预防围产期奶牛脂肪肝的营养调控措施

奶牛围产期指产前2~3周到产后2~3周,这一时期是奶牛泌乳周期的重要时期,也是以围产期能量代谢障碍为病理学基础的脂肪肝高发时期。近年来,由于高产奶牛品种的陆续引进和培育,高能饲料的开发、利用,规模化饲养程度的提高而饲养管理水平又相对滞后等原因,使我国围产期奶牛脂肪肝的发病率呈现逐年上升的趋势。因此,考虑到脂肪肝对围产期奶牛的危害及给奶牛业带来的巨大经济损失,应采取科学、有效的营养调控措施来预防该病,以提高奶牛的健康水平和生产性能,促进奶牛业的健康和长远发展。本文就预防围产期奶牛脂肪肝的营养调控措施进行分析。     

某奶牛场奶牛脂肪肝的调查

脂肪肝是一种营养代谢性疾病，较常发生于奶牛，尤其是围产期高产奶牛发病率更高。由于肝脏脂肪浸润，不仅影响肝脏的正常生理机能，而且常继发或伴发胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎、乳房炎、生产瘫痪及产后卧地不起综合征等疾病，结果降低奶牛产奶量和繁殖力，甚至影响机体免疫力，对奶牛业发展产生较大的危害。近年来对围产期奶牛脂肪肝的研究较多，但河北省奶牛脂肪肝发病状况尚未见报道，本文对我省某国营奶牛场奶牛脂肪肝进行了初步调查。     

预防围产期奶牛脂肪肝的营养调控措施

围产期是奶牛泌乳周期中最为关键的阶段,脂肪肝是围产期奶牛高发的营养代谢病之一。本文对预防围产期奶牛脂肪肝的营养调控措施进行综述,旨在为提高奶牛的健康水平和生产性能提供新的思路。     

过瘤胃胆碱在围产期奶牛的应用研究进展

奶牛养殖过程中,围产期被认为是最重要的时期之一,在该时期奶牛从干奶状态转为泌乳状态,生理上所受的应激造成奶牛泌乳早期采食量降低,易发生能量负平衡.此外,奶牛生产性能和繁殖性能也会降低,并常常伴有一些围产期疾病的发生,如脂肪肝、酮症、乳房炎等.胆碱能影响奶牛的生产与繁殖性能,参与奶牛的脂肪代谢,可降低脂肪肝发生率,提高免疫性能.对围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃保护胆碱(rumen protected choline,RPC),可改善奶牛机体代谢,增加小肠胆碱供应,进而提高奶产量、改善乳成分、缓解脂肪肝、减少围产期疾病的发生.本文综述了RPC对围产期奶牛干物质采食量、生产性能、乳成分以及健康状况的影响,旨在为围产期奶牛的养殖提供理论参考依据.     

奶牛围产期疾病与血清中GSH-Px的变化

<正>奶牛由妊娠后期(产前2～3周)转变为泌乳初期(产后2～3周)这一阶段称为围产期。以围产期能量代谢障碍为病理学基础的酮病和脂肪肝(妊娠毒血症和肥胖综合征)、胎衣不下等是奶牛重要的群发性常见病,多发于日产奶超过30kg的高产牛。     

血液指标监测奶牛脂肪肝研究进展

脂肪肝是围产期奶牛高发性疾病,可对奶牛养殖业造成巨大经济损失。血液中谷草转氨酶（AST）、葡萄糖（GLU）、非脂化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟丁酸（BHBA）是脂肪肝的常规监测评价指标,然而上述疾病监测指标存在无法实现疾病早期监测预警、对脂肪肝的评价效果不佳等缺点,使得奶牛脂肪肝早期预警诊断难,严重制约了防控方案的实施。研究发现,相关血液生长分化因子对奶牛脂肪肝具有预警效果。文章主要论述近年来血液相关因子与围产期奶牛脂肪肝的关系的相关研究进展,为更好地建立奶牛脂肪肝早期监测技术提供参考。     

奶牛围产期疾病与血清中GSH-Px的变化

<正>奶牛由妊娠后期(产前2～3周)转变为泌乳初期(产后2～3周)这一阶段称为围产期。以围产期能量代谢障碍为病理学基础的酮病和脂肪肝(妊娠毒血症和肥胖综合征)、胎衣不下等是奶牛重要的群发性常见病,多发于日产奶超过30kg的高产牛。     

围产期奶牛脂肪肝的防治

奶牛肝脏内脂肪代谢受阻,使脂肪在肝脏中蓄积,并超过肝脏中正常含量的5%时,即称为脂肪肝.由于此病常发生于围产期的奶牛,所以又叫围产期奶牛脂肪肝.患病后由于肝功能障碍,常导致胆汁分泌不足,影响消化功能;同时还容易伴发其它围产期疾病,如胎衣不下、生产瘫痪和子宫内膜炎等,从而使患牛的产奶量、繁殖力和免疫力受到不同程度的影响.     

