Ultrastructure of the Neuro-and Adenohypophysis of the Teleost,Chasmichthys dolichognathus*

Ultrastructure of the Neuro-and Adenohypophysis of the Teleost, Chasmichithys dolichognathus The hypophysis of the gobiid teleost investigated is embedded in the hypothalamus except for its ventral surface. The neurohypophysis constitutes a thin sheet covering the adenohypophysis. The anterior part of the neurohypophysis, which wraps the rostral pars distalis and the most rostral part of the caudal pars distalis, contains neurosecretory axons the most predominant type of which is characterized by granulated vesicles between 70 and 120 nm. in diameter. In the posterior part of the neurohypophysis which covers the main part of the caudal pars distalis and the pars intermedia the most abundant neurosecretory axons contain granulated vesicles between 110 and 170 nm. in diameter. Following discussion of the regional structural differences, the goby neurohypophysis is compared with the median eminence and the posterior lobe of tetrapods.     

青海湖裸鲤和鲤鱼胰脏和肠管淀粉酶活性的研究

采用碘———淀粉比色法对青海湖裸鲤和鲤鱼胰脏及肠管淀粉酶的活性进行了定量分析。结果表明:青海湖裸鲤胰脏及肠管淀粉酶活性随体重的增加呈现下降趋势(P>0.05);青海湖裸鲤后肠淀粉酶活性明显高于前肠淀粉酶活性(P<0.01);青海湖裸鲤胰脏及肠道的淀粉酶活性均高于鲤鱼的淀粉酶活性(P>0.05)。     

Functional changes of the LH-immunoreactive cells in adenohypophysis of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from rivers contaminated with estrogenic chemicals

The adverse effect of estrogenic chemicals on luteinizing hormone-immunoreactive (LH-ir) cells in the adenohypophysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was examined using immunocytochemical and morphometric methods. Adult male fish were collected from two contaminated sites (Ishizu and Wada Rivers) and from a control pond at Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Research Center of Osaka Prefecture. The concentration of nonylphenol, bisphenol A and 17beta-estradiol in the Ishizu River was 3-4 times higher than that in the Wada River. The proportion and size of LH-ir cells were evaluated using the point-counting method by optical microscopy. In control carp, the proportion of LH-ir cells in the breeding season was significantly lower than in the pre- and post-breeding seasons. The same tendency was also found in Ishizu and Wada River carp, but without statistical significance. The proportion of LH-ir cells in Ishizu River carp was significantly lower than that of the control and the Wada River in all seasons. The LH-ir cells in control carp increased in size in the breeding season. LH-ir cells in Ishizu River carp were significantly (p<0.05) smaller than those in control fish, but not different from Wada River carp. A disturbance in the secretory function of LH-ir cells was found in carp from the Ishizu River; granulation and vacuolation were not in synchronization with those of control and Wada River fish. Our data suggest that the estrogenic chemicals in the Ishizu River interfere with functions of LH-ir cells directly or through the testis.     

Induction of specific cytotoxic T-cell activity against xenogeneic target cells in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the induction of cytotoxic T cells in carp (Cyprinus carpio) after inoculation of fish with 2 xenogeneic line cells and to examine specificity of the cytotoxic activity. ANIMALS: 22 carp. PROCEDURE: Fish were inoculated with mouse myeloma line cells P3.NS-1/1Ag4.1 (NS-1) or chicken Marek's disease tumor-derived lymphoma line cells (MDCC MSB-1). Cytotoxic activity of immune lymphocytes was evaluated by incubating effector cells with homologous and heterologous target cells. Populations of effector cells were identified by blocking T-lymphocytes from effector cells, using anti-carp T-cell monoclonal antibody and complement. RESULTS: Lymphocytes in blood, spleen, and head kidney of carp inoculated with NS-1 cells or MDCC MSB-1 cells had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against homologous target cells but not against heterologous target cells. Lymphocytes from noninoculated carp did not have cytotoxic effects. Depletion of T-lymphocytes in spleen cells from NS-1-inoculated carp resulted in a decrease of cytotoxic activity against NS-1 cells. Cytotoxic activity of spleen lymphocytes from NS-1-inoculated or noninoculated carp was not evident when cytotoxic tests were performed after addition of anti-NS-1 carp serum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inoculation with xenogeneic target cells induces a specific cytotoxic T-cell response in carp. Thus, cell-mediated immunity plays a role in defense against infection of parasitic organisms such as protozoa and helminths.     

