联合国再敲环境警钟

联合国环境规划署日前发布的最新研究报告指出，全球环境状况在过去３０年里持续恶化，如国际社会不迅速采取有效措施，人类未来的发展与生存将会面临巨大威胁。这份题为《全球环境展望》的报告是联合国环境规划署组织１０００多名科学家联合撰写的。报告对１９７２年以来的全球环境状况进行了评估，并对未来３０年的环境发展趋势进行了预测。报告认为，人类无节制地开发和破坏自然资源是导致全球环境恶化的重要原因，其中包括温室气体和污染物的排放、乱砍滥伐森林、对湿地和滩涂的过度开发以及缺乏规划的城市建设等。报告指出，全球气候变暖导致洪水、旱灾等自然灾害频仍。２０世纪８０年代，全球每年受灾害影响的人数平均为１．４７亿，而到了９０年代，这一数字上升到了２．１１亿。同时，人类的淡水供应也面临巨大压力。目前，世界上８０个国家、占全球４０％的人口严重缺水。报告预测，如这一趋势得不到遏制，在３０年内，全球５５％以上的人口将面临水荒。联合国再敲环境警钟     

国务委员陈俊生同志1993年10月18日致“利用当地资源发展畜牧业生产国际会议”的贺信

会议主席及各位来宾：“利用当地资源发展畜牧业生产国际会议”今天开幕了，我谨代表中国政府并以我个人名义对这次会议的召开表示祝贺，对各国来宾表示热烈欢迎，对为筹办本次会议付出辛勤劳动的中外人士表示感谢，对向会议提供资金和技术援助的联合国粮农组织、欧共体农业技术中心等国际组织致以谢意。人口膨胀和耕地减少是一个全球性的问题。近年来，世界人均占有粮食每年减少1％，在饲料粮不足的情况下，如何解决发展畜牧生产的问题，是摆在农业工作者和发展中国家政府面前的一项艰巨任务。中国要以占世界7％的耕地养活占世界22％的人口…     

我省饲料工业赴美考察团参观美著名食品公司

史密斯菲尔德食品(Smithfield Foods)是一家全球性的食品公司。全球雇员超过52400人,生产50多个品牌的猪肉产品以及200多种食品,是世界上最大的猪肉产品生产和制造商。他们因注重环境导向、社会参与、员工安全、动物保健以及高质量的食品服务而享誉世界。考察团重点参观了墨菲-布朗公司     

中国21世纪的畜牧业生产应与粮食安全相协调

我国是一个人均资源短缺的农业大国，正处于传统农业向现代农业的转变时期。自20世纪70年代末期以来，我国农业和农村经济有了长足的发展，但由于不注意汲取发达国家农业现代化进程中的经验和教训，在发展生产、繁荣经济的同时，自然资源、人类生存环境受到很大程度的破坏，环境污染、生态失衡、资源短缺等问题比发达国家更为严重。21世纪中国在人口、资源和环境方面遇到的挑战将比世界上任何国家更为严峻。找国以占世界7％的耕地生产了占世界24％的粮食，养活了占世界22％的人口。然而据预测，到21世纪30年代，我国将有16亿人、12亿家畜、70亿家禽生息在这片人均不足1亩耕地的国土上，而且水资源严重不足，中国怎样养活中国人成为全球关注的焦点。因此，     

我国北方的土地利用与沙漠化

荒漠化是当今全球最严重的环境与社会经济问题之一。我国是世界上荒漠化危害严重的国家之一,尤其是我国北方的沙漠化(沙质荒漠化)以其面积广大和发展迅速而引人关注。根据北方自然环境背景、人     

发展饲料要走具有中国特色的道路

发展饲料要走具有中国特色的道路漳州大学韩陆奇一、我国人民食物结构的变化我国是世界上人口最多的国家，总人口已达１１．６亿，其中大陆人口１１．３亿，预计到本世纪末以前就会超过１２亿。我国以占世界６．８％的耕地，供养占世界２１．４％的人口，这是我国最基本的...     

二十一世纪的世界养禽业

今后40年人口将增加50％，食品需求将增加两倍，养禽业将如何对此挑战作出反应？世界人口发展趋势人口膨胀和个人购买力的增长率是影响未来禽蛋和禽肉需求量的最重要的因素。目前世界人口每年约增加8千万，但年增长率却在下降。60年代的年平均人口增长率约2％，现在约13％，到2015年以后可降到1％以下。年景好的时候人们生孩子较少。随着全球经济的总体增长，人口增长趋于下降。但是，经济增长在降低人口增长率的同时也在促进对高质量的、价格较高的蛋白质产品的需求。人均国民生产总值已在世界范围内得到改进，在所谓的低收入国家内尤为如…     

碘蛋的研制与应用

碘蛋的研制与应用温庆棋，周先标，潘泽徽，欧阳建华（江西农业大学畜牧兽医学院）１碘蛋研制与应用推广的现实意义碘缺乏病是一种世界性地方病，我国是世界上碘缺乏危害最严重的国家之一，据有关部门估测病区人口达４．２５亿，约占世界病区人口的４０％，亚洲病区人口的...     

21世纪畜牧业在提高人类生活水平中的作用

１９９６年世界人口为５７亿,预计２０２０年将会高达７９亿。人口的快速增长将会导致诸如营养不良和环境破坏等许多社会问题。全世界有９亿多人口因粮食总产量不足和农作物分配不均衡而导致营养不良。可利用的畜产品将对解决以上问题起到关键性作用。本文主要回顾２０世纪全球畜牧业所取得的成就,并对２１世纪家畜存栏量、畜产品的生产和加工,以及畜牧业对提高人类生活质量的其它一些用途做一展望。一、２０世纪畜牧业发展状况１．世界人口的增长。２０世纪的人口数量增长率一直在２％左右,总人口约为２０亿;与本世纪初期相比,从６０…     

从保健品现状谈蜂产品未来

我国保健品、蜂产品行业发展的历史回顾及现状据估测，全世界应用功能食品进行防病治病的人数已占世界人口的１０～１５％，功能食品现已成为全球性热门食品。世界食品工业发展十分迅速，以美国和日本为例，在近２０年间，其营养保健品生产已增加１０倍，年产值分别达到４...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.