奶牛酮病的研究进展

奶牛酮病是围产期奶牛常见的由碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱引起的一种群发性代谢病,该病主要以酮血症、酮尿症、酮乳症为特征,常表现为低血糖症、血浆中游离脂肪酸升高、脂肪肝、糖原水平下降等。酮病多发于高产奶牛,可对奶牛业造成巨大损失,及时有效地预防和治疗奶牛酮病对提高奶牛养殖业水平具有重要意义。     

奶牛生产疾病的早期诊断及群体监测

奶牛生产疾病（production diseases）是奶牛不能满足高产代谢需求所引发疾病的统称。奶牛生产疾病以往主要是指低钙血症、酮病、脂肪肝和低镁血症等主要的代谢病,现已将瘤胃酸中毒、真胃变位、胎盘停滞和蹄叶炎等疾病也纳入生产疾病范畴[1]。过渡期（围产期）是奶牛生产疾病的高发期。因此,生产疾病对奶牛的健康、生产性能和经济效益至关重要。     

Molecular insights into the mechanisms of liver‐associated diseases in early‐lactating dairy cows: hypothetical role of endoplasmic reticulum stress

The transition period represents the most critical period in the productive life of high‐yielding dairy cows due to both metabolic and inflammatory stimuli, which challenge the liver and predispose dairy cows to develop liver‐associated diseases such as fatty liver and ketosis. Despite the fact that all high‐yielding dairy cows are affected by marked metabolic stress due to a severe negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation, not all cows develop liver‐associated diseases. Although the reason for this is largely unknown, this indicates that the capacity of the liver to cope with metabolic and inflammatory challenges varies between individual high‐yielding dairy cows. Convincing evidence exists that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in the development of fatty liver, and it has been recently shown that ER stress occurs in the liver of high‐yielding dairy cows. This indicates that ER stress may be involved in the development of liver‐associated diseases in dairy cows. The present review shows that the liver of dairy cows during early lactation is exposed to several metabolic and inflammatory challenges, such as non‐esterified fatty acids, tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1β, reactive oxygen species and lipopolysaccharides, which are known inducers of ER stress. Thus, ER stress may represent a molecular basis for fatty liver development and account for the frequent occurrence of fatty liver and ketosis in high‐yielding dairy cows. Interindividual differences between dairy cows in the activation of hepatic stress response pathways, such as nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2, which is activated during ER stress and reduces the sensitivity of tissues to oxidative and inflammatory damage, might provide an explanation at the molecular level for differences in the capacity to cope with pathological inflammatory challenges during early lactation and the susceptibility to develop liver‐associated diseases between early‐lactating dairy cows with similar NEB and milk yield.     

代谢组学技术在筛选奶牛脂肪肝生物标志物中的应用研究进展

脂肪肝是奶牛养殖过程中一种高发的营养代谢性紊乱病,会降低奶牛产奶量和平均使用寿命,影响后续生产性能的发挥,给奶牛养殖业造成巨大经济损失。组学技术的应用已经成为奶牛疾病研究的重要手段,可为预防和治疗奶牛脂肪肝提供理论基础和技术支撑。综述了代谢组学技术在筛选奶牛脂肪肝生物标志物中的应用研究进展,以期为生产实践中快速诊断和治疗奶牛脂肪肝提供参考。     

Comparison of cholesterol levels among lipoprotein fractions separated by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography in periparturient Holstein–Friesian dairy cows

Changes in lipoprotein profiles occur in dairy cows during the periparturient period and in cows with transition cow disease. Here, the lipoprotein profiles of Holstein–Friesian dairy cows during the periparturient period were obtained by anion-exchange, high-performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the usefulness of lipoprotein profile evaluation during the periparturient period and in cows with fatty liver and milk fever. Lipoprotein levels (including total and high- (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol) in 10 healthy cows were low 4 weeks prepartum, with the lowest values at calving or within 1 week of calving; the values increased at 8 weeks postpartum. The lipoprotein levels were measured in 16 cows diagnosed with fatty liver (n=10) or milk fever (n=6) and compared to 10 healthy dairy cows. A significant difference was observed in HDL-C between healthy cows (at calving and 1 week postpartum), and the fatty liver and milk fever cows. Cows with fatty liver and milk fever had a lower mean HDL-C than the 10 healthy dairy cows at calving and 1 week postpartum. HDL-C might be a good indicator of energy balance for differentiating healthy cows from those with transition cow disease.     

非酯化脂肪酸对奶牛氧化应激的诱导作用及其机制

处于围产期的奶牛由于能量负平衡引起脂质动员,导致大量非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)释放进入肝脏和血液。当NEFA处于较高浓度时,可改变机体抗氧化系统与氧化系统的平衡状态,并激活核因子κB信号通路及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路,同时也会抑制核因子E2相关因子2信号通路的活化,诱发机体炎性损伤,最终诱导奶牛产生氧化应激,从而直接影响奶牛养殖业的经济效益。本文主要综述了NEFA对围产期奶牛氧化应激的诱导作用及其机制的研究进展,旨在为奶牛生产中缓解氧化应激、提高免疫机能及促进生产性能的发挥提供理论依据。     

Fatty acid profiles in relation to triglyceride level in the liver of dairy cows

To elucidate possible relationships between triglyceride (TG) levels and fatty acid composition in bovine liver, hepatic TG and seven individual fatty acids were measured in 23 Holstein dairy cows, of them 6 are healthy. Liver TG level was greater than 3 % in 12 cows which were ruled fatty liver. Palmitic and oleic acid proportions were significantly higher in fatty liver cows than in the healthy cows, while stearic acid was lower in fatty liver cows. With increased liver TG, stearic acid proportions decreased dramatically. Results indicate that hepatic lipidosis markedly alters the proportions of the various fatty acids in the liver of dairy cows.     