Kinematic Motion Patterns of the Cranial and Caudal Canine Cervical Spine

Objective: To define the kinematic motion patterns of the canine cervical spine, with a particular emphasis on identifying differences between the cranial (C₂–C₄) and caudal (C₅–C₇) segments, and to determine the significance of coupled motions (CM) in the canine cervical spine. Study Design: Cadaveric biomechanical study. Sample Population: Cervical spines of 8 Foxhounds. Methods: Spinal specimens were considered free of pathology based on radiographic, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging examinations. All musculature was removed without damaging ligaments or joint capsules. Spines were mounted in a customized pure‐moment spine testing jig, and data were collected using an optoelectronic motion capture system. Range of motion, neutral zone and CM in flexion/extension, left/right lateral bending and left/right axial rotation were established. Data were analyzed using mixed‐effects maximum likelihood regression models. Results: Total flexion/extension did not change across the 4 levels. There was no difference between flexion and extension, and no CM was identified. Lateral bending was not different across levels, but tended to be greater in the cranial spine. Axial rotation was ～2.6 times greater in the caudal segments. Lateral bending and axial rotation were coupled. Conclusions: Kinematics of the cranial and caudal cervical spine differed markedly with greater mobility in the caudal cervical spine.     

Radiographic retrospective study of the caudal cervical articular process joints in the horse

Reasons for performing study: Arthropathy of the caudal cervical articular process joints (APJs) in the horse is documented as a cause of ataxia and paresis secondary to spinal cord compression. Enlargement of the caudal APJs is reported to increase with age, but there are no known associations of any other factors. No association of the degree of APJ enlargement with neurological signs seen has been documented. This study investigated the associations of cervical APJ enlargement at the C5‐C6 and C6‐C7 articulations with case subject details (breed, age, sex, usage) and clinical signs. Objectives: To ascertain if there are of any associations between: the subject details and enlargement of the caudal cervical APJs; and the degree of APJ enlargement and the presence and type of clinical signs. Hypotheses: There would be an effect of age, breed and usage on APJ grade, with no effect of sex. Association between grade and clinical signs seen was also investigated. Materials and methods: The radiographs of 122 horses qualified for inclusion. Horses were excluded if they were known to have a neck lesion cranial to C5‐C6, or if the radiographs were rotated or of poor quality. In order to standardise the interpretation of APJ enlargement, a novel grading system was developed and used. Results: An association was found between age and APJ grade at C5‐C6 but not C6‐C7. There was no association between grade, breed, sex and usage, or clinical signs seen. Data also showed a trend for increasing enlargement the more caudal the APJ. Conclusion and potential relevance: The data in this study support that the size of the caudal cervical APJ at the level of C5‐C6, appear to increase with age, but this enlargement may not be significant. Enlargement cannot be associated with breed, sex or discipline of the horse at present, and specific grades and therefore degree of enlargement, cannot necessarily be assumed to be the cause of neurological deficits.     

Folding of the Caudal Horn of the Medial Meniscus Secondary to Severence of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Folding of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus after surgical severence of the cranial cruciate ligament was investigated. When the stifle was flexed and the tibia was placed in a cranial position, the caudal horn of the medial meniscus could move forward without damaging the meniscus or the caudal joint capsule. Forward movement of the tibia with the stifle extended could damage the meniscus and/or the joint capsule. Abnormal position of the meniscus did not necessarily indicate meniscal damage.     

