were initially used to establish that oocyte donor age is associated with oocyte quality. Age-associated differences in oocytes include altered morphology, gene expression, and developmental potential. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to be important contributors to loss of oocyte quality. In the woman, aneuploidy is a primary consideration with maternal aging. Although misalignment of chromosomes during meiosis has been observed in the mare, less is known in this area. Reproductive aging will be reviewed in the mare and compared with the woman with emphasis on factors that affect oocyte quality and developmental potential. Areas in which the mare could be used as a research model to study reproductive aging in women will be highlighted.     

水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活及孤雌胚与体外受精胚发育比较

比较了水牛卵母细胞体外成熟时间对孤雌激活胚发育能力的影响,以及不同化学激活方法对水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响,并在相同条件下,对孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力进行了比较.结果表明,水牛卵母细胞体外成熟27 h或30 h的囊胚发育率(19.0%、17.7%)明显高于体外成熟21 h或24h的囊胚发育率(12.3%、13.8%);Ion联合6-DMAP激活水牛卵母细胞的效果优于其他几组激活方法;在相同条件下,孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力存在着差异,其中卵裂率差异不显著,但孤雌激活胚的囊胚发育率显著高于体外受精胚.     

水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活及孤雌胚与体外受精胚发育比较

对MII期水牛卵母细胞进行人工诱导激活可以帮助人们间接判断体外成熟卵母细胞质量的优劣。并且，卵母细胞的充分激活也是提高核移植效率的关键因素之一。试验比较了水牛卵母细胞体外成熟时间对孤雌激活胚发育能力的影响以及不同化学激活方法对水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响，并在相同条件下，对孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力进行了比较。结果表明，水牛卵母细胞体外成熟27小时或30小时的囊胚发育率（19．0％或17．7％）明显高于体外成熟21小时或24小时的囊胚发育率（12．3％或13．8％）；Ion联合6-DMAP激活水牛卵母细胞的效果优于其他几组激活方法；在相同条件下，孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力存在着差异，其中卵裂率差异不显著，但孤雌激活胚的囊胚发育率显著高于体外受精胚（13．0％vs21．7％）。     

Effect of open pulled straw (OPS) vitrification on the fertilisation rate and developmental competence of porcine oocytes

Freezing technologies are very important to preserve gametes and embryos of animals with a good pedigree or those having high genetic value. The aim of this work was to compare immature and in vitro matured porcine oocytes regarding their morphology and ability to be fertilised after vitrification by the open pulled straw (OPS) method. In four experiments 830 oocytes were examined. To investigate the effect of cumulus cells on oocyte survival after OPS vitrification, both denuded and cumulus-enclosed oocytes were vitrified at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, then after vitrification they were matured in vitro. Besides, in vitro matured oocytes surrounded with a cumulus and those without a cumulus were also vitrified. The survival of oocytes was evaluated by their morphology. After in vitro fertilisation the rates of oocytes penetrated by spermatozoa were compared. Our results suggest that the vitrification/warming procedure is the most effective in cumulus-enclosed oocytes (22.35 +/- 1.75%). There was no difference between the order of maturation and vitrification in cumulus-enclosed oocytes, which suggests the importance of cumulus cells in protecting the viability of oocytes during cryopreservation.     

NLRP9B protein is dispensable for oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in the mouse

Nlrp9a, Nlrp9b and Nlrp9c are preferentially expressed in oocytes and early embryos in the mouse. Simultaneous genetic ablation of Nlrp9a and Nlrp9c does not affect early embryonic development, but the function of Nlrp9b in the process of oocyte maturation and embryonic development has not been elucidated. Here we show that both Nlrp9b mRNA and its protein are expressed in ovaries and the small intestine. Moreover, the NLRP9B protein was restricted to oocytes in the ovary and declined with oocyte aging. After ovulation and fertilization, NLRP9B protein was found in preimplantation embryos. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that it was mainly localized in the cytoplasm in the oocytes and blastomeres. Thus, this protein might play a role in oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. However, knockdown of Nlrp9b expression in GV-stage oocytes using RNA interference did not affect oocyte maturation or subsequent parthenogenetic development after Nlrp9b-deficient oocytes were activated. Furthermore, Nlrp9b knockdown zygotes could reach the blastocyst stage after being cultured for 3.5 days in vitro. These results provide the first evidence that the NLRP9B protein is dispensable for oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in the mouse.     

Kaempferol alleviates the reduction of developmental competence during aging of porcine oocytes

Kaempferol (KAE) is a natural flavonoid present in different plant species and exhibits anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer therapeutic properties. In the present study, we investigated the influence and underlying mechanisms of KAE supplementation on porcine oocytes during in vitro aging. The results show that KAE treatment can alleviate the aging‐related reduction of developmental competence. We observed that the blastocyst production rate in aged oocytes treated with 0.1 μM KAE was significantly higher than in untreated aging oocytes (36.78 ± 0.86% vs. 27.55 ± 2.60%, respectively, p < .05). The KAE‐treated aging oocytes had significantly reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (p < .05). Furthermore, the mRNA levels of the embryonic pluripotency‐related genes Oct4, NANOG, and ITGA5 were significantly increased in blastocysts derived from KAE‐treated oocytes (p < .05). During excessive oocyte culture, KAE treatment maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced apoptosis; however, this was not observed in untreated aging oocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that KAE treatment can alleviate the aging of porcine oocytes by reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function.     

Hanging Drop Monoculture for Selection of Optimal Antioxidants During In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Oocytes

We analysed the effect of three antioxidants that have different functional mechanisms on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes. Single oocyte monoculture using the hanging drop (HD) system has some advantages such as improving analysis efficiency brought by the smaller number of samples than the number of oocytes cultured in one drop. Direct effects of ligands on single oocytes could also be detected without considering the effects of paracrine factors from other oocytes. After 22 h of pre‐culture, denuded oocytes were cultured for 22 h with 0.01 and 0.1 μg/ml of L‐carnitine (LC), lactoferrin (LF) or sulforaphane (SF) in the presence/non‐presence of oxidant stress induced by H₂O₂ supplementation to evaluate the reducing effects against oxidative stress on nuclear maturation. As a result, compared with LC and SF, LF showed effective reduction in oxidative stress at a lower concentration (0.01 μg/ml), suggesting that LF is a more effective antioxidant in porcine oocyte IVM. Additionally, LF also increased maturation rate even in culture without H₂O₂. Our results clearly suggest that the HD monoculture system is useful for screening the substances that affect porcine oocyte culture.