循环经济模式下旅游业与饲料产业发展的契合性——评《中国饲料经济与管理研究》

由张利庠主编的《中国饲料经济与管理研究》对于开展中国饲料经济与管理的研究具有重大意义。全书共分为两本，两本书是姊妹篇，一本侧重于理论研究，一本侧重于案例实践研究，两者相互补充，相互联系发展。从中国饲料产业管理、中国饲料安全问题、中国饲料企业战略关键因素以及企业产业链整合研究等多个板块出发，从九个角度分别论述了中国饲料经营管理的新型特征，作为研究饲料业的相关教材，为饲料业的经营管理塑造了较为完备的理论体系和实践研究。     

橄榄（Canarium album）研究的文献计量与可视化图谱分析

摘 要：客观整体分析橄榄研究动态，为橄榄研究以及产业发展提供数据参考。选择CNKI和Web of science数据库，通过文献计量学方法分析橄榄研究文献的发文量、研究国别、机构、基金、研究方向等指标，利用CiteSpace可视化功能进行作者、关键词共性分析,阐述橄榄研究热点和前沿动态。橄榄研究自1995年后，进入高速发展阶段，2010年后橄榄相关sci文献增长较快；对橄榄的研究以我国科研机构和专家学者为主，福建地方计划项目以及国家计划项目对橄榄研究资助较大，高质量文献产出较多的机构是福建农林大学、江南大学、福建农科院果树研究所；我国橄榄早期研究侧重生产实践应用，良种选育、传统中药研究、果实贮藏等，随着科学技术快速发展，橄榄遗传多样性、功能基因、以及深加工、药用成分、药用机理方面的研究逐渐深入。     

基于CiteSpace的草地鼠害研究现状及热点分析

草地鼠害严重威胁草地生态安全。中国在草地鼠害研究领域做了大量的工作，发表了大量学术论文。本研究通过文献计量方法，统计了1977—2021年中国草地鼠害研究领域Web of Science (WOS)和中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure，CNKI)数据库收录论文的数量、被引情况、H指数等指标，同时利用CiteSpace对论文的研究力量和研究热点等进行分析。结果表明：1977—2021年，中国草地鼠害研究领域共发表1 140篇文章，其中CNKI发文584篇，WOS发文556篇，且整体上逐年增加；中国科学院和兰州大学在草地鼠害研究中处主导地位，但不同的研究机构、不同的作者之间联系不够紧密；研究对象集中于高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)，研究地点集中于青藏高原和高寒草甸，研究方向以种群密度、多样性和土壤有机碳为主。     

观赏草研究文献分析

摘要：观赏草作为园林植物中独具特色的一类观赏植物，而日益受到国内外园林界的关注。本研究以1989-2010年观赏草研究文献为依据，采用文献计量学的方法，对观赏草研究文献的年份分布、文献作者、研究领域等方面进行统计分析。结果表明，我国观赏草研究领域分布以生理生化为主，占总文献量的39.10%，研究呈现活跃与多元化合作态势，近6年文献量明显上升，占21年来总文献量的61.80%。研究分布地区和作者较集中，但研究整体水平较弱势。本研究为今后观赏草研究人员确定研究课题、利用和探讨观赏草文献提供参考与借鉴，也为图书情报工作者的期刊采集、收藏提供参考。     

宠物犬寄生虫感染情况及流行病学的调查研究

为进一步研究宠物犬寄生虫病发原因，笔者参与了某宠物研究中心调查研究，通过实地走访、查阅有关资料，依据寄生虫感染强度进行归类，确定感染类型，并研究以掌握寄生虫种类形成流行病的规律，为科学防治提供有价值参考。     

欧债危机原因及对中国经济影响的研究综述

中国与欧盟在经济上具有高度关联性。在欧债危机愈演愈烈的今天，中国经济不可避免地受到欧债危机的影响。通过文献梳理，发现学者们就欧债危机对中国经济影响的研究主要集中于欧债危机概念、形成和演化原因以及对中国经济的影响途径、领域和前景探讨等方面。研究视角广阔，成果丰硕，但研究方法单一，多以定性描述为主。今后应加强的方面是：欧债危机演化的动力机制研究，定性与定量相结合研究，个案对比与尺度多样化研究，以及对我国经济影响趋势的预测研究。     