Development of the Genital Peritoneal Folds in Sheep

Development of the genital peritoneum in the sheep was studied in embryos/fetuses that were 27-69 days old. The plica mesonephrica was the first visible fold of the urogenital organs of the embryos and was the origin of the proximal mesorchium or mesovarium. The plica suspensoria gonadalis fixed the gonad to the mesonephros and held the cranial genital ligament and the cranial part of the gubernaculum. The distal mesorchium or mesovarium evolved from this fold. The inguinal fold fixed the caudal part of the gubernaculum. The suspensory fold of the gonad and plica inguinalis formed a system of serosal folds called the Plica gonadoinguinalis. The fold of the genital ducts had two parts, divided by the crossing with the gubernaculum. The mesepididymis or mesosalpinx evolved from the cranial part of the fold, while the caudal part was the origin of the mesoductus deferens or mesometrium. The caudal part of the right and left folds contributed to defining another system of peritoneal folds, the Plica genitalis. A rearrangement of some accepted terms in the nomenclature is proposed, as are some new terms. An analysis of the meaning of some terms, especially those applied to systems of peritoneal folds, is given to aid in their interpretation.     

Massive mortality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) in the St. Lawrence River in 2001: diagnostic investigation and experimental induction of lymphocytic encephalitis

A massive fish kill affecting exclusively common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) in the St. Lawrence River, Québec, Canada, during the summer of 2001 was investigated by use of laboratory diagnostic methods and by an attempt to experimentally induce the disease. The ultimate causes of mortality were opportunistic bacterial infections with Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium sp. secondary to immunosuppression induced by physiologic (i.e., spawning) and environmental (i.e., high temperatures and low water levels) stressors, and possibly enhanced by an infection causing lymphocytic encephalitis observed in 9 of 18 (50%) fish examined. Experimental induction of disease was attempted in captured wild carp by administration of crude and filtered (particulate <0.22 microm) inocula prepared from a homogenate of tissues from carp affected by the natural outbreak. Although significant clinical disease or mortality was not induced by experimental challenge, lymphocytic encephalitis similar to the one observed in naturally affected carp was induced in four of seven (57%) fish administered crude inoculum and four of seven (57%) fish administered filtered inoculum. None of the control fish inoculated with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (n = 6) were affected by encephalitis. The cause of the encephalitis observed in carp from the natural outbreak and in experimentally inoculated fish could not be determined by use of virus isolation and transmission electron microscopy.     

盐碱池塘主养鲤鱼高产试验

不使用增氧机和增氧剂,池塘不换水,采用自制配合颗粒饲料,训练投饲,两口池塘主养丰鲤,生长期105d,亩产分别为560.2kg和556.5kg,出塘规格750g/尾和650g/尾,增重倍数18.8和16.3,饲料报酬1.8和2.0,亩纯利润871.8元,亩成本利润率达40.9％.     

Differences between the European carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and the coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in susceptibility to Thelohanellus nikolskii (Myxosporea) infection

Thelohanellus nikolskii infection of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) has been a common parasitosis in the Central European fish farms since the first detection of the parasite about 20 years ago. This parasite, introduced from the Far East, causes intensive infection on the fins of fingerlings of the carp subspecies cultured in Europe (European carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio). This infection of the common carp occurs in the Hungarian fish farms every year. Until the present study, this parasite had not been recorded from the fins of koi or coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus), a carp of Far Eastern origin, which is cultured in Hungary as an ornamental fish. A recent survey conducted in common carp, koi and goldfish stocks demonstrated that T. nikolskii infection of low prevalence and intensity occurs also in koi populations, but its prevalence and intensity are markedly lower than in common carp kept in the same ponds. It is suggested that the observed differences are due to disparities in the susceptibility of the two carp subspecies to T. nikolskii, and that the koi is less susceptible to this infection. Other signs of susceptibility can also be observed in the European subspecies, since in 15% of the fish plasmodium development was arrested at an early stage. Thelohanellus nikolskii infection could not be demonstrated on goldfish (Carassius auratus).     