应用烟酸,胆碱和纤维素酶对围产期奶牛脂肪肝的防治研究

给18头奶牛口服烟酸、胆碱和纤维素酶,并通过测定血液中游离脂肪酸(FFA)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和葡萄糖(Glu),监测受试牛肝脏的脂肪浸润程度,以提示上述三种药物对脂肪肝的防治效果。试验结果:预防组奶牛脂肪肝的发病率(22％)比对照组(44％)低;产后发病的平均时间(12.5d)较对照组(9.0d)晚;发病至康复时间(7.5d)也明显短于对照组(15d)。治疗组病牛肝脂肪浸润的平均治愈时间为13.6d,治愈率为100％。试验结果表明,口服烟酸,胆碱和纤维素酶对围产期奶牛脂肪肝有明显的预防和治疗作用。     

Evaluation of ornithine carbamoyl transferase and other serum and liver-derived analytes in diagnosis of fatty liver and postsurgical outcome of left-displaced abomasum in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postsurgical outcome in dairy cows with left-displaced abomasum (LDA) with regard to severity of fatty liver and assess the usefulness of preoperative determination of serum ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) activity, bile acids concentration, and other variables for evaluating liver function during the postsurgical convalescence period. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 68 Holstein cows. PROCEDURES: Blood and liver biopsy specimens were obtained during standing LDA surgery. Liver tissue was examined histologically and classified by severity of fatty change. Serum activities of liver-derived enzymes and concentrations of total lipids, triglycerides, bile acids, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, bilirubin, and nonesterified fatty acids were determined. RESULTS: Most cows with LDA and cows with severe fatty liver were detected within the first month after calving. Postsurgical outcome was related to severity of fatty liver. All cows that died had severe fatty liver. Serum activities of OCT, aspartate aminotransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase and serum total bilirubin concentration were sensitive indicators of fatty liver. Serum bile acids concentration was not an accurate indicator of fatty liver. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Postsurgical outcome of cows undergoing surgery to correct LDA was related to fatty liver severity. Assessment of serum activities of OCT, aspartate aminotransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase and serum total bilirubin concentration is recommended for diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows with LDA, whereas determination of bile acids concentration is not. The strong correlation between OCT activity and degree of hepatocellular damage supports use of this enzyme for assessing severity of fatty liver and predicting postsurgical outcome in cows with LDA.     

泌乳奶牛脂肪肝早期诊断的研究

为了寻找泌乳奶牛脂肪肝早期诊断方法,本研究从某千头奶牛场随机选取了30头乳酮阳性的奶牛,其中临床酮病牛10头,亚临床酮病牛20头,测定其肝脂含量以及血中代谢指标和肝功指标。试验结果表明,脂肪肝的奶牛存在能量负平衡现象,机体呈现高游离脂肪酸血症、高酮血症,肝脂浸润越重,能量代谢障碍越严重;乳酮阳性出现时间的早晚与脂肪肝的严重程度密切相关,乳酮阳性产后出现的越早,乳酮阳性越明显,肝脂浸润越重;随肝脂浸润程度的加重,肝功多个指标会出现异常,重度的脂肪肝会引发肝功能不全。本试验证明,酮粉法可以作为早期诊断奶牛脂肪肝的初选方法,肝功指标异常可作为诊断脂肪肝的辅助方法,两者结合可作为奶牛脂肪肝的实用、有效和准确的早期诊断方法,准确率可达80%。     

Efficacy of sodium borate in the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cows

The effects of sodium borate (100 mg/kg body weight, p.o., 15 days) from a month before expected calving until a month after calving were evaluated in dairy cows susceptible to fatty liver. Cows received either sodium borate (n = 13) or no treatment (n = 10). All cows had mild fatty livers and increased plasma triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations at the beginning of the experiment. The control group of cows developed significant fatty liver after calving, and 2 of them had severe fatty liver associated with clinical and biochemical abnormalities. There were no clinicopathological signs related to sodium borate administration. Serum triglycerides and VLDL concentrations before calving decreased significantly at calving and after calving in controls, and they were within the normal range only after calving. There were significant alterations during the experiment in some hematological and chemical variables between groups, within period, but they were within the normal range. Unlike treated cows, serum triglycerides and VLDL concentrations correlated with liver fat content after calving in untreated cows. Our results document that sodium borate decreases the degree of fatty liver in dairy cows during early lactation.