1950年以来中国学者对苜蓿属的研究：历史脉络与启示

苜蓿自汉朝被引入中国，距今历两千余年，当前已发展成为第一大栽培牧草，相对而言，我国苜蓿研究起步较晚，在近年始得以迅猛发展，但目前对其研究的历史脉络尚未见报道。为此，通过文献计量学的方法，获取 CNKI、WOS 数据库及相关的统计数据的资料，综合分析了1950年以来中国学者对苜蓿的研究轨迹，探究了近65年来成果数量、热点演进、关键节点等，并对比了国内、国际苜蓿研究的发展轨迹。结果表明，1）1950年来，中国学者在苜蓿方面的研究论文数量呈现强劲的增加态势，根据其自然增长特征，可分为5个时期，2000年以后进入极速增长阶段；2）近年来，中国学者对苜蓿研究的国际化程度逐年提高，目前中国已跃居全球第二大苜蓿研究国；3）中国学者最早较为注重对地方品种及其遗传资源的挖掘，近年对高产、优质、抗逆育种与栽培理论的研究较多，更加注重苜蓿产业发展相结合，相比于国外，对分子基础、种间互作等机理性研究尚显不足；4）苜蓿产业的成长、科技期刊的发展、科研项目资助强度的增大是近65年来苜蓿研究得以迅猛发展的重要因素。研究认为，在未来的食物结构转型、草地农业发展等历史趋势下，中国苜蓿研究将会从偏重于产业相关的技术研究，过渡到基础理论研究，从而全方位支撑国家重大战略需求和基础科学理论需要。     

蜂胶的最新研究进展

本文总结了蜂胶药理学研究的最新进展，讨论了由于蜂胶化学成分差异性而引起的生物学研究的问题，概述了近期蜂胶研究的进展及趋势，即对化学特性已知蜂胶的生物学研究、生物活性原理研究、不同来源和不同化学组成蜂胶的比较生物学研究。这些研究对于制订蜂胶的质量标准和在医疗中的实际应用具有参考价值。同时，这些研究将蜂胶的特定化学成分与其生物活性联系起来，对从业者具有重要意义。     

再生混凝土的研究现状和存在问题

再生混凝土是一种环保材料，对再生混凝土的研究，可以促进建筑行业的可持续发展。再生混凝土是指对废弃的混凝土进行回收再利用，是按照一定程序对废弃混凝土进行加工，并按照一定级配进行混合加工，可以将废弃混凝土当做粗骨料进行配制。本文对再生混凝土研究的意义进行了分析，还对再生混凝土的研究现状进行了介绍，指出了研究过程中存在的问题，希望可以对相关研究人员带来一定帮助。     

基于CiteSpace的人心果研究热点与趋势分析

为掌握国内外人心果研究的研究热点与趋势。本文借助文献计量学方法和CiteSpace可视化软件，以1991-2021年中国知网（CNKI）数据库和Web of Science（WOS）数据库关于人心果研究的文献为数据来源，分析检索获得的中英文文献年度发文数量与学科分布、国家合作网络、关键词突现和演变趋势。结果显示，人心果研究的中文文献发文数量呈波动变化趋势，英文文献整体呈上升趋势；国家合作网络显示研究人心果的国家主要有印度、墨西哥、美国等，中国与美国、印度、巴基斯坦等国家存在不同程度的合作关系；国内人心果研究方向主要侧重于农业领域，研究热点主要有人心果栽培技术、病虫害研究和品种资源，国外研究方向趋于多元化，研究热点主要有抗氧化活性、生物柴油和果实品质。综上所述，人心果是一种非常具有发展潜力的水果作物，但国内仅在农业领域研究，未来的研究应加强多学科领域的交叉融合，充分挖掘与利用其价值。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.