Effects of epidural lidocaine anesthesia on bulls during electroejaculation

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether caudal epidural lidocaine anesthesia reduces a stress response to electroejaculation. In the 1st experiment, changes in cortisol and progesterone concentrations in serial blood samples were used to assess the stress response to restraint (control), transrectal massage, caudal epidural injection of saline, electroejaculation after caudal epidural injection of lidocaine, and electroejaculation without epidural lidocaine. In the 2nd experiment, behavioral responses were subjectively scored in bulls that were electroejaculated with or without caudal epidural lidocaine anesthesia. Cortisol and progesterone concentrations were significantly elevated after electroejaculation, whether or not bulls received caudal epidural anesthesia. Elevations in cortisol and progesterone were lower and fewer bulls vocalized during electroejaculation when given caudal epidural anesthesia; however, the differences were not significant.     

Haematology and some blood chemical parameters of young carp till the age of three years

Haematological and biochemical analyses of blood were performed in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) kept in small ponds. Caught and anaesthetised carp were clinically examined and blood samples were taken at regular intervals during the three years. In the first year of examinations, the haemoglobin and haematocrit values of carp fry significantly increased (P < 0.01) from June to September. The intensive growth of carp in the summer period in the second year was accompanied by adequate erythropoiesis. During hibernation haematocrit and haemoglobin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P < 0.01) in both scaly and mirror carp. MCHC increased also with the age and increasing body weight of the fish. Mirror carp had lower haematocrit and haemoglobin values than scaly carp (P < 0.01). Comparative haematological analyses between carp of normal and poor body condition showed that moderate anaemia appeared in those with poor body condition. The results indicate that there is marked seasonal and age-dependent variation in the values of haematocrit and haemoglobin. Pond water quality investigations indicated good environmental conditions. A 50% increase (P < 0.05) of glucose concentration was found from June to September in the blood plasma of carp in the third year, accompanied by an even more increased (80%; P < 0.01) concentration of total lipids. At the same time, considerable changes of cholesterol and total protein concentrations were not observed. The results suggest that the investigated haematological and biochemical variables could be successfully utilised in monitoring the metabolic balance and health status of fish in intensive culture.     

Standard planes for ultrasonographic examination of the portal system in dogs

A scanning protocol for the systematic ultrasonographic examination of the portal system in dogs was developed. Seven planes were used to image the portal system. With the dogs in left lateral recumbency, 3 transverse planes obtained via the right intercostal spaces were used to visualize the portal vein and right portal branch, and a longitudinal plane obtained with the transducer caudal to the last right rib was used to visualize the portal bifurcation. With the dogs in dorsal recumbency, a longitudinal plane was used as an alternative method of visualizing the portal vein and its bifurcation. Finally, with the dogs in right lateral recumbency, longitudinal planes obtained with the transducer in the left flank were used to visualize the hepatic artery, the left renal vein, and the left testicular or ovarian vein. To diagnose or rule out portosystemic shunting, the right portal branch, the left testicular or ovarian vein, the portal vein immediately caudal to the portal bifurcation, and the portal vein at the level of the celiac artery should be examined with this scanning protocol.     

Prevalence and characteristics of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) inhabiting three rivers in Kochi Prefecture,Japan

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) causes lethal disease in common and koi carp. Mortality by CyHV-3 disease has not been reported since 2011 in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Here, we detected and quantified CyHV-3 in common carp inhabiting three rivers in the prefecture to examine if the carp are carriers of CyHV-3 as a source of infection. CyHV-3 DNA was detected in 16.7% (12/72) of brain samples in Kagami River, 3.9% (3/76) of brain and 3.9% (3/76) of gill samples in Monobe River, and 5.1% (4/79) of brain and 1.3% (1/79) of gill samples in Wajiki River. CyHV-3 genotypes identified in the 23 samples were classified as the J genotype A1 that has been found in Japan. The CyHV-3 DNA load did not differ statistically between sampling months, indicating that CyHV-3 has been silent in common carp, unlike Lake Biwa where the annual reactivation occurs in spring. Taken together, our results represented definitive evidence that seasonal changes in water temperature do not affect CyHV-3 activity in carp. Considering that infectious virus was not isolated from CyHV-3 DNA-positive samples, it was suggested that CyHV-3 establishes a latent infection in carp populations inhabiting Kagami River, Monobe River and Wajiki River. Further, the presence of circular or concatameric CyHV-3 DNA was detected in five of 23 CyHV-3 DNA-positive samples. Common carp inhabiting Lake Biwa were reported previously to harbor linear but not circular CyHV-3 DNA. This difference suggested that the CyHV-3 genome may be circularized for long-term maintenance without active viral replication.     

Angioarchitecture of the Branchial Arterial System of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The arterial system of the gills of carp and its histological structure were studied light and electron microscopically by making Mercox or Neoplane Latex corrosion cast preparations. Four pairs of afferent and efferent branchial arteries, and a pair of afferent and efferent pseudobranchial arteries were identified in the branchial arterial system. The 1st and 2nd afferent branchial arteries are given off directly from the ventral aorta, and the 3rd and 4th afferent arteries originate from their common trunk, which is branched off from the ventral aorta caudal to the origin of the former branchial arteries. Numerous afferent filamental arteries are connected to the lamellar blood capillary networks in the gill lamellae via afferent lamellar arterioles, and efferent filamental arteries followed the efferent lamellar arterioles are converged into four efferent branchial arteries that are connected to the dorsal aorta. To the pseudobranchia, afferent pseudobranchial arteries are connected with the ventral branches of the 1st efferent branchial arteries to provide arterial blood to the organ through the afferent mandibular arteries. Afferent pseudobranchial lamellar arterioles originating from the afferent pseudobranchial filamental arteries are connected with the blood capillary networks in the pseudobranchial lamellae, and blood in the capillary networks is drained into the efferent pseudobranchial filamental arteries via 2-4 pseudobranchial lamellar arterioles. Branches of the efferent pseudobranchial filamental arteries are connected with the arteries to the eyeballs and provide blood to choroid of the vascular tunic of them. Pseudobranchial cells surrounding lamellar capillaries in the pseudobranchia are furnished with abundant mitochondria and tubular structures, and the histological findings suggest the cells may share an ability to exchange physiological materials between the cells and the blood in the capillary networks of pseudobranchia.     

Comparison of arthroscopic approaches and accessible anatomic structures during arthroscopy of the caudal pouches of equine femorotibial joints

OBJECTIVE: To (1) describe a caudal approach to equine medial and lateral femorotibial (FT) joints and (2) illustrate the complex anatomic detail of the caudal compartments of the lateral FT joint. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Cadaveric equine hindlimbs (n = 36; 26 horses) and 6 horses (11 hind limbs). METHODS: Stifles (n = 8) were dissected and 10 FT joints were injected with silicone. Arthroscopic exploration (n = 29) was performed, followed by dissection to determine sites and structures penetrated during entry. RESULTS: A more caudal approach to the caudal pouch of the medial FT improved anatomic observation. A more caudal approach to the caudal pouch of the lateral FT joint occasionally caused damage to the common peroneal nerve; however, after reverting to the previously described approach, damage was avoided. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopy of the caudal pouch of the medial FT joint was facilitated using a more caudomedial approach, which improved observation of intrasynovial structures, most importantly, the caudal cruciate ligament and caudal horn of the medial meniscus. A more caudal approach to the caudal pouch of the lateral FT joint cannot be safely performed without risk to the common peroneal nerve and therefore the standard caudal approach is described in detail. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A caudomedial arthroscopic approach allows improved surgical assessment of meniscal or caudal cruciate ligament injury. Care should be exercised when exploring the caudal pouch of the lateral FT joint because the common peroneal nerve is variably located and could easily be damaged during arthroscope or instrument insertion, especially if the limb is minimally flexed.     

牦牛肾集合系统解剖结构的铸型分析

旨在探讨牦牛（Bos grunniens）肾集合系统的解剖结构。运用丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（acrylonitrile butadiene styrene，ABS）铸型技术，制作24个牦牛肾集合系统标本，通过观察标本，记录肾集合系统的解剖特点。结果显示：肾盂在所有标本中都存在，根据输尿管近端有无扩张分为两种类型：扩张型肾盂和未扩张型肾盂，后者更多见（58.3%）。集合系统中有前、后两个肾大盏，肾小盏通过漏斗状结构与肾大盏相连，一个漏斗状结构连接1～5个肾小盏。牦牛肾集合系统前后区域肾小盏数量差异显著（P<0.01），其中，后部肾小盏数量比前部多。根据肾前后区域和中间区域尿液收集引流特点，将牦牛肾集合系统分为两种类型：A型和B型。肾中间区域肾实质尿液的收集和引流依赖前、后肾盏组的为A型，独立于前、后肾盏组的为B型，在牦牛中，A型是常见类型，占70.8%，其次是B型，占29.2%。牦牛肾集合系统由1个肾盂、2个肾大盏和多个（11～21）肾小盏构成，根据尿液引流特点分为A、B两种类型，其中A型较常见。     

Presence of cervical vertebral malformation in Dobermann puppies and the effects of diet and growth rate

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between diet, growth rate and the presence of caudal cervical malformation in Doberman puppies. DESIGN: A prospective study of 15 Dobermann puppies from three unrelated litters, aged from 0 to 16 weeks. PROCEDURE: The growth rate in terms of body weight gain and increase in ulna length were measured weekly for all puppies. In addition the nutritional quality of the diets was assessed. Radiographs of the cervical spine were taken at 6 and between 12 and 16 weeks of age and examined for the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. A mixed model for repeated measures data was used to investigate the relationship between the growth rate of the puppies and the fixed effects age, dam, diet, gender and presence of caudal cervical malformation. RESULTS: Five of the puppies had changes consistent with caudal cervical malformation. The diets fed were either balanced or transiently deficient in protein, calcium, phosphorus and/or magnesium. There was no significant association between growth rate and the variables dam, gender and the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. There was no significant association between diet and increase in ulna length, but a trend existed between body weight gain and the feeding of a balanced diet (P = 0.0672). CONCLUSION: Caudal cervical vertebral changes can be detected radiographically as early as 6 weeks of age in some Dobermann puppies. A balanced diet and growth rate are not significant factors in its initial development.     

Analysis of Casts of the Kidney Collection System Anatomical Structure in the Yak

This work aims to study the anatomical structure of the yak kidney collection system. Twenty-four collecting system casting specimens, which were made by ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), were observed to study its anatomical structure. The results showed that the renal pelvis was present in all casts and is classified into 2 types, dilated or nondilated (58.3%), with or without the dilated origin of the ureter. All casts had 2 major renal calyces toward the cranial and the caudal poles. Minor renal calyces were connected to the major renal calyces by an infundibulum, which drained 1 to 5 minor renal calyces. The number of minor renal calyces in the caudal region was significantly more than that in cranial (P<0.01). The yak kidney collection system was classified into 2 types according to the character of drainage. The type A, which was composed of the collection system that presented two major caliceal groups and mid-zone drainage was dependent on these major groups, and type B, which mid-zone drainage was independent of the polar caliceal groups, the type A (70.8%) was more common than type B (29.2%) in the yak. The collection system of yak kidney was composed of 1 renal pelvis, 2 major renal calyces, and multiple (11-21) minor renal calyces. According to the characteristics of drainage, it was divided into 2 types, A and B, of which type A is